REVIEWING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE PARKS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALISATION

Background: Science parks are of significant consequence within the global innovation ecosystem, facilitating the commercialisation of research and contributing to regional economic development. This study aims to analyse the strategic importance and impact of science parks on the economy in the context of globalisation, with a focus on both Ukrainian and international experiences. Objectives: The principal aim of the study is to examine the role of science parks in stimulating innovation and their impact on economic development. The main tasks include an analysis of the current state of science parks, an investigation of their impact on the commercialisation of university research, and a review of international experience. Methods/Approach: The research methodology is based on a comprehensive review of scientific literature, a quantitative analysis of economic indicators of science parks, and a qualitative analysis, including interviews with key stakeholders. Furthermore, the study employs comparative and scenario analysis to evaluate prospective developments in the field of science parks. Results: The study corroborates the existence of a substantial correlation between the activities undertaken within science parks and the growth of economic indicators, including gross domestic product (GDP) and research and development (R&D) investments. This evidence serves to reinforce the significance of science parks as a catalyst for regional development. Conclusions: Science parks play a pivotal role in advancing national and regional innovation strategies, serving as catalysts for technological innovation and economic diversification. It is recommended that policy initiatives be developed to support the sustainable development and integration of these entities into the global economy.


INTRODUCTION
In the contemporary era, where the innovation economy is a pivotal driver of global development, science parks serve as vital catalysts for progress.These distinctive ecosystems provide not only physical space and infrastructure for high-tech start-ups and research initiatives, but also facilitate the convergence of academic science, industry, and market needs, thereby enabling the effective commercialisation of the latest

LITERATURE REVIEW
The history of science parks, also known as Science and Technology Parks (STPs), can be traced back to the mid-20th century and encompasses a number of stages of development, from the establishment of basic incubators to the formation of sophisticated innovation ecosystems.
The concept of science parks originated in the United States in the period following the Second World War, when there was a notable increase in collaboration between universities and the private sector.Stanford Science Park, established in 1951, is regarded as one of the inaugural and most exemplary instances of a science park (Smit, 2021).Its creation contributed to the subsequent development of Silicon Valley, which has become an internationally recognised centre for cutting-edge technology and innovation.
The Stanford Science Park model was rapidly adopted in Europe and Asia.During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of comparable science parks were established in numerous countries (ESCAP, 2019).They subsequently became instrumental in attracting investment, creating employment opportunities and fostering regional economic growth.A significant milestone was the acknowledgement of the vital contribution of academic institutions in fostering the development of science parks and the commercialisation of research outcomes.
In the 1980s and 1990s, science parks underwent a process of adaptation in response to the pressures of globalisation and the exponential growth of information technology.They expanded the scope of their services to include support for nascent businesses ("start-ups") and collaboration with multinational enterprises (Oakey R., et al., 2013).Science parks have become pivotal components in the formulation of strategies for the development of innovation ecosystems that facilitate the interconnection between universities, government, and the private sector.
The study (ESCAP, 2019) presents an evolutionary model of economic zones, delineating the stages of economic development.The illustration demonstrates the transition from industrial parks to innovation districts.In the initial stages, the zones are oriented towards industry.Subsequent stages include the development of special economic, eco-industrial and science and technology parks, which promote sustainable development, innovation and technology transfer.The final stage is the innovation district, which integrates science and commercialisation.
At the same time, in the work of M.Sidak, L.Cibák & E.Hajnišová (Sidak, Cibák & Hajnišová, 2020), it is noted that to minimise the risks of both external and internal investors in scientific developments and to bring an innovative product to the commercialisation stage, the features of the economic space of the functioning of business structures must be taken into account.They are based on four basic characteristics: free movement of capital, human resources, goods and technologies.
The study (Hodgson, 2014) offers an analysis of the evolution and importance of technology parks.
Hodgson identifies three generations of science and technology parks, which have evolved from simple locations to networked centres with global connections.Each generation has been characterised by an increase in the complexity of the functions performed and an expansion of the remit of the parks in question.Probst (2023) posits that science parks cannot be confined to providing merely physical infrastructure.He posits that the fourth industrial revolution is driving the integration of digital components in science and technology parks, exemplified by the 'Digital Multi-Science Park', with the objective of enhancing services, sustainability, investor appeal and visibility.The digital platform is expected to facilitate accelerated development, foster international cooperation, and enhance profitability.
In this response, we put forth the proposition of establishing a fourth generation of science parks, which can be conceptualised as global digital innovation networks that integrate with academic and educational institutions to an even greater extent, engaging the business sector on a novel virtual level.The fourth generation of science parks is characterised by a focus on the following aspects: 1) digitalisation and virtual spacesthe science park is developing a virtual platform for collaboration and knowledge exchange, attracting participants from all over the world to work together on projects; 2) integration with various educational and research institutionsthe park works closely with many universities and research institutions, integrating educational and research processes, which facilitates the commercialisation.
3) global innovation network: science parks serve as pivotal nodes in international networks, facilitating global research initiatives and cross-border collaboration between countries and companies.4) support for sustainable developmentwith due consideration of environmental factors, parks proactively implement green technologies and endorse initiatives aimed at reducing environmental impact (Figure 1).The fourth generation of science parks offers new avenues for the integration of science, education and business, laying the foundation for the advancement of a global innovation culture that will facilitate technological breakthroughs and economic growth.As observed by Å. Lindholm Dahlstrand & H. Lawton Smith (Lindholm Dahlstrand & Lawton Smith 2003), science parks serve three principal functions: 1) the profitable utilisation of land, 2) the commercialisation of the scientific base, 3) the integration of the science park into the growth strategies of local, regional or national governments for the growth of indigenous firms and investment.Furthermore, it is emphasised that although all science parks facilitate innovation, there is considerable variation in the specificity and success of their activities.
In the context of digitalisation, the function of profitable land use is acquiring a new significance.This is transformed into monetisation of access to a range of digital resources, including information, cloud storage, computing resources for machine learning and so forth.

