Occupational Respiratory Health Symptoms and Associated Factor among Street Sweepers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Introduction
According to the world health organization (WHO) 2014, noncommunicable diseases (NCD) were the leading explanation for death leading to loss of life concerning thirty eight million (68%) individuals globally in 2012 out of the entire fifty six million. Concerning forty two percent of all NCD deaths globally occurred before the age of seventy years old. In high-income countries twenty eight percent and in low and middle financial gain countries concerning forty eight percent deaths were in people aged less than seventy years [1]. In low and middle financial gain country, as well as Africa, occupational respiratory symptoms and diseases are immense burden attributable to the growth of investments, high unemployment rates; employees are doubtless a set of likely to continue operating even when having poor operating working environment. Seventy five percent of all NCD deaths (28 million), and therefore the majority of premature deaths (82%) occur in low-and middle-income countries.
From this, thirty eight million (68%) were attributable to cardiovascular diseases 17.5 million individuals annually, followed by cancers 8.2 million, metastasis(respiratory) diseases four million, and polygenic disease (diabetes) 1.5 million. From those non communicable diseases, metastasis diseases as well as respiratory disease (asthma) and chronic hindering (obstructive) pneumonic diseases were higher in low financial gain countries [1][2][3][4]. Occupational connected metastasis symptoms are extensively ample low financial gain continent of Africa like Ethiopia. In Ethiopia death of non-communicable disease were around 210,200 individuals with 62.8% under seventy years.
According to WHO [2014] reports non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia accounts one third (30%) deaths, and out of it eightieth of the deaths are caused attributable to non-communicable diseases such chronic metastasis diseases, cancer, upset (cardiovascular disease) and diabetes [1][2][3][4]. The most common chronic respiratory disease in Ethiopia is asthma attack (Bronchial). It affects all age, socioeconomic groups and has worldwide distribution. Particularly children's are vulnerable individuals because it is that the commonest chronic illness among them. A study conducted in Tikur Anbessa hospital indicated that in Ethiopia chronic persistent (asthma attack) respiratory disorder may be a common explanation for chronic hindering pneumonic disease compared to smoking connected chronic bronchitis [5].
The growth of investment, in Addis Ababa exposes employees for dust-covered workplace and employees aren't well abreast of concerning health issues at their work surroundings. Addis Ababa, the capital town of Ethiopia, is one amongst the thirty five fastest-growing cities within the world [6]. The entire population is proven to be over 3.4 million with 2.5 percent annual rate of growth.

Occupational Medicine & Health Affairs
Different countries and components of Ethiopia move in view of socio-economic, cultural and political activities [7]. The perpetually escalating population has lead to the assembly of enormous quantity of solid waste that cause major problem within the city surroundings. According to the Minister of Urban and housing of Ethiopia [2012] an estimation of thirty to fifty percent solid waste created in urban areas is left uncontrolled.
This waste will blocks evacuation channels that cause water stagnation and overflow that will increase the health risks of illness outbreaks, permanent damages, unpleasant odors and smells to urban population [8]. And in low financial gain countries like Ethiopia municipal waste management, that's waste assortment, street sweeping, employment and composition may be a major problem. This can be attributable to lack of resources, technologies, low customary of living, low level of education and poor planning [9].
The WHO [2005] estimated that 300 million people were suffering from asthma and 255, 000 of them died. On the other hand, asthma is under diagnosed and under-treated disease, creating a substantial economic and health burden to individuals and families. It also possibly restricts individuals' activities for a lifetime. Moreover, the major challenge is getting the expensive drugs which are taken for a lifetime [10]. According to the ILO [2000] other working environment related factors include exposure to diesel exhaust, dust, traffic accidents, sun heat and glare, smell, noise, harassment and street crime were commonly reported. Overall, street sweepers experience diseases symptoms including flu, cough, eye irritation, skin rush, chronic coughing, stomach upset and diarrhea are also reported. This shows that street sweepers are affected by more than one type of illness [11].
Street sweeping is to sweep and throw away materials scattered out of your wits at public streets. it is considered as unhealthy occupation as workers are constantly exposed to agents in the urban waste that lead them to different health problems [12]. They are exposed to significantly more amount of dust, fumes, decayed materials, microorganisms, road dust, toxins and vehicle exhausts while performing their daily activity in their workplace [13].
Road dust is suspended large size particles which is greater than 100 micro meter in diameter and fine particles with 2.5 micro meter in diameter can pass through our lungs into our blood supply [14,15]. The effects of the dust to people is chronic occupational respiratory system such as inflammation of lung tissues, chronic bronchitis, asthma [16,17]. An acute effects including runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing for larger sized particles [18]. Currently Addis Ababa is under heavy construction with a lot of dust and suspended matter. Moreover, it has poorly networked roads, crowded and transport jams are everywhere. At the same time, the poorly protected street sweepers work on these roadsides. Thus we hypothesize that the street sweepers are facing respiratory diseases as a result of exposure to these pollutants. With this background, and fortified the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among street sweepers isn't addressed in Ethiopia. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work to address the prevalence of respiratory health symptoms among street sweepers in Ethiopia.

Method and Material
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa 5 selected sub cities from Dec twenty, 2015 to march thirty, 2016. AA is that the capital town of Ethiopia that geographically lays 9°1′48″N latitude and 38°44′24″E line of longitude and is found at the guts of the country.
The area covered about 526.99 km 2 . It is the most important town in African country, with associate calculable population of 3352000, 1765000 are female and therefore the rest 1587000 are male.
The city has ten sub cities and 116 weredas. It is center for commerce, banking, national offices, small scale business embrace street seller, shop sales, craft men, demolition and construction of massive building are settled, that indicates high movement of individuals from totally different components of the planet, rural and peripheral areas for trying socioeconomic.
Due to a lot of movement of individuals and vehicle traffic, each related to abundant production of wastes and a lot of vehicle traffic which ends to fumes, aerosol, bio aerosol and dirt which can contributive to will increase prevalence of metabolism health symptoms among street sweepers WHO exposed eight hours per day for whole week while not correct and acceptable PPEs.

Sample size determination
The sample size of the study participants was determined based on single population proportion formula (Substituting in Kish Leslie (1996). In our understanding there were no similar studies previously done in Ethiopia, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms of 0.5 was taken as 50% with the aim of getting maximum sample size. With 95% confidence interval (CI) and marginal error (d) of 5%, the calculated sample size (n) was 384.

Data collection technique
For data collection, a structured questionnaire St. George's Respiratory Ruestionnaire, European community Respiratory, ATS DLD-78 Questionnaire (Annex I) was modified from British Medical Research Council Questionnaire, were made to serve our purpose. The questionnaire was translated into Amharic (Annex II) and back into English to check the consistency of meaning.
The questionnaire had four parts: socio-demographic characteristics, past history of respiratory symptoms, availability and utilization of personal protective equipment. For data collection, a structured form St. George's respiratory form, European respiratory, ATS DLD-seventy eight form (Annex I) was changed from British Medical analysis council form were created to serve our purpose. The form was translated into Amharic (Annex II) and into English to examine the consistency of that means. The form had four parts: sociodemographic characteristics, past history of metabolism symptoms, handiness and utilization of non-public protecting instrumentality.

Data processing and analysis
Data were entered into SPSS, version 20. Once observant the distribution of the info descriptive analysis of the variables was done exploitation binary logistical regressions. The socio-demographic variables were entered within the commencement, prevalence of respiratory symptoms variable on the second step and therefore the factors related to respiratory symptoms were entered within the third step consecutively.

Limitations of the study
• The study design was cross-sectional study may not establish causal-effect • Sample size representativeness was limited due to logistic issue
One-third (30.4%) of the street sweepers attended primary school and 206(50.9%) of participants were married. Working experience of participants ranged from 2-38 years, with mean (+SD) 9.35+8.6. The participants 276(68.1%) worked ≤ 10 years expertise, and 399(98.5%) had work greater than five days per week and conjointly exposure to dust at work 402(99.3%) were exposed. Street sweeper workers of the total participants 399(98.5%) greater than five days per week and less than five days per week 6(1.5%) working days, and also, there were no facilities like shower, personal locker and changing cloth after and before they were work engagement.
In addition to this street sweepers sexual harassment 44(10.9%), and car accident 61(15.1%) because of the behavior of their working time is unusual (night). Around half of employees 186(46.9%) used piece of cloths instead of respirator/dust mask and also eye protection 3(0.2%) used. Pre-employment and on job training on occupational health and safety had taken only 10(2.5%) and 11(2.7%) respectively. Energy sources at home 51(12.6%) kerosene, 254 (62.3%) coal and 228(56.3%) electricity were used as fuel. Commonly street sweepers are same working hours that is 8 hours per day and also their income is the same for the entire participant that is 1123 Ethiopian Birr per month.
Participants were not used PPEs due to lack of awareness 110(27.2%), not comfort to use 154(37.8) and to save time 18(4.4) were reported. Most of the participants had no access to shower 404(99.8%), changing of clothes were not accessible before and after accomplished working activities. They are working out of the usual working days or hours and they may be face different events such as sexual harassment 44(10.9%) and car accident 61(15.1%) were reported by respondents' (

Discussion
The response rate of participants was 96%. The overall prevalence of respiratory symptom among street sweepers in current study was 279 (68.9%). The result of this study was slightly higher than related study conducted in cement factory workers in north Showa, Ethiopia which was 66.2% [19]. These differences might be due to effective preventive measures such as availability and proper use of personal protective equipment and training on cement factory workers.
The prevalence respiratory symptoms of street sweepers our results, cough (44.4%), shortness of breath (33.8%) was higher than study done in India, Karnataka (36.6%), (13.3) respectively, and cough in Nigeria (25.5%). This discrepancy in the prevalence explained cough and shortness of breathing linked to the difference between the countries in level of development, status of workforce, strengths of occupational health and safety services and diversity and complexity of work tasks, and environments.
The current study shows that eye discomfort 47.7%, and sneezing 55.3% were explored from the street sweepers is higher than a similar study in India, sneezing (46.6%) and higher than that of done in Tanzania (6%). This difference may link to street sweepers had no awareness about the occupational health hazards associated with their work and they totally denied access to any of occupational health and safety trainings in Ethiopia. They also had other respiratory symptoms like phlegm and wheezing in mild form.
Studies showed an association between dust exposure and respiratory symptoms. Street sweepers extremely exposed to dust due to characteristics of their task, personal attitude toward proper use of personal protective equipment, awareness and understanding of impact of health hazard on their activity. And also street sweepers reported that high prevalence of eye discomfort and sneezing may link to lack of standardize eye protection equipment, access to shower, proper resting room and changing working clothes of personal protective equipment and an unusual working hours. This unusual working hours street sweeper workers may lead to car accident and sexual harassment, recruitment were no restriction they come from out of their residence.
This study revealed that age, gender and earlier respiratory disease emphysema and TB were determinant factors for respiratory symptoms among street sweepers. This current study shows that age of the study participants from 28-37, (AOR=2.65 95% CI: 1.362, 5.166), and 38-47 (AOR=2.051 95% CI: 1.018, 4.132) years old high risk of developing respiratory symptoms in street sweeper workers was increasing. This is due to the fact that older street sweepers had been exposed to these risk factors for long period of time in sweeping than the younger ones with short period of time in street sweeping experience. Hence they had high burden of chronic respiratory diseases. This study might be street sweeper exposed to higher concentrations of dust in the working place due to nature of work. This study disclosed that women (AOR=2.188 95% CI: 1.143, 4.189) were more likely to develop respiratory symptoms than men. This finding was not in line with the studies conducted in Ethiopia and Zambia [20,21]. This may because in the working area lacks of facilities such as post work bathing, post work changing of cloths and washing of hands and face at their work. In addition to street sweepers lack of training on occupational health hazard, and women exposed to higher indoor pollution due to biomass fuels due to the gender based segregation of domestic work.
The other determinant factor for respiratory health symptom was earlier history of respiratory diseases, such as emphysema and TB (AOR=2.53 95% CI: 1.072, 5.97) and (AOR=7.24 95% CI 1.584, 3.065) reported to the current study. This may street sweepers exposed to occupational exposure to dust, gases and fumes result in developing respiratory diseases and poor use of mask at work significant effect on developing respiratory irritation and more respiratory health symptoms reported for street sweepers who worked for more than five days per week but not statistically significant, this might be due to often high dust level exposure without proper preventive mechanisms, others have reported the same [22].
The current study also shows that demonstration of training on occupational health and safety related to dust and other factors much reduces prevalence of respiratory symptoms. