Determination of the Dynamics of Thunderstorms Through the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate and Environmental Lapse Rate

This research aims to determine the types of thunderstorms formed in the thickness of the cloud (determine the Dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) and Environmental lapse rate (ELR)) in the case of precipitation during the day. Data were taken by Temperature, Dew point, Atmospheric Pressure, and Height from re-analysis by the (ECMWF) for the heights (0-18000) m, the levels of pressure (1000-100) mbar, low cloud cover data, and the characteristic days ((18, 24, 27) February, 28 April, and 25 November) of the year 2018 for Baghdad station were chosen to obtain the largest possible number of clouds and their diversity to use them in calculating the cloud cover and weather stability in terms of calculating the daily change, temperature, dew point in addition to calculating the low cloud cover with altitude and atmospheric instability. The Sigma Plot program was used in this research to determine the base of clouds and thunderstorms. The change in temperature, Dew point, clouds base, and altitude was determined, then the cloud thickness, types, and classification were calculated. The clouds found are strong thunderstorm clouds characterized by thickness and height, such as the clouds of Nimbostratus (Ns) and Cumulonimbus (Cb).


INTRODUCTION
A thunderstorm is a turbulence in the atmosphere. It is a single or multiple electric discharge that reveals itself with a flash of light and a Sharpe or bruising sound like thunder. Thunderstorms accompany clouds of load and are often accompanied by precipitation from those that reach the Earth through showers of rain, snow, snowballs, or cold (Tompkins 2003). Strong winds usually accompany them and produce heavy rain and sometimes snow, sleet, or hail, but some thunderstorms produce little precipitation or no precipitation (Abbood & Al-Tai 2018a, 2018b. As the warm, moist air moves upward, it cools, condenses, and forms a cumulonimbus cloud reaching over 20 kilometers (Al-Taai & Abbood 2020a). As the rising air reaches its dew point temperature, water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice, reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell. Any precipitation falls a long distance through the clouds toward the Earth's surface. As the droplets fall, they collide with other droplets and become larger (Al-Taai & Abbood 2020b, Sun et al. 2000).

Cloud Formation
The process of forming clouds, or condensation in the air, is very delicate and subject to several physical laws. This difference is responsible for the formation of different types of clouds, such as stratified and cumulative clouds, and it is also responsible for the difference in the height of the rules of the clouds and the difference in thickness (Tompkins 2003. Accordingly, the decrease in air temperature decreases in three forms. The first form is called the normal laps rate, which varies according to the times of the day, seasons, and locations, but in general, it is 6.3 percent per 1000 meters. The second, this decrease is at a percentage of 9.8 per 1,000 meters up, and the third is called the Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate, which equals 6.4 percent per 1,000 meters upwards (Yamashita et al. 2004, Nassif et al. 2021a. The decrease in air temperature by elevation depends on Poisson's law (Which states that a mass of air rising vertically upwards gradually loses part of its temperature).
On this basis, the decrease in air temperature first is subject to Poisson's law until it reaches a certain height and its temperature decreases below the dew point. At this temperature, condensation occurs as clouds form. (Eastman et al. 2011).

The Atmospheric Stability
Clouds are formed when the air contains as much water vapor (gas) as possible. This is called the saturation point (Hartmann 2013, Tierney et al. 2001. The lifting condensation level (LCL) is formed when the temperature reaches the dew point. It is the level at which condensation can occur through uplift. At the lifting condensation level, the base of the cloud is formed. Then the air is saturated (the air retains the largest amount of water vapor at a certain temperature), and the relative humidity is 100% (Cooper et al. 2003, Bryan & Fritsch 2000. When determining the high base of the cloud at the intersection point between the temperature of the antenna ejection temperature curve and the temperature of the dew point temperature curve symbolized by the symbol zb and determining the temperature of the upper cloud at the point of divergence of the temperature curve of the dew point temperature curve symbolized by the symbol zt, a thickness of the cloud (∆zc) can be determined using the following equation (Hartmann et al. 2013& Nassif et al. 2022: The ∆zt can be calculated using the Hypsometric equation (Sun et al. 2000): Where: ∆zt: The thickness of the cloud in km.
Tv: Virtual temperature of the cloud in ̊k.
g: ground acceleration (9.8 m.sec -2 ). P 1 : The pressure at the base of the cloud in mbar. P 2 : Pressure at the top of the cloud in mbar.
The air moves up or down within the atmosphere. It is affected by this process (Sun et al. 2000). The air parcels that do not contain clouds (are not saturated) cool at the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) as they rise through the atmosphere (Sun et al. 2000). The DALR not only applies to absolutely dry air parcels but also parcels containing water vapor, so long as the relative humidity (RH) < 100%.
The parcel of non-saturated air will rise at a rate of cooling given by the dry adiabatic lapse rate where Cp is 1007 J.kg -1 . K and Γd are 9.8 ℃.km -1 (Hartmann 2013, Al-Taai & Wedyan 2020 as the following equation: Where Γd is the dry adiabatic lapse rate, g is the Earth's gravity = 9.8 m.sec -2, and the Cp is the specific heat capacity. The atmosphere is highly variable in air temperature distribution. For dry air, it ranges as shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 , Mahdi et al. 2021.  (Tierney et al. 2001, Buell 1943).

Data Source
The work was carried out using the average hourly values of temperature and dew point temperature for selected days of the year 2018. Dataset values were obtained from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/ datasets (Berrisford 2009, Nassif et al. 2021d), for Baghdad city, located at ….33.375°N latitude, 44.375°E longitude, and 34.0m altitude in the center of Iraq. The determination of thunderstorms depends on weather factors such as temperatures, relative humidity, and dew point temperature over Baghdad City (Nassif et al. 2021a).

The Temperature Changed with the Height
The behavior and temperature change at each pressure altitude how it changes with the height over Baghdad city for the year () 2018. For the daily change in temperatures, it occurs in temperatures during the Day and night, and this is due to the rotation of the Earth around itself and this change in temperature due to latitude; the temperature decreases as we move from the equator towards the poles due to the decrease in solar radiation. Also, as the temperature changes with the height in the first layer of the troposphere, the layer in which different weather phenomena occur. The higher the temperature, the air expands and rises to the top, its density decreases, and its pressure decreases. If the temperature drops, the air shrinks, and the density increase, then the drop to the bottom increases the air pressure. The range of pressure that you adopted in your study ((100-1000) mbar) of the daily temperature changes over Baghdad city during 2018 (Fig. 2).

Dew Point Temperature Change with the Height
The Dew point varies depending on the amount of water vapor in the air, with more humid air resulting in a higher dew point than dry air. Furthermore, the higher the relative humidity, the closer the dew point to the current air temperature, with 100% relative humidity meaning that the dew point is equivalent to the current temperature. When the air pressure increases, the dew point will increase. This means that if the pressure increases, the mass of water vapor in the air must be reduced to maintain the same dew point. The relationship between pressure and the dew point is direct; the higher the atmospheric pressure, the greater the dew point score, and vice versa. The range of pressure that you adopted in your study ((100-1000) mbar) of the daily temperature changes over Baghdad city during 2018 ( Fig. 3.)

Calculations of the Daily Changes
The daily report of February 2018 for Baghdad station provides data on the thickness, height, type, and classification of the clouds and the weather stability of the cloud base and under the cloud base. Fig. 4 and Table 2 present the data of Baghdad station for 18th Feb. 2018. The state of instability of the daily cloud cover is determined at the Baghdad station, and it found that the clouds at low altitudes are unstable and clouds at high altitudes of 750 mbar were below or at ELR level, the cloud base being at 750 mbar pressure, either above or at the DALR level. The temperature at the base of the cloud in this form at the ELR level is 275 K, while the temperature at the highest level of DALR is 202 K. As for dew point temperature at the cloud base and the ELR level, it reached 274 K, as for the DALR height, it is 208 K, and we notice that the clouds were of a kind (Cb) and its classification is due to the vertical development clouds.  (Nassif et al. 2021c).    Table 3 present the data of Baghdad station for (24 Feb. 2018). The state of instability of the daily cloud cover was determined at the Baghdad station, the environment laps rate gradual fall, and the decrease of an atmospheric variable with height where below or at ELR level is the cloud base being at 700 mbar pressure, either above or at the DALR level the cloud beings to fade at latitude 15800 m and with your thickness 6000. The temperature at the base of the cloud in this form at the ELR level is 270 K, while the temperature at the highest level of DALR is 219 K. As for the dew point temperature at the cloud base and the ELR level, it reaches 269 K, as for the DALR height, it is 204 K, and we notice that the clouds were of a kind (Ns) and its classification is due to the low clouds.  Table 4 present the Baghdad station data (27 Feb. 2018). The instability of the daily cloud cover is determined at the Baghdad station, which shows the daily behavior of the low cloud cover in Baghdad station. In this case, the convective condensation level (CCL) occurs, which leads to a significant increase in the rate of thermal decrease in the lowest layer of air. Hence, this is the level at which the cumulus cloud rules exist. To confirm the atmospheric instability of the cloud where below or at ELR level is the cloud base being at 940 mbar pressure, either above or at the DALR level, the cloud beings to fade at an altitude of 14000 m and with your thickness of 1800. The temperature at the base of the cloud and it found that the clouds at low altitudes are unstable and clouds at high altitudes of 750 mbar were below or at ELR level, the cloud base being at 750 mbar pressure, either above or at the DALR level. The temperature at the base of the cloud in this form at the ELR level is 275 K, while the temperature at the highest level of DALR is 202 K. As for dew point temperature at the cloud base and the ELR level, it reached 274 K, as for the DALR height, it is 208 K, and we notice that the clouds were of a kind (Cb) and its classification is due to the vertical development clouds.   variable with height where below or at ELR level is the cloud base be level the cloud beings to fade at latitude 15800 m and with your thic in this form at the ELR level is 270 K, while the temperature at the h temperature at the cloud base and the ELR level, it reaches 269 K, as the clouds were of a kind (Ns) and its classification is due to the low   Fig. 6 and Table 4 present the Baghdad station data (27 Feb. 2018) at the Baghdad station, which shows the daily behavior of the low convective condensation level (CCL) occurs, which leads to a signi lowest layer of air.  in this form at the ELR level is 286 k, while the temperature at the highest level of DALR is 227 K. As for dew point temperature at the cloud base and the ELR level, it reached 284 K, whereas for the DALR height, it is 125 K, and we note that the clouds were of type (Cb), and its classification is due to the vertical development clouds. Fig. 7 and Table 5 present the Baghdad station data (28 April 2018). The state of instability of the daily cloud cover is determined at the Baghdad station. When drawing pressure levels in this Fig., the dew point temperature change with height, and for each pressure level and the pressure level at the base of the cloud is about 950 mbar at the height of 1000 m, either above or at the DALR level the cloud at altitude 14000 m and with your thickness 1000.
The temperature at the base of the cloud in this form at the ELR level is 289 K, while the temperature at the highest level of DALR is 228 K. As for the dew point temperature at the cloud base and the ELR level, it reaches 288 k, whereas for the DALR height, the temperature was 223 K, and we notice that the clouds were of a kind (Cb) and its classification is due to the vertical development clouds. Fig. 8 and Table 6 present the Baghdad station data (25 Nov. 2018). The state of instability of the daily cloud cover is determined at the Baghdad station. Where we notice a severe thunderstorm, starting at the pressure level at the base of the cloud, about 860 mbar at the height of 2700 m, and with a thickness of 3000, then it began to decay at the DALR level at the height of 14000 m and a pressure of 300 mbar. The temperature at the base of the cloud in this form at  Hence, this is the level at which the cumulus cloud rules exist. To confirm the atmospheric instability of the cloud where below or at ELR level is the cloud base being at 940 mbar pressure, either above or at the DALR level, the cloud beings to fade at an altitude of 14000 m and with your thickness of 1800. The temperature at the base of the cloud in this form at the ELR level is 286 k, while the temperature at the highest level of DALR is 227 K. As for dew point temperature at the cloud base and the ELR level, it reached 284 K, whereas for the DALR height, it is 125 K, and we note that the clouds were of type (Cb), and its classification is due to the vertical development clouds. Fig. 7 and Table 5 present the Baghdad station data (28 April 2018). The state of instability of the daily cloud cover is determined at the Baghdad station. When drawing pressure levels in this Fig., the dew point temperature change with height, and for each pressure level and the pressure level at the base of the cloud is about 950 mbar at the height of 1000 m, either above or at the DALR level the cloud at altitude 14000 m and with your thickness 1000.
The temperature at the base of the cloud in this form at the ELR level is 289 K, while the temperature at the highest level of DALR is 228 K. As for the dew point temperature at the cloud base and the ELR level, it reaches 288 k, whereas for the DALR height, the temperature was 223 K, and we notice that the clouds were of a kind (Cb) and its classification is due to the vertical development clouds.

CONCLUSIONS
The change in the daily average temperature with an altitude in the troposphere at the pressure levels 1000 mbar and 950 mbar. The average daily temperature changes with altitude, as the temperature increases with the increase in altitude above ground level until it reaches its lowest possible level at the pressure levels of 150 mbar and 100 mbar. The daily average dew point temperature is similar and consistent with the behavior of changing the daily average temperature. That is, the form of the relationship between dew point temperature and temperature is a positive correlation. The thickness of the low clouds was determined for the selected days with the highest daily rains. Depending on these determinations, it had found that there were clouds of Nimbostratus (Ns) and Cumulonimbus (Cb) types.
Determine the clouds of Nimbostratus (Ns) and the Cumulonimbus (Cb) by setting the height of the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR) and the height of the Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR). The amount of precipitation in the (Nimbostratus (Ns) and Cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds was so high. The clouds found were strong thunderstorm clouds characterized by thickness and height, such as those of Nimbostratus (Ns) and Cumulonimbus (Cb). and the ELR level, it reached 282 K, as for the DALR height, it is 125 K, and we notice that the clouds were of a kind (Cb) and its classification is due to the vertical development clouds.