Network integration
• 2000s Science parks have been demonstrated to be effective instruments for fostering innovation and technological advancement on a global scale.They play a pivotal role in the formation of global innovation networks, facilitate technology transfer, and commercialise scientific research, thereby becoming indispensable participants in the development strategies of regional and national economies.
In the present era, the International Association of Science Parks (IASP, 2024) posits that a science park is a professionally managed entity whose principal objective is to augment the economic prosperity of its community by cultivating an environment conducive to innovation and the competitiveness of its affiliated businesses and knowledge-based institutions.Science parks facilitate the creation and growth of innovative companies through incubation and spin-off processes, thereby providing access to necessary resources such as equipment, capital, consultancy and administrative services.
Science parks not only contribute to the development of start-ups by providing access to infrastructure and resources (Menshikov et al., 2024), but also increase investment in high-tech sectors of the economy (Heyets et al., 2015), promote human capital development (Podra, 2020) and have a significant impact on regional development (Gomes et al., 2023).This results in an increase in the innovation activity of universities, as they receive supplementary resources for research and development, as well as the opportunity for the practical application of scientific achievements (Yermachenko et al., 2023).
Moreover, science parks serve as conduits for collaborative endeavours between academic institutions and industry, enabling the latter to leverage innovations for the resolution of tangible production challenges.Such integration contributes not only to innovation but also to the formation of qualified personnel capable of working effectively in modern high-tech production (Labunska et al., 2024).
The aforementioned examples serve to illustrate the significant role that science parks play as integral components within the broader system of scientific and technological innovation.They exemplify the considerable impact that these institutions have on economic growth and the advancement of university-based innovation capabilities.Moreover, their contribution to the global innovation landscape continues to expand.
It is proposed that science parks be classified according to several criteria (Figure 2).It should be noted that these categories are not mutually exclusive and that many science parks may combine different elements of each classification, depending on their stated goals and the context in which they operate.It is notable that, irrespective of classification, all science parks share a common objective: the promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship (Gladevich, 2023).This ultimately results in the creation of new high-tech jobs and an enhanced economic well-being of participants.
The advancement of scientific knowledge has led to the establishment of science parks, which provide a system of evidence-based support for management decisions.This is achieved through the development of a management accounting system that is tailored to the specific needs of the industry level and organisational structure of the science park.(Huynh & Nguyen, 2024).It would be erroneous to assume that every innovation space at a university is of the same status as a science park.L. Sanz et al. (2023) provides a comprehensive account of organised innovation spaces (OIS), enabling a more nuanced appreciation of the opportunities they offer (Table 1).
• University-based • Usually located on the territory of or in close proximity to universities, the main goal is to commercialise research.

• Public
• Established and funded by government agencies, often aimed at supporting national and regional innovation initiatives.

• Private
• Developed on the initiative of private investors, focusing on private benefit and commercialisation of innovations.

By ownership and management
• Technological • Specialise in high technologies, such as IT, biotechnology, and energy.

• Industrial
• Have a broader specialisation and focus on traditional manufacturing and industrial innovation.

• Research
• Focus on basic and applied research, often with the participation of academic institutions.

By industry specialisation
• Integrated • Closely linked to universities, which are actively involved in their management and development.

• Loosely integrated
• Operate almost independently of universities, although they may have formal or informal links with them.
By the level of integration with universities • Self-financing • Science parks that generate enough revenue to cover their operating costs.The Living Lab in the Netherlands, which focuses on developing and testing new urban innovation solutions.
Source : Sanz L. et al., 2023 Innovation spaces, including science and technology parks, industrial co-innovation campuses, innovation districts, incubators and accelerators, and living labs, have been identified as playing a pivotal role in stimulating innovation.Such spaces provide a forum for collaboration between academic institutions, research organisations, large corporations and nascent businesses, enabling the pooling of resources, knowledge and expertise.This facilitates the transfer of technology and knowledge, thereby supporting the innovation ecosystem.Engagement in global networks allows for greater impact and improved innovation capabilities.
While each type of innovation space is characterised by a distinct structural and objective profile, their principal common objective is to establish conditions conducive to the advancement of novel concepts and their subsequent commercialisation.
The study enabled the identification and formulation of the following common features and differences of each type of organised innovation space (Figure 3).innovation and technological advancement, offering a distinctive platform for collaboration between universities, research institutes, major corporations, and emerging enterprises.Seitzhanov, S. et al. (2020) argue that it is essential for higher education institutions and research organisations to play a significant role in the establishment of research and production platforms for innovation, with the objective of fostering innovative entrepreneurship.
Typically, the science park is situated near or on the campus of a university, functioning as an organisational and legal vehicle for innovative change.This proximity enables the park to make effective use of academic resources while facilitating the commercialisation of scientific research.
A noteworthy attribute of science parks is their ability to provide sustained support for high-tech initiatives that require an extended period for development and implementation.
Science parks offer a number of significant advantages over other innovation spaces, such as incubators or technopolises, due to their strategic location and integration with scientific institutions.This provides researchers with access to the latest research and highly qualified personnel.Moreover, science parks attract significant corporate investment due to the opportunity to engage in pioneering projects and gain access to cutting-edge technologies, which in turn encourages the development of new products and attracts further investment.
In addition to providing modern laboratories and office space, science parks offer a wide range of business services that facilitate efficient research and commercial activities, thus providing invaluable infrastructure support.Such an environment is conducive to interdisciplinary interaction and innovative collaboration between diverse stakeholders.
Moreover, science parks exert a considerable influence on regional development, as they facilitate the generation of skilled employment opportunities, the advancement of local economies and the enhancement of regional competitiveness.These activities are aligned with Ukraine's strategic objectives, including the transition towards a knowledge-based economy and industrial diversification.This highlights the crucial function of science parks within the national innovation system.

METHODOLOGY
The present study has concentrated on the identification of the characteristics of science parks, which currently occupy a key position within the global innovation ecosystem, exerting a significant influence on job creation, attracting investment and promoting technological innovation.These institutions represent the most significant nexus between academic research and its commercial application, thereby facilitating the creation of new products and technologies that can meet market needs.
The study's primary objectives are as follows: The present study aims to:  examine the current status of science parks globally and in Ukraine;  evaluate the influence of science parks on the commercialisation of university research and development;  analyse the operational models of science parks abroad;  identify the achievements and challenges encountered by science parks;  propose recommendations for optimising the operations of science parks in the context of Ukrainian educational, scientific and technical policy.
The research methodology comprises a comprehensive review of the scientific literature, which provides a theoretical foundation and aids in the identification of existing research gaps.A quantitative analysis is an effective method for estimating the economic impact of science parks, as it allows for the measurement of their contribution to job creation and investment attraction.A qualitative analysis, based on interviews with key stakeholders and experts, enables an understanding of the internal processes and challenges faced by science parks.A comparative analysis is employed to facilitate the comparison of international experience, the identification of optimal practices, and the discernment of strategies that can be adapted.Scenario analysis enables the prediction of future developments, taking into account external changes and challenges, thus affording science parks the opportunity to adapt and survive in a dynamic global environment.This comprehensive approach allows for a profound comprehension of the function and influence of science parks within the contemporary innovation ecosystem.

The dynamics of global science park development
According to the IASP, science parks have a significant impact on the economy.For example, Silicon Valley in the United States has created more than 3 million jobs with an average salary above the national average.The study by Albahari A. et al. (2023) highlights that the number of parks worldwide has roughly doubled in the last 15 years, with more than 400 in Europe and 300 in North America, more than 1500 parks in China and India, and a large number in emerging economies in South America, Asia and Africa.
According to the IASP, 625 science parks in 67 countries were officially registered with the IASP in 2010.
By 2023, their number had increased to 1156 parks in 99 countries.This shows that the number of science and The dynamics of the development of science parks in the world from 2010 to 2023 reveal significant changes in the geographical distribution and quantitative growth of these key institutions.The analysis shows that China is steadily increasing its presence in the global science park context, increasing its share from 16% in 2010 to 19% in 2023.Meanwhile, in the United States, although the number of science parks has increased, their share of the total has decreased from 19.2% to 14.7%.Vietnam, on the other hand, saw a significant increase from 3.2% to 7.4% over the period.India and South Korea also recorded significant increases, from 8% to 9.1% and from 6.4% to 6.8% respectively.In contrast, the share of national science parks in Europe is decreasing.The significant increase in the 'other' category from 5.6% to 12.5% indicates increased investment in science parks in new regions, which may indicate the growing role of science parks as catalysts for innovation and scientific development, especially in university research.These data highlight the geographical and economic expansion of the global science park network, with a focus on rapid growth in Asian countries.

Science parks in Ukraine: concept and functions
The development of science parks in Ukraine commenced in the early 1990s, coinciding with the country's transition to a market economy following its independence.During this period, the policy of state support for innovation and technological development was reinforced.Nevertheless, the actual impetus for the creation and development of science parks emerged at a later stage, when a greater variety of legislative and financial instruments became available to support these initiatives.
The enactment of the Law of Ukraine on Science Parks (2022) constituted a significant milestone in the evolution of the country's innovation infrastructure.This legislation established the legal, economic and organisational framework for the establishment and operation of science parks in Ukraine, which is pivotal to the stimulation of scientific, technical and innovative activities.The primary objectives of the legislation are to stimulate the advancement of scientific and technological innovation, facilitate the commercialisation of research outcomes, encourage interaction between scientific and commercial sectors, and establish a conducive environment for the growth of innovative enterprises.The legislative act entitled "On Scientific Parks" (2022) regulates the legal, economic, and organisational aspects of science parks in Ukraine.Science parks are constituted as business entities, wherein the participation of one or more higher education and/or research institutions is obligatory.The principal functions of these entities are as follows: The creation of innovative products, the commercialisation of the results of scientific and technical activities, the support for small innovative businesses, the provision of advisory and information services, the attraction of venture capital, and the development of international cooperation are the key functions of science parks.
Additionally, the Law of Ukraine (On Scientific Park, 2022) delineates the mechanisms of state support for science parks, encompassing funding, tax benefits, and other forms of assistance that are instrumental in ensuring the sustainable development of innovation zones.To illustrate, those residing in science parks engaged in scientific, technical and innovative activities are afforded special conditions for the implementation of their projects.In comparison to international experience, Ukrainian legislation displays several distinctive characteristics.In many countries, the funding and management of science parks is primarily dependent on private investment or partnerships with the private sector.In Ukraine, state support and regulation play a significant role.Science parks in Ukraine are required to be linked to scientific and educational institutions, which are mandatory participants.This differs from the model prevalent in many Western jurisdictions, where science parks may be more commercially oriented and independent of academic institutions.
The legislation of Ukraine (On Scientific Parks, 2022) places particular emphasis on the establishment of specific tax incentives with the objective of promoting science parks.In a number of countries, such incentives may be less pronounced or applied selectively, reflecting a greater focus on the development of the entrepreneurial component.In other words, in contrast to countries where science parks are frequently financed and managed through private investment or partnerships with the private sector, in Ukraine the state maintains a pivotal role in regulating their activities.This can provide crucial support, but it can also introduce additional bureaucratic obstacles and complications to the management and innovation processes.The level of public funding for research in Ukraine is alarmingly low.In 2022, the highest level of GDP R&D intensity (defined as the share of R&D expenditures in GDP) was observed in Israel (5.56%) and South Korea (4.93%).This indicates that these countries place a high priority on R&D processes.The average figure for the EU27 is 2.23%, with considerable variation between countries.
Sweden has the highest rate at 3.4%, while Romania has the lowest at 0.47%.In Ukraine, in 2022, research and development expenditures amounted to only 0.33% of gross domestic product, which is higher than in 2021 (0.29%), but still significantly lower than in leading countries.This highlights the critical need to increase investment in research (OECD, 2023).
A review of Eurostat data (EUROSTAT, 2024) for the period from 2012 to 2022 revealed an increase in the average R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP in the European Union, from 2.08% in 2012 to 2.23% in 2022.Concurrently, the aggregate GDP of the European Union demonstrated a recovery in 2021, following a decline in 2020, which was attributed to the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic.
A correlation analysis was conducted on the collected data on R&D expenditures and changes in the GDP of European Union countries from 2012 to 2022.The results revealed a significant positive relationship between these two parameters.In particular, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to be 0.75.This coefficient can be interpreted as evidence of a strong positive correlation between R&D spending and GDP growth.
To illustrate, in 2012 the EU's total R&D expenditure was €275 billion, which was reflected in a ratio of R&D expenditure to GDP of 2.08%.In 2022, this figure increased to €355 billion, and the level of knowledge intensity of GDP rose to 2.23%.Noteworthy expansion in R&D investment was observed among countries exhibiting elevated levels of innovation: Furthermore, there was a notable increase in the ratio of R&D expenditure to GDP in Belgium (from 3.44% in 2012 to 3.48% in 2022), Sweden (from 3.40% to 3.42%) and Finland (from 2.95% to 2.98%) (EUROSTAT, 2024).
This serves to reinforce the significance of investment in science and technology as a driver of economic growth.The high correlation coefficient also indicates that policies designed to increase public and private R&D funding may prove an effective means of promoting economic development.
Consequently, these findings indicate that R&D investment is of critical strategic importance in shaping a healthy and robust economy.Furthermore, they can serve as a basis upon which to develop and refine scientific, technological, and innovation policies.The findings also indicate a need for further research to examine the mechanisms through which R&D contributes to economic growth and to identify optimal strategies for investing in the scientific sector.
Concurrently, Ukraine's R&D intensity declined from 0.70% in 2013 to a critical 0.29% in 2021.However, in 2022, this figure exhibited a slight increase, reaching 0.33%.As posited by experts, a science intensity of less than 0.9% of GDP indicates that science is performing a cognitive function, while a figure below 0.3% of GDP suggests that it is serving a socio-cultural role (Pysarenko et al., 2023).
The correlation coefficient between R&D expenditures and nominal GDP growth in Ukraine for the period from 2013 to 2022 is approximately 0.626.This indicates a moderately positive relationship between R&D investment and economic growth.This result suggests that an increase in R&D expenditures can contribute to GDP growth, supporting the argument that R&D investment is strategically important for the country's economic development.In 2022, the structure of research funding in Ukraine varies according to sector.The business sector is primarily engaged in scientific and technical developments, with minimal funding allocated to basic research.
In contrast, the public sector demonstrates a clear preference for basic research (57.4%), with applied research and scientific and technical developments accounting for 36.3% and 6.3%, respectively.In the higher education sector, the majority of research is applied in nature (60%), with a smaller proportion devoted to basic research (23.8%) and R&D (16.2%) (State Statistics Service, 2024).In other words, there has been a reduction in the amount of budgetary expenditure allocated to research.Concurrently, the state is not implementing measures to streamline its regulatory framework.
In accordance with the legislation of Ukraine (On Scientific Parks, 2022), a science park is defined as a legal entity that are created on the initiative of a higher education institution and/or a research institution by combining the contributions of the founders to organise the process of developing and implementing innovative projects.As of June 2024, 40 parks had been registered in the country (Scientific Parks, 2024).Nevertheless, an analysis of publicly available data on the outcomes of their activities indicates that up to 20% of the identified science parks are, in fact, operational.The presence of technology and industrial parks, as well as other organisational forms of innovation activity in Ukraine, in addition to science parks, introduces a certain degree of confusion.Research and development centres, clusters, incubators, accelerators, and so forth (Pravova Dopomoga, 2023).
The first technology parks in Ukraine were established in 2000.As of September 2010, 12 technology parks had been officially registered in Ukraine, with a further four undergoing the registration process.

The comparison of science, technology and industrial parks in Ukraine
It is important to recognise the distinction between different types of parks.However, it would appear that there is no necessity to establish discrete rules for each individual park category in order to facilitate innovation in the country.and provide a platform for the translation of theoretical knowledge into practical applications.Technology parks, in turn, adopt a sectoral approach, with a particular focus on the rapid transfer of technology between high-tech corporations.This approach has been shown to stimulate innovation in specific technology sectors.
Industrial parks aim to establish an environment conducive to optimal production, providing businesses with the requisite infrastructure and facilitating the localisation of production within a defined territory.
It is beyond dispute that the overarching objective of these various types of parks is to provide support for innovation and its contribution to economic growth.Nevertheless, the disparate regulatory framework in Ukraine represents a considerable obstacle to the attraction of foreign investment and the effective integration of these parks into global innovation networks.The disparate regulatory requirements pertaining to the various types of parks can render the interaction between them and with foreign investors a complex and fraught process, frequently resulting in miscommunications and the emergence of conflicting interests.The reduction of excessive regulation and the harmonisation of the regulatory framework could contribute to the creation of a more transparent and attractive investment climate.This, in turn, could provide a pathway for the integration of Ukraine's science, technology and industrial parks into international markets, stimulating global investment and cooperation, and ensuring greater efficiency in the implementation of innovative projects.Such modifications could enable Ukraine to enhance its reputation as a favourable location for the advancement of novel technologies and innovative methodologies across a range of industrial sectors.

DISCUSSION
In modern times, science parks have the potential to serve as a vital catalyst for the advancement of innovation The establishment of science parks in Ukraine has the potential to exert a considerable influence on the economies of not only the universities themselves, but also the wider regional economy.Such institutions can contribute to the attraction of foreign direct investment and the creation of new employment opportunities.A study by the IASP (2024) indicates that universities that engage in active cooperation with science parks tend to demonstrate higher levels of income derived from the commercialisation of scientific research.In a broad sense, the creation of science parks should contribute to the development and further commercialization of not only innovative products (scientific and industrial parks), but also the creation and commercialization of innovative services.Such science parks can take into account regional specifics and become a driving force for the growth of regional economic systems.In this context, the creation of science parks for the development of innovative tourism products based on modern IT technologies and software products for creating virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), which will help the post-war restoration of tourist destinations, the development of the tourism business and related sectors of the regional economy.It is the development of the tourism business in the western regions of Ukraine (Zakarpattia, Chernivtsi, Lviv regions) that will contribute to the growth of both the regional gross product and the growth of the country's GDP as a whole (Stryzhak, O. et al., 2024).Furthermore, these parks assist universities in securing research funding, which is crucial for the implementation of scientific projects.The development of science parks in Ukraine is impeded by a number of significant barriers, which also hinder their effective integration into the national innovation system.The principal difficulties can be classified into a number of categories, including financial challenges, regulatory constraints and infrastructural limitations.
The majority of Ukrainian universities are state-owned and have traditionally relied on budgetary funding.This results in universities having limited motivation and resources to develop science parks, as they await state funding, which may be unstable and insufficient to cover the needs of high-tech innovation projects.
Historically, Ukrainian universities have concentrated their efforts on academic and research activities, rather than on the commercialisation of scientific developments.
The regulatory obstacles, including the bureaucratic procedures, the complexity of the legal regulations and the absence of business practices in the management of science parks, result in delays in the commercialisation of innovations and complicate the cooperation with the private sector.In the process of establishing science parks, those responsible for their creation encounter a dearth of organisational structures and business models that are tailored to reflect international best practices and the nuances of the Ukrainian academic environment and legal framework.This lack of appropriate structures and models hinders the ability science parks to be flexible, innovative, and open to collaboration with the private sector.
Furthermore, there is an immediate requirement for individuals with the requisite expertise to effectively manage and lead science parks to success.This encompasses innovation brokers, intellectual property specialists, intellectual property appraisers, and experts proficient in conducting patent research.The training of such personnel necessitates the establishment of specialised training programmes and courses that concentrate on the practical elements of the commercialisation of scientific concepts and the operation of innovative environments.
The lack of adequate infrastructure represents a significant impediment to the development of science parks in Ukraine.A considerable number of scientific institutions utilise antiquated equipment that is no longer fit for purpose in the context of modern research requirements.This equipment is in need of significant maintenance and upgrade costs.Furthermore, there is a dearth of proficient technical experts to maintain this equipment, which further diminishes the efficacy of scientific pursuits.The physical spaces of science parks are frequently ill-suited to contemporary research methodologies, thereby constraining the potential for hightech research and the attraction of international projects.
The formulation and implementation of targeted strategies to surmount these impediments is of paramount importance for the successful advancement of science parks in Ukraine.Such strategies have the potential to significantly contribute to the country's innovative development and international competitiveness.In order to surmount these obstacles and enhance the efficacy of science parks, it is essential to concentrate efforts on a number of pivotal areas.

CONCLUSION
As a specifically designed organisational structure, the science park was first developed in the United States during the mid-twentieth century and has since been adopted in numerous countries worldwide.They have evolved from simple incubators to complex innovation ecosystems, characterised by active interaction with universities, governments and the private sector.The advent of digital technologies has given rise to the fourth generation of science parks, which prioritise global innovation networks and the integration of the latest technologies and investments.
Today, science parks occupy a pivotal position within global innovation networks, acting as conduits for the transfer and commercialisation of scientific research.Such institutions provide the requisite resources for the development of start-ups and high-tech companies, thereby supporting economic growth and technological advancement.
The sustained expansion of science parks and their substantial economic influence serve as clear indications of globalisation and the intensification of innovation processes.The number of science parks is increasing at a particularly rapid rate in Asia, particularly in China and India.This underscores their role as catalysts for technological development and economic growth.
In Ukraine, the development of science parks has been underway since 2009, due to the implementation of legislative initiatives designed to stimulate innovation and technological development.The state provides legislative support for science parks, including funding, tax benefits and international cooperation.This facilitates their integration into global innovation networks and strengthens their interaction with educational and research institutions.
The variety of park types in Ukraine, including science, technology and industrial parks, constitutes an essential element of the country's comprehensive innovation ecosystem.Each park has a distinct focus, with the objective of advancing technological development and fostering economic growth.However, the current fragmented regulatory framework presents challenges to the effective integration of these parks into international innovation networks.This highlights the need to reduce regulatory barriers and increase private sector involvement.
In order to enhance the efficacy of science parks and surmount the obstacles they currently face, the following strategic orientations are proposed (see Figure 10).

Regulatory obstacles
Complex legislation that impede the pace of innovation.
Infrastructure constraints Obsolate research facilities and equipment.

Attracting investment
Private capital and entrepreneurial initiatives for sustainable financing.
Management efficiency Standardisation of organisational structure, business processes and agreements.

Infrastructure development Modernisation of equipment and partnerships
with business for market integration of innovations.
of science parks, in order to ensure their financial stability and independence.Such an approach will not only mitigate the impact of public funding fluctuations but will also facilitate the commercialisation of innovations and the creation of start-ups.It is similarly important to cultivate robust relationships with the business community, as collaboration with industrial partners can yield not only financial assistance but also expertise and resources for technological innovation.
Science parks can serve as a conduit for integrating fundamental and applied research with R&D, fostering interaction between academic institutions, government entities, and industry.This will result in a more efficient utilisation of scientific achievements, thereby contributing to the country's technological development.
Furthermore, it is essential to cultivate an entrepreneurial culture within academia to encourage universities to become more active in the realm of innovation.This encompasses the establishment of training and professional development programmes for administrators and faculty members, with a focus on commercialising scientific ideas and managing innovation.
The enhancement of the efficacy of science park administration in Ukraine necessitates the formulation and implementation of standard organisational and economic models, which will optimise processes and establish a transparent structure.The aforementioned models must encompass a comprehensive organisational structure, delineating the specific roles and responsibilities of all involved parties, as well as their respective job descriptions.It is essential to provide a comprehensive description of all business processes within the science park, including clearly defined deadlines and the designated personnel responsible for each task.It is similarly crucial to establish contractual templates that will regulate the relationship between science parks, innovators, educational institutions, and business structures.This will facilitate effective and transparent cooperation.
The absence of established business practices and adapted organisational structures frequently impedes the commercialisation of innovations.At this time, we are engaged in the process of developing flexible and innovative business models that take into account the particularities of the Ukrainian legal framework and academic environment.This will facilitate the task for university management and stakeholders in the process of creating and operating science parks, and will enable science parks to be competitive and open to cooperation with the private sector.
It is vital that specialised curricula and courses are developed which focus on the commercialisation of scientific research, intellectual property, intellectual property valuation and patent research.Such training will not only enhance the professionalism of the staff, but will also facilitate the success of innovative projects in science parks.
In particular, the Odesa Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer, which operates on the basis of the Odesa National Economic University, is implementing a pilot project, entitled 'School of Innovation Brokers', which provides training for specialists in the fields of knowledge commercialisation and technology transfer at Ukrainian universities.
To overcome infrastructure constraints and enhance the innovation potential of science parks in Ukraine, it is crucial for universities to engage in active collaboration with the business sector, directing their research efforts towards addressing the specific needs of industry.This approach entails the formation of collaborative relationships between universities and corporations, wherein the former undertake research projects commissioned by the latter, which in turn provide the requisite funding and technical assistance.
An essential component of this model is the creation and implementation of effective mechanisms for technology and knowledge transfer, enabling the expedient transition of innovative developments from university research laboratories to business production facilities.This will facilitate the creation of high-tech products that meet market requirements.
The injection of capital from corporate entities into the acquisition of apparatus essential for particular research projects serves to invigorate the modernisation of science park infrastructure.In addition to the attraction of funding, the development of robust communication channels between universities and industrial enterprises is of paramount importance.This will ensure a continuous exchange of information and needs between the two parties.This approach will not only assist in addressing infrastructure challenges but will also serve to reinforce the entrepreneurial culture within academia, encouraging universities to become more actively engaged in the commercialisation of scientific research.Such partnerships offer new opportunities for both parties.
Universities gain access to additional resources for research, while businesses obtain the innovations they require to maintain their competitiveness in the market.
As a result of the aforementioned strategies, science parks in Ukraine will be able to surmount the existing barriers to their development and contribute effectively to the country's innovation and economic growth.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The evolution of science parks Source: Authors' illustration

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The classification of science parks according to their defining characteristics Source: Author's illustration

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Common features and differences of each type of organised innovation spaceSource: Author's illustration of the conceptSanz L. et al., 2023 Similarly, the Research TrianglePark (Research Triangle Park, 2022) in the United States employs more than 100,000 people.European science parks also have a large economic impact.Science Park Eindhoven in the Netherlands has attracted more than €10 billion of investment over the past 10 years (Science Park Eindhoven, 2024), and Cambridge Science Park in the UK is home to more than 1,000 companies with a gross output of more than £4 billion (Cambridge Science Park, 2024).In Asia, the Tzuku Hi-Tech Industrial Park in Taiwan generates more than USD 50 billion in annual GDP.Singapore's Biopolis, a world-leading biotechnology cluster, has developed numerous innovative medical products, contributing to scientific progress and economic development.Such examples highlight the importance of science parks in commercialising scientific research and creating new technologies (IASP, 2022).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Dynamics of the number of science parks worldwide Source: IASP, 2024; OECD, 2024

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Dynamics of the number of science parks in Ukraine Source: Scientific Parks (2022)

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.The distinctive characteristics of parks as organisational innovation structures in Ukraine Source: developed by the authors within the academic community in Ukraine.They can serve as an effective conduit for translating theoretical research into practical, commercial solutions.
In Ukraine, the Science Park Kyivska Polytechnika, Corporation (2024) exemplifies a fruitful integration of research and business.The park is situated on the premises of the National Technical University of Ukraine 'Kyiv Polytechnic Institute' and provides the requisite platform for the advancement of innovations in domains such as IT, biomedicine, and energy.It is also noteworthy to mention the Science Park of Lviv Polytechnic National University (SYD City Scientific Park (2024)), which has been instrumental in fostering the growth of the IT industry and the development of new materials by providing support to local start-ups and attracting investment to the region.These examples illustrate the substantial contribution of science parks to economic development and university innovation, underscoring their importance as strategic institutions in the contemporary innovation landscape.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.The obstacles to the development of science parks in Ukraine and solutions to overcome them Source: developed by the authors

The origins of science parks
• 1950s, the USA • The first generation as 'Parks of Place', aimed at providing specialised space for scientific and technical activities.

Table 1 .
Comparison table of innovation spaces