ABSTRACT

This book examines the history and evolution of Title IX, a landmark 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination at educational institutions receiving federal funding. Elizabeth Kaufer Busch and William Thro illuminate the ways in which the interpretation and implementation of Title IX have been transformed over time to extend far beyond the law's relatively narrow statutory text. The analysis considers the impact of Title IX on athletics, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and, for a time, transgender discrimination. Combining legal and cultural perspectives and supported by primary documents, Title IX: The Transformation of Sex Discrimination in Education offers a balanced and insightful narrative of interest to anyone studying the history of sex discrimination, educational policy, and the law in the contemporary United States.

chapter 1|20 pages

The Adoption of Title IX

A Ban on Sex Discrimination in Education

chapter 2|23 pages

The Transformation of Equal Representation in Athletics

The 1979 Three-Part Test

chapter 3|20 pages

The Expansion of Title IX Liability

The 1997 Sexual Harassment Guidance

chapter 4|25 pages

Title IX’s Transformation of Campus Sexual Assault Trials

The 2011 Dear Colleague Letter

chapter 5|21 pages

Title IX’s Untold Story

part 1|119 pages

Documents

chapter 1|10 pages

“Too Strong for a Woman”— The Five Words That Created Title IX

Bernice R. Sandler

chapter 2|4 pages

Title IX The Educational Amendments

United States Congress

chapter 3|4 pages

Title IX Implementing Regulations

Department of Health, Education, and Wellfare

chapter 4|3 pages

Administrative Procedure Act

United States Congress

chapter 5|15 pages

A Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics

Department of Health, Eduation, and Welfare

chapter 6|11 pages

Cannon v. University of Chicago

Supreme Court of the United States

chapter 7|3 pages

Civil Rights Restoration Act

United States Congress

chapter 8|8 pages

Sexual Harassment Guidance

Norma V. Cantú, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Department of Education

chapter 9|11 pages

Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District

Supreme Court of the United States

chapter 10|12 pages

Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education

Supreme Court of the United States

chapter 11|19 pages

Dear Colleague Letter on Sexual Violence

Russlynn Ali, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Eductation

chapter 12|7 pages

Dear Colleague Letter: Transgender Students

Catherine E. Lhamon, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education Vanita Gupta, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Justice

chapter 13|11 pages

Prepared Remarks on Title IX Enforcement. George Mason University

Betsy DeVos, Secretary of Education