Theory of Electron Density of States of High Temperature Impurity Induced Anharmonic Superconductors

The expression for the electron density of states (EDOS) of high temperature superconductors (HTS) has been derived taking the disorder and anharmonicity effects as a central problem. This has been dealt with the help of double time thermodynamic Green’s function theory for electrons via a generalized Hamiltonian which consists of the contribution due to 1) unperturbed electrons; 2) unperturbed phonons; 3) isotopic impurities; 4) anharmonicities (no BCS type Hamiltonian has been taken up in the formulation); and 5) electron-phonon interactions. The renormalization effects and emergence of pairons appears as a unique feature of the theory and dependence of EDOS on impurity concentration and temperature has been discussed in details with special reference to the HTS.


Introduction
The discovery of HTS [1], excitingly opened up a new field of research in solid state physics experimentalists as well as theorists.The effect of anharmonicity, impurities as electron-phonon problem in HTS is least studied [2][3][4][5] due to its very complicated nature, because the unit cell of these compounds contain, beside two superconducting planes, the chain elements connected by bridge with plain through the apical oxygen ions .The interaction of electrons with anharmonic lattice vibrations is a longstanding problem that is not yet fully understood.The effects of anharmonicity on the electron-phonon problem and more specifically on superconductivity are relatively unknown.The present investigation deals with the impurity induced anharmonic phonon-electron problem, in which the contribution due to anharmonicities, isotropic impurities and interference has been dealt via an almost complete Hamiltonian.Having developed the electron Green's function the expressions for energy spectrum and electron density of states have been obtained with few new features for the High temperature superconductors.

Quantum Dynamics of Electrons
Let us consider the double-time thermodynamic electron retarded Green's function [6,7] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , i , H , respectively are unperturbed electron-, unperturbed phonon-, electronphonon-, anharmonic (upto quartic terms)-, and defect contributions to the Hamiltonian H and are expressible in the form [8] ( ) e q q q q q q q q q q , , In the above equations and ( ) are the electron creation (annihilation) and phonon field and momentum operators, respectively.
( k and are phonon and electron wave vectors) and q k g stands for electron-phonon coupling coefficient.
( ) , , , , and are anhar- ) monic coupling coefficients mass and force constant change parameters, respectively.Following the equation of motion technique [8][9][10] of quantum dynamics via Hamiltonian (2) and using Dyson's equation approach we can obtain the Green's function as 3 2π 3 , c q q q q q q c q q q G P q q σσ ω ω δ δ ω ω ω ω ω ω where and are electron and pairon frequencies. q The excitation spectrum i.e. a response function can be expressed as Here and are the electron energy shift and electron line width respectively.Higher order Green's function appearing in response function is decoupled using an appropriate decoupling scheme and the remaining Green's function is evaluated via a renormalized electron and phonon Hamiltonian ( ) Equation ( 3) can be written in simplified form as 3 2π i 3 c q q q q q q c q q q q G σσ ω ω δ δ ω ω ω ω ω ω with electron perturbed mode q ω and renormalized elec- tron mode frequencies , , , 8 , Now electron energy shift and line widths are obtainable as ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , where the superscript "D", "3A", "4A" and "ep" stand for the contributions due to defects, anharmonicities (cubic 3A and quartic 4A ) and electron-phonon interactions, respectively.

Electron Density of States of High Temperature Superconductors
The electron density of states (EDOS) in Lehman representation can be expressed as Imaginary part of is given by ( ) Using the imaginary part of Green's function from Equation (23) in Equation ( 22) in Lehman representation we can write result Equation ( 24) can be reasonably approximated for small values of line width in the form The various contributions to EDOS appears in Equation (26) can be summarized as ( ) ( )

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, , , All the above expressions of density of states depend on the temperature.Let us examine EDOS in the follow-ing two regions.
Case-1 At the temperature very close to critical temperature, most of the electrons in superconducting state are paired.The collection of pairons (cooper pair, bipolarons) constitutes the condense or super fluid i.e. the pairons dominate over the normal electron

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, , ( ) ( ) Case-2 In this case , the contribution of norc q ω ω < q mal energy becomes least than the pairon energy, so that the pairon energy dominates over the unpaired energy of the system and transits to the superconducting state.The EDOS in this situation becomes as , 6 The various symbols in above equations can be expressed as coth ; coth 2 2 ; ( ) ( ) c n q is pairon distribution function.
Rest of the symbols are defined in references elsewhere [8].

Results and Discussion
The variation of EDOS for and is depicted in the Figures 1 and 2. These graphics are similar to the experimental imaging of quasi particle density of states for impurity induced ep EDOS and anharmonic EDOS.The central peak in Figure 1 exhibits the enhanced peak in the close vicinity of impurity site.This also reveals the evidence of four fold symmetric quasi particle cloud intensity peaks aligned with the nodes of the d-wave superconducting gap which is believed to characterize the HTSC and well supports the experimental observations of Pan et al. [11][12].

Fig- ure 2
describes the effects of cubic anharmonicities on electron density of states .Four almost sharp peaks are found symmetrically distributed from both axes.It also notable that the pairon distribution function , energy and temperature functions heavily influence the anharmonic contribution to EDOS as well as the other terms appearing in the EDOS.It emerges from the present investigations that EDOS not

±
only depends on energy but also on renormalized frequency, anharmonicities, impurity concentration and

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Effects of cubic anharmonicity contribution to EDOS.re and well support to d-wave superconducvity.nowledgements