Study and Physicochemical Characterization of the Diesel Particles Inducing Bronchopulmonary Obstructions and Inflammation

Micro-Visiography reveals that diesel soot particles are soluble in the physiological pulmonary liquid. It also shows that these substances stick to bronchial capillary walls. Electronic microscopy reveals structures of non-homogeneous morphology with spherical, fibrous and platelet-like structures. Analysis of the surfaces of the aggregates by Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) shows the composition of chemical charges. Besides, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric study show the existence of two phases: organic and crystalline, with a rubber elastomer aspect. Infrared and UVVisible spectroscopic analysis confirmed the existence of reactive chemical groups.


INTRODUCTION
Air pollution poses intriguing questions (Li et al. 2016, Xu-Qin et al. 2016, Fanny et al. 2012, Zorana et al. 2011, Devries et al. 2016. Recently, important studies of the invitro behaviour of diesel particles in physiological fluids of the lungs have been reported. The visual graphic scan of a laboratory rabbits' lungs, exposed to small doses of diesel exhaust fumes, revealed an inflammation aspect induced by the presence of DEPs (Bouzid et al. 2017). The authors measured the electric charge of the particles and showed a close relationship with a new form of obstruction in the bronchial tree "suction cup effect". These mechanisms rise from electrostatic interactions with bronchi and bronchiole walls in the lung (Bouzid et al. 2017). Renewed interest in the inflammation aspect of the respiratory tract caused by the presence of DEPs has been described in the literature (Boland et al. 2001, Habert & Garnier 2015. These results are in perfect agreement with epidemiological studies. The incidence of allergic diseases is also associated with the presence of DEPs. Short-term exposure is sufficient to increase cardiorespiratory morbidity whereas chronic exposure may cause asthma, obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy, lung cancer, and cancer of the bladder (Brewer et al. 2016, Hart et al. 2006, Traboulsi et al. 2017. The toxicity of diesel particles is linked to their capacity to cause oxidizing stress at the cellular level (Borgie et al. 2015, Aloui et al. 2016. The metabolism of HAP by P450 cytochrome, epoxide hydrolase and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase (DHDH) produces DNA adducts which can lead to the development of various types of cancer (Aloui et al. 2016). Since 2012, exhaust fumes have been classified by the WHO as carcinogens (WHO 2013). To understand the mechanism of action of DEPs, the physico-chemistry element is essential. Stanmore et al. (2001) published a micrograph of diesel soot in which we can clearly distinguish the fractal form agglomerations. On the other hand, Yapp et al. (2013) presented a model of the formation of soot during combustion. Nanometric clusters were investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (Fig. 1). This proposal is supported by theoretical studies. The soot particles are rich in carbon, NOx, anhydrous sulphurous SO 2 and its derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated organic compounds (phenols, alcohols, aldehydes ketones). These products agglomerate around mineral carbon crystallites (Richter & Howar 2000).
The available literature is oriented towards modelling the partial behaviour in the lungs (de Vasconcelos et al. 2011), the formation of soot, analysis of reaction mechanisms, the chemical composition of the particle and its physicochemical properties (Abul & Shahidul 2013, Akridis & Rigopoulos 2016.
The objective of this work is a physicochemical analysis of diesel particles involved in broncho obstruction and studies. The soot particles are rich in carbon, NOx, anhydrous sulphurous SO2 and its derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated organic compounds (phenols, alcohols, aldehydes ketones). These products agglomerate around mineral carbon crystallites (Richter & Howar 2000). The available literature is oriented towards modelling the partial behaviour in the lungs (de Vasconcelos et al. 2011), the formation of soot, analysis of reaction mechanisms, the chemical composition of the particle and its physicochemical properties (Abul & Shahidul 2013, Akridis & Rigopoulos 2016. The objective of this work is a physicochemical analysis of diesel particles involved in broncho obstruction and inflammation of laboratory rabbit lungs. This contribution identifies the solubility of the diesel particles in physiological pulmonary solutions by visiography. Microscopic and physicochemical studies can explain this behaviour.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Diesel particles and pulmonary surfactant came from "Health Technology Algeria", Ministry of Health.

Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDX)
Collection of spectra and elementary identification were performed by "global" mode which allowed for the identification of all the investigated elements. inflammation of laboratory rabbit lungs. This contribution identifies the solubility of the diesel particles in physiological pulmonary solutions by visiography. Microscopic and physicochemical studies can explain this behaviour.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Diesel particles and pulmonary surfactant came from "Health Technology Algeria", Ministry of Health.

Analysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDX)
Collection of spectra and elementary identification were performed by "global" mode which allowed for the identification of all the investigated elements.
The results of the microanalysis illustrate the presence of all the components sought for in form of spectrum provided with a summary table giving the mass and atomic percentages of each element.

Analysis by Infra-red Absorption Spectroscopy
The infra-red absorption spectrophotometry was carried out on pastilles made up of 1 mg of product dispersed in 300 mg of KBr using a Nicolet 5700 series equipment.

Analysis by Ultra Violet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
UV-Visible analysis was carried out using a standard spectrophotometer Lambda EZ210. Scanning varied between 190 and 1100 Nm of infinitely diluted solutions enables the determination of the absorption band of the products.

Thermogravimetric Analysis
To study the thermal properties, samples of approximately 2 mg were measured using a Seiko SC 5200 thermoanalyser (model 220 TG/DTA) at heating and flow rates of 10-50°C/ min and 100 mL/min respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The behaviour of DEPs in physiological solution clearly shows the dissolution of the organic matter in form of a violet fog around the particles which dissipate (Fig. 2). Laser diffraction granulometry of the DEP powder reveals on average a specific surface of 1.85 m 2 /g and a diameter of 10 µm (Devries et al. 2016, Bouzid et al. 2017. SEM micrographs of the diesel soot particles sample at 50 µm, considered as carbon gas (DEP), obtained by thermolysis are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The morphology of the DEP deposit surface is non-homogeneous. We can observe spherical carbon nanograins of variable diameters. The spheres meet to form randomly distributed wavelets. Furthermore, we can also see fibrous shapes of exhaust fumes in Fig. 4. Platelets forms appear on the two negatives.
The EDX spectrum (Fig. 5) of the surface of the diesel particle samples proves the presence of atomic elements on matter in form of a violet fog around the particles which dissipate (Fig. 2). Laser diffraction granulometry of the DEP powder reveals on average a specific surface of 1.85 m 2 /g and a diameter of 10 µm (Devries et al. 2016, Bouzid et al. 2017). SEM micrographs of the diesel soot particles sample at 50 µm, considered as carbon gas (DEP), obtained by thermolysis are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The morphology of the DEP deposit surface is non-homogeneous. We can observe spherical carbon nanograins of variable diameters. The spheres meet to form randomly distributed wavelets. Furthermore, we can also see fibrous shapes of exhaust fumes in Fig. 4. Platelets forms appear on the two negatives.   The EDX spectrum (Fig. 5) of the surface of the diesel particle samples proves the presence of atomic elements on their surface. Table 1 summarizes the mass and atomic percentages in each case.
As can be seen from Table 1, carbon and oxygen represent high percentages. The quantity of chloride and sodium is relatively important and is induced by marine footprint. In gasoline, sulphur is usually found in small quantities. Metals result from wear of machine parts. The remainder of the atoms probably accentuates air contamination.   The EDX spectrum (Fig. 5) of the surface of the diesel particle samples proves the presence of atomic elements on their surface. Table 1 summarizes the mass and atomic percentages in each case.
As can be seen from Table 1, carbon and oxygen represent high percentages. The quantity of chloride and sodium is relatively important and is induced by marine footprint. In gasoline, sulphur is usually found in small quantities. Metals result from wear of machine parts. The remainder of the atoms probably accentuates air contamination. their surface. Table 1 summarizes the mass and atomic percentages in each case.
As can be seen from Table 1, carbon and oxygen represent high percentages. The quantity of chloride and sodium is relatively important and is induced by marine footprint. In gasoline, sulphur is usually found in small quantities.  The EDX spectrum (Fig. 5) of the surface of the diesel particle samples proves the presence of atomic elements on their surface. Table 1 summarizes the mass and atomic percentages in each case. As can be seen from Table 1, carbon and oxygen represent high percentages. The quantity of chloride and sodium is relatively important and is induced by marine footprint. In gasoline, sulphur is usually found in small quantities. Metals result from wear of machine parts. The remainder of the atoms probably accentuates air contamination.   Metals result from wear of machine parts. The remainder of the atoms probably accentuates air contamination.
The X-rays diffraction spectrum (Fig. 6) reflects the two phases which constitute the diesel particles, the amorphous phase made up of an organic part and a crystalline phase primarily made up of mineral and carbon crystallite (Akridis & Rigopoulos 2016).

Analysis by Infrared Spectroscopy
The Infrared spectrum (Fig. 8), shows signals on the 4000-1500 cm -1 region which contains longitudinal vibration bands of the main CH groups, O-H, C=O, N-H,… Peak 3445 cm -1 corresponds to the '-OH' group whereas the peak 2922 cm -1 corresponds to the 'CH' group. We observed bands that are more or less broad because of the existence of a hydrogen bond. In the vicinity of 1550 cm -1 , it is probably the C = C that is expressed. Despite the complex structure of the soot particle, the infra-red remains readable and constitutes a reliable footprint.

Study by UV-Visible Spectroscopy
In solution, infinitely diluted in spectroscopic pentane, diesel s diffraction spectrum (Fig. 6) reflects the two phases which constitute the diesel the amorphous phase made up of an organic part and a crystalline phase primarily f mineral and carbon crystallite (Akridis & Rigopoulos 2016).  The X-rays diffraction spectrum (Fig. 6) reflects the two phases which consti particles, the amorphous phase made up of an organic part and a crystalline p made up of mineral and carbon crystallite (Akridis & Rigopoulos 2016). Thermogravimetry confirms the XRD results. It quantifies the phases: organic (evaporable matter) and crystalline inorganic matter 70% (Violi & Sarofim 2001 substance (unburnt residues, HAP) makes up the mineral phases. This constitutio elastomer aspect which is expressed in the range (25-250°C) (Fig. 7).

Analysis by Infrared Spectroscopy
The Infrared spectrum (Fig. 8) particles are partly dissolved. This type of solubility of many organic molecules gives a saw-teeth spectrum (Fig. 9).

CONCLUSION
The study by electronic microscopy highlights the aspects of exhaust diesel fumes. The gases consist of aggregates of spherical, platelet and fibrous forms. Associated EDX analysis, shows the presence of chemical elements in the fabric of soot. Micro-visiography of diesel soot in physiological solution reveals an instantaneous dissipation of organic substances in the physiological liquid. XRD indicates the presence of two phases: Amorphous, and crystalline in the same particle. Thermogravimetry highlights the elastomer aspect of the DEP particle. It confirms the existence of two phases and also, primarily quantifies organic and inorganic matter. Infrared and UV-Visible spectroscopy determines the reactive chemical functions present. Diesel particles have a complex composition. They penetrate the lung and are physically highly reactive due to the crystallites (effects of shearing). Besides, they are chemically highly reactive due to the reactivity of chemical charges of HAP and their derivatives.

Study by UV-Visible Spectroscopy
In solution, infinitely diluted in spectroscopic pentane, diesel particles are partly dissolved. This type of solubility of many organic molecules gives a saw-teeth spectrum (Fig. 9).

CONCLUSION
The study by electronic microscopy highlights the aspects of exhaust diesel fumes. The gases consist of aggregates of spherical, platelet and fibrous forms. Associated EDX analysis, shows the presence of chemical elements in the fabric of soot. Micro-visiography of diesel soot in physiological solution reveals an instantaneous dissipation of organic substances in the physiological liquid. XRD indicates the presence of two phases: Amorphous, and crystalline in the same particle. Thermogravimetry highlights the elastomer aspect of the DEP particle. It confirms the existence of two phases and also, primarily quantifies organic and inorganic matter. Infrared and UV-Visible spectroscopy determines the reactive chemical functions present. Diesel particles have a complex composition. They penetrate the lung and are physically highly reactive due to the crystallites (effects of shearing). Besides, they are chemically highly reactive due to the reactivity of chemical charges of HAP and their derivatives.

Study by UV-Visible Spectroscopy
In solution, infinitely diluted in spectroscopic pentane, diesel particles are partly dissolved. This type of solubility of many organic molecules gives a saw-teeth spectrum (Fig. 9).

CONCLUSION
The study by electronic microscopy highlights the aspects of exhaust diesel fumes. The gases consist of aggregates of spherical, platelet and fibrous forms. Associated EDX analysis, shows the presence of chemical elements in the fabric of soot. Micro-visiography of diesel soot in physiological solution reveals an instantaneous dissipation of organic substances in the physiological liquid. XRD indicates the presence of two phases: Amorphous, and crystalline in the same particle. Thermogravimetry highlights the elastomer aspect of the DEP particle. It confirms the existence of two phases and also, primarily quantifies organic and inorganic matter. Infrared and UV-Visible spectroscopy determines the reactive chemical functions present. Diesel particles have a complex composition. They penetrate the lung and are physically highly reactive due to the crystallites (effects of shearing). Besides, they are chemically highly reactive due to the reactivity of chemical charges of HAP and their derivatives.