Violent Behavioral Characteristics among Schooling Adolescents in Dubai Journal of Child & Adolescent Behavior

Background: Violence is affecting every community and every country in the world. It has become a global problem that threatens the lives and security of people everywhere. Because of its widespread, violence is considered now a human fact that cannot be avoided. No country or community is untouched by violence. Objectives: To study the epidemiological distributions of violence among adolescent in Dubai. Methods: This is a cross sectional study. The study was conducted among students in preparatory and secondary schools “Governmental and Private” in Dubai, U.A.E. A sample of 1054 students was randomly selected from preparatory and secondary schools in Dubai. A structured interview questionnaire was used to collect data from the students. Reliability of the questionnaire using: Cronbach’s alpha with Guttman split half reliability coefficient was carried out. Results: The majority of study sample live with both parents (84.9%). Those who feel love toward mother constituted 89.9%, 82% love father, 65.3% love older brother/sister, while only 23.2% like housemaid. The highest percentage of students reported punishment at home by preventing something he/she loves whether from mother (52.7%), father (47.9%), older brother/sister (31.8%), or housemaid (57.4%). Beating by mother, father, older brother/sister, or housemaid was reported by 10.2%, 15.4%, 21.3% and 2.9% respectively. About 41% of reported that they like school while 23.3% don’t like school either due to being afraid of teachers (10.6%) or afraid of one colleague (8.9%) or for other reasons (80.5%). About 17.0% of students reported absenteeism from school due to feeling unsafe at school or on the way to school for at least one day. Carrying sharp tools at school by student always or sometimes was reported in 13.3% of cases and by colleagues in 32.9%. Conclusion: It has been concluded that violent adolescents always have special behavioral characteristics on personality level, family level or social affiliations (groups, friends). Applying earlier preventive measures and handling adolescents at these stages will have very long term cost affective outcomes in relation to violence.


Introductions
Violence is affecting every community and every country in the world. It has become a global problem that threatens the lives and security of people everywhere. Because of its widespread, violence is considered now a human fact that cannot be avoided [1][2][3][4][5]. No country or community is untouched by violence. Because it is so pervasive, violence is often seen as an inevitable part of the human condition, a fact of life to respond to, rather than to prevent. Furthermore a substantial proportion of the costs of violence results from its impact on victims' health and the burden it places in health institutions. This gives the health sector both a special interest in prevention and a key role to play [6].
Every year, more than 1.6 million people die because of violence. Of these deaths, 90% occur in low-and middle income countries. Selfdirected and interpersonal violence, account for 54% and 35% of the global death toll due to violence respectively. A review of development agency web sites and documents suggests that, while interpersonal violence is clearly on their agenda, it is given a lower priority than collective violence and self-directed violence. Recent WHO projections show the trend of interpersonal violence, that deaths due to it will rank among the 20 leading causes of death, going from the 22nd leading cause of death in 2004 to the 16th in 2030. During the same time period, self-inflicted injuries will rise from the 16th to the 12th leading cause of death [7].
Research on youth violence has increased our understanding of factors that make some populations more vulnerable to victimization and perpetration. These include individual risk factors, family risk factors, peer and school risk factors and community risk factors [8].
Special programs are needed to help to identify violent behaviors at schools, to educate school personnel about these behaviors, educate adolescents about risks they face when they engage in these behaviors [9]. School based programs that intend to prevent violent behavior should be used at all grade levels from pre-kindergarten through high school [10].
Youth violence is becoming a major unresolved public health problem and media exposure to violence is a synergistic source of this problem. The public health approach to violence is based on scientific method. In moving from problem to solution, there are four key steps. First, systematic collection of data on the magnitude, scope, characteristics and consequences of violence at local, national and international levels. Second, investigating why violence occurs. Third, exploring ways to prevent violence. Fourthly, implementing interventions and determining cost effectiveness of the programs [11,12].

Objective
To study the epidemiological distributions of violence among adolescent in Dubai.

Methods
A cross sectional study was designed to investigate the problem of violence where it aimed to determine the prevalence and some of its predictors among students of preparatory and secondary schools in Dubai 2010-2011. EPI-Info software version "6.04" was used for calculation of the minimum sample size required. The study included a sample of 1054 students who were randomly selected from preparatory and secondary governmental and private schools in Dubai. A stratified random sample was used. The strata were based upon geographical districts (Bur Dubai and Diera), type of schools (governmental and private), educational grade (7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th) and sex (males and females. A structured interview questionnaire sheet was used to collect data from the students. Reliability of the questionnaire using: Cronbach's alpha with Guttman split half reliability coefficient was carried out.

Results
The age of the study students ranged from 11 to 21 years with a mean age of 14.81 + 1.79 years. Just over half of the selected students were males; about two thirds were secondary school pupils while the rest were in preparatory schools, with a preponderance of private school students over governmental. More than half of students were local.
The majority of study sample live with both parents (84.9%). Those who feel love toward mother constituted 89.9%, 82% love father, 65.3% love older brother/sister, while only 23.2% love baby sitter (Table 1).

Family background
No. %

Live with
Both parents 895 84.9 One parent due to separation 77 7.3 One parent due to death 82 7.  The highest percentage of students reported punishment at home by preventing something he/she loves whether from mother (52.7%), father (47.9%), older brother/sister (31.8%), or baby sitter (57.4%).
Beating by mother, father, older brother/sister, or baby sitter was reported by 10.2%, 15.4%, 21.3% and 2.9% respectively (  About 41% of students (Table 3) reported that they like school while 23.3% don't like school either due to being afraid of teachers (10.6%) or afraid of one colleague (8.9%) or for other reasons (80.5%). About 17.0% of students reported absenteeism from school due to feeling unsafe at school or on the way to school for at least one day. Carrying sharp tools at school by student always or sometimes was reported in 13.3% of cases and by colleagues in 32.9% (Table 3).

School environment
No. %  Considering habits and physical exercise (Table 4), 16.6% of students watch TV programs for 4 hours or more per day, boxing was the favorite program for 13.2%, football for 14.1% and the least percentage of students reported cartoon as the favorite TV program (11.6%). One third of the students reported playing computer games for four hours or more per day and the favorite computer programs were mainly care racing (43.5%) and football (23.7%). About 56.4% of the students practice exercise for at least one hour per week and the favorite game is football (33.4%). Smoking was reported by 7.1% of students (Table 4).

Habits and activities
No. % Number of students = 1054 Table 4: Some habits and physical exercise among students in preparatory and secondary schools in Dubai, 2010.

Discussion
School violence is widely held to have become a serious problem in recent decades in many countries, especially where weapons such as guns or knives are involved. Youth violence is becoming a major unresolved public health problem, risk factor of violence are anything that increases the probability that a young person will become violent; but no individual or group risk factors can be used to predict violence with any degree of certainty. Risk factors are only indicators that may precede youth violence, and a misunderstanding of their value may lead to profiling which can result in stereotyping and discrimination [8].
The prevalence of violence either in the form of beating against study students, witnessed or committed by the study students were 27.8%, 49.3% and 39.4% respectively with almost same characters. Cloths pulling, boxing, slapping or kicking constituted the common forms of beating which were usually occurring at school with nearly same frequency of beating (times of beating). In a study done in KSA [9], to determine the prevalence of bullying among middle school male students in Riyadh city it was found that, the prevalence of being exposed to bullying (18.6%) was slightly higher, compared to committing bullying (14.4%). A small percentage (4.4%) of the students was both exposed to and committed bullying. The prevalence of bullying is widely variable, according to Craig et al. [10] exposure to bullying varied across countries, with estimates ranging from 8.6% to 45.2% among boys. Meanwhile, Analitis et al. [11] found the prevalence of bullying among children and adolescents in 11 European countries to be 20.6% for the whole sample, ranging from 10.5% in Hungary to 29.6% in the United Kingdom. Aricak et al. [12] highlighted that bullying is a serious problem.

Conclusion
It has been concluded that violent adolescents always have special behavioral characteristics on personality level, or family level or social affiliations (groups, friends). Applying earlier preventive measures and handling adolescents at theses stages will have very long term cost affective outcomes in relation to violence.