Victimologic Measurement Crime in Russia: Criminological Analysis of the Effects

The study is victimologic statistics from Ragusa consequences of crime in Russia. The aim of the research was to establish trends in the effects of crime in contemporary Russia. Methodological basis of research-scientific methodsknowledge: systematic and structural analysis of statistical information. Scientific novelty of the study is to due to the fact that for the first time in forensic science investigated the consequences of crime in Russia on the basis of victimologic statistics. Practical significance of the research lies in the fact that new knowledge about the negative consequences of crime will adjust the system for combating crime in Russia.


Introduction
Effective combating crime is not possible without an analysis of the social consequences of crime, which can be obtained from materials of the Russian official criminal statistics. Modern Russian criminal statistics allows you to explore various aspects of criminal behavior in society, forming its own information database victimologic statistics. Victimologic statistics is one of the most important areas of modern legal statistics, which is most characteristic of the negative social consequences of crime [1,2], and calling them the specific term "sacrifice crime" [3]. You must understand that no one type of statistical accounting of the crime is not the ideal instrument for its measurement. Modern researchers write about the shortcomings of the criminal statistics: incompleteness and distortion [4]. However, despite this attitude to statistics crime it is not necessary to ignore them completely. Moreover, the analysis of the main indicators characterizing the "sacrifice of crime", is extremely necessary, because it corrects criminal statistics, showing the reduction of crime in Russia [5].
The choice of study period 2009-2013 is due to the fact that it is characterized by a steady decline in crime in Russia. If 2994820 crimes were registered in 2009, in 2013 the crime decreased to 2206249, i.e. more than a quarter [6]. The number of registered victims in criminal cases was decreased too. If in 2009 there were registered 2241710, in 2013: 1822767, nearly 19% less [7]. This suggests that along with the decline of the Russian crime occurs and the decline in the number of victims of crime, albeit at a lower rate than the number of registered crimes. However, criminological studies devoted to the analysis of such differences and generally sacrifice crime in Russia, do not occur. Besides criminological analysis of the sacrifices of the Russian crime in generally (the number of victims that received heavy damage to health, among them women and children) was represented only by the end of 2005 [8]. That some state of affairs in the Russian science is not conducive to develop effective measures of combating crime and testifies to the need to study the phenomenon of sacrifice crime with the use of statistical information.
In order to identify the main trends of sacrifice crime in Russia we implemented a criminological analysis of its main victimologic statistical indicators. To achieve the above objectives, we conducted analysis of statistical indicators: a) the dynamics of sacrifice crime; b) the nature of the sacrifice of the crime; c) structural regularities sacrifice crime victims with increased criminal victimization of women and children [9].

Research
Turning to statistics sacrifice crime in Russia, we find a positive trend-annual decrease in the number of victims of crimes in the period under review, which was as follows: in 2009 it was recognized and taken into account 2241710 [10], in 2010: 2062937, in 2011: 1924192, in 2012: 1895970, in 2013: 1822767. Here clearly seen steady positive trend of decrease in the total number of victims of criminal behavior in contemporary Russian society [11].
Among the most important indicators characterizing the sacrifice of crime should include the structure of victims of crimes. In the investigated period among the victims of criminal behavior by Russian law enforcement agencies were registered and taken into account 8601379 individuals, and 1346197 legal persons. The ratio of these categories of victims shows that individuals more than six times more likely to be victims of crimes than legal.
Turning to the analysis of statistical indicators sacrifice crime, we see that in 2009 the legal entity have been recognized as victims of crimes 288531 times in2010: 277747, in 2011: 267473, in 2012: 256621, in 2013: 255825. The rate of decline amounted to 11.3% [12]. Of course, the social danger of the crime increases, if victims are the most vulnerable layers of the population: women, children [14].
For the investigated period in Russia the total amount of reported victims female was 3959836 people or 46% of the total number of victims of physical violence. One of them was registered and taken into account by Russian law enforcement agencies in 2009: 893060 people, in 2010: 824836, in 2011: 757889, in 2012: 751005, in 2013: 733046. Therefore, in this period there was a decrease in the total quantity of registered women-victims of crime by 17.9% [15].
Statistical indicators of the total number of juvenile victims of crime, we find that in this period, Russia was recognized 480093 people or 5.6% of the total number of victims of physical violence.
Turning to the dynamics of the recognition of minor victims in criminal cases, we find that in 2009 it was recognized as such 108718 people, in 2010: 100227, in 2011: 92912, in 2012: 89183, in 2013: 89053. Here we also observe a general tendency to reduce the number of victims in approximately the same percentage of 18.1 per cent, but more alarming is the annual rate of decline becomes significantly lower [16].
The most important indicator of the quality of sacrifice crime is the total number of victims of the crimes committed. In the investigated period on the territory of the Russian Federation died 154687 people or 1.6% of the total number of recorded victims among individuals, among them one third are persons with increased criminal victimization: 9341 people or 6% were minors and 44361 or 28.7% of women [17]. 44%. There is a clear trend towards increasing child mortality in the structure of victims of juvenile age [19].
The analysis provides quantitative and qualitative indicators of child mortality from crimes leads to the conclusion that in contemporary Russian society there is a steady growth trend in child mortality from committing crimes by reducing the total number of recorded victims of crime juvenile age. This indicates the negative changes in the nature of crime in contemporary Russia.  [20].
The analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of female criminal mortality leads to the conclusion that in contemporary Russian society there is a tendency to an increase in female mortality from criminal attacks by reducing the overall quantity of registered women-victims of crime. This indicates adverse trends in contemporary Russian crime are deteriorating nature of the social consequences of crime [21].
Victimologic assessment of criminal behavior may not be complete without reference to the assessment of quantitative indicators reflecting the personal injury victims. Russian victimologic statistics allocates only the infliction of serious or moderate bodily injury victims. In this period the total number of victims who received serious harm to health was 203304 person, and moderate: 111597 or 2% and 1.1% respectively in the structure of victims of criminal behavior among physical violence [22]. Of course, the general trends we consider are reflected in the indicators of inflicting grave harm to minors and women. Noteworthy is the fact that the total number of juveniles who received heavy damage to health, in the examined period was 12947 people or 6.4% of the total number of recorded victims in this category. At the same time, the number of women who received serious harm to health, was 65504 person or 32.2% of their total number. At the same time, the proportion of victims who received serious harm to health in the general structure considered victims of juvenile age was 2.7% and 1.7% for women. Therefore, the statistical indicators of the number of victims that received heavy damage to health by categories of minors and women indicates adverse trends in contemporary Russian crime-significant increase in the number of victims of these categories.
No less significant are the indicators of harm moderate health victims of crime. During the study period were registered 111597 crime victims who received medium-gravity damage to health. Among them were 5430 minor or 4.9% of total number and 24041-women or 21.5 percent. In the general structure considered victims of minors of the age of the person who received medium-gravity damage to health, amounted to 1.1%, and women of 0.6%.

Conclusions
Conducted victimologic study of quantitative statistical indicators of the general condition of the modern crime in Russia for the period from 2009 to 2013, allows to draw some conclusions. First, the overall reduction of crime in Russia in 2009-2013 resulted in a decrease in the number of registered and accounted for victims of crimes, with a reduced rate of crime ahead, slowing sacrifice crime. Secondly, in the structure of sacrifice crime is dominated by natural persons, legal person's share in the number of victims of crime is six times less. Thirdly, there is a positive tendency in the structure of sacrifice, obviously reducing crime victims the least protected social groups with increased victimization of women and children. Fourth, along the positive trends characterizing the current state of the Russian crime clearly visible warning signs of criminal trouble. Among them, attention is drawn to the indicators characterizing the growth rates of infant and female mortality from criminal behavior in society and the infliction of grievous harm this category of victims with increased criminal victimization.