Residential, IUCN and WPA Status of the Avian Fauna Observed in Indore city (M.P.), India

The objective of the present study was to prepare a record of the Residential, IUCN and WPA status of the birds recorded in four sites of Indore city. The study was of one-year duration (2018). The results showed that there were five species as winter migrants, one as summer migrant, six as local migrants, and 46 as resident species. Only one species, i.e. Psittacula eupatria was found to be in the near threatened category. According to WPA status, 5 species were Schedule I species, 1 schedule V, and 52 species as schedule IV species. These sites have a potential of augmentation of avian fauna shortly and these spaces abide by many species with a larger diversity than estimated. The present study is the first-ever record of avian species in the three sites of Indore city. The results of this study support the scope of conservation of these spaces for increasing the number of species shortly.


INTRODUCTION
Due to rich vegetation and well-protected areas, recreational man-made parks have succeeded in attracting good avifauna. These areas with its rich flora supported a rich and varied avifauna. Adaptation of birds depends upon their body mass and feeding habits, because of which they have followed human colonization. Although not all birds can thrive in urbanized habitat, some have been able to adapt and survive in artificial habitats. Some of the most common and familiar birds seen in our cities or villages are Red-vented Bulbul, House Crow, Blue-rock Pigeon, Common Myna, Rose-ringed Parakeet and House Sparrow (Seress & Liker 2015). Green spaces in cities have been formally identified as areas with notable avian biodiversity. However, the urban environment is not appraised areas with conservation importance (Vallejo et al. 2009). Due to the increase in population, the interaction between human and ecosystem is expanding. Due to alarming interference, avian diversity is in danger because of a few more reasons; for example, development of the residential area and urbanized colonies. Factors like green space dimension and the number of trees are responsible for the number of avian species present in an area. The structural heterogeneity of trees inside the study area is a crucial aspect supporting high levels of species abundance (Sharma & Shukla 2015).
Birds due to their sensitivity to the environmental perturbations, relevance to ecosystem functioning; example seed dispersal and pollination; and their relative ease in sampling, they are well known as Indicator taxa. Similarly, bird diversity and abundance are different in different vegetation types and dependent primarily on plant community diversity and vegetation structure (Sharma & Shukla 2015). Because of this reason, they are used to monitor the quality of any habitat or niche and hence they are the key elements of any ecosystem (Mariappan et al. 2013). They play an important role in any ecosystem as they are potential bio-indicators, pollinators, seed dispersers and scavengers, and beneficial to humans in agriculture by checking the population of harmful pests (Dhindsa & Saini 1994). The numbers of migratory birds visiting any area also indicate the health of that particular environment (Panwar & Salunkhe 2014). Hence, the present study aimed to estimate the residential, IUCN and WPA status of the avian fauna in the selected sites of Indore city.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area: Four sites were selected from Indore city according to their construction and maintenance. Site 1: Meghdoot Garden; Site 2: Nehru Park; Site 3: Lalbagh; Site 4: Pipliyapala Regional Park.

Study period:
One year, i.e. January to December 2018.
After preparing a checklist of avian fauna at all the sites, these birds were categorized according to Table 1 (Datta  2016).
Initially, a checklist of the avian fauna was prepared (Gaur et al. 2019); then all the species were categorised according to the Birdlife international (mentioned in Data zones). Their IUCN status was mentioned along with their Wildlife Protection Act (1972) categories.
From Tables 2-5 and Figs. 1-4, we can conclude that the highest number (46) of resident birds were recorded in Site 4 and the lowest count (30) was observed in Site 2. The highest number of winter migratory species (5) was recorded in Site 4. Similarly, local migratory species were highest (6) in Site 4.
The data (Tables 2-5) depicts the species recorded at Site 1, Site 2, Site 3 and Site 4 in 2018. Their IUCN status and WPA Schedule have been mentioned. In Site 1, 38               Fig. 9 shows some photographs of the recorded species.

DISCUSSION
We have reported the IUCN status for various greenspaces of Indore city. This is the first-ever record for such parameters. Interestingly, Khah & Wani (2012) used a similar methodology and concluded that several species were breeding residents in their area; which is quite similar in our study. These species include Jungle crow and Stone chat. Ramesh et al. (2011) reported 129 species in Kuno wildlife sanctuary and found that 97 species were residents; 25 winter migrants; 4 summer migrants; and 6 local migrating species of Central India. 73 species were observed by Arya et al. (2013) in Shivpuri district. Out of which 25 species were residential; 29 resident migrants and 38 winter migrating species. This study is quite corroborating with our study.
Similarly, analyses of residential status of avian species (Central India) done by , revealed that 32 species were winter visitors; 24 species residential, 16 were residential/local migratory and three local migratory. Similar observations were recorded by  in their preliminary study at Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary. They reported six species of Near Threatened category in their study period, in which Alexandrine parakeet was also mentioned. Parveen & Llyas (2019) also conducted a preliminary survey of birds in Pench Tiger reserve and found

DISCUSSION
We have reported the IUCN status for various greenspaces of Indore city. This is the firstrecord for such parameters. Interestingly, Khah & Wani (2012) used a similar methodol and concluded that several species were breeding residents in their area; which is quite sim in our study. These species include Jungle crow and Stone chat. Ramesh et al. (2011) repo 129 species in Kuno wildlife sanctuary and found that 97 species were residents; 25 wi migrants; 4 summer migrants; and 6 local migrating species of Central India. 73 species w observed by Arya et al. (2013) in Shivpuri district. Out of which 25 species were residen 29 resident migrants and 38 winter migrating species. This study is quite corroborating w our study.
Similarly, analyses of residential status of avian species (Central India) done by Kuma Kanaujia (2015), revealed that 32 species were winter visitors; 24 species residential, 16 w seven species in Near Threatened category and 208 species belonged to Least Concern Category. Adhikari et al. (2019) studied the factors affecting diversity and distribution of birds of IUCN Red List. They also have marked seven species of Near Threatened category including Alexandrine parakeet which resembles our study results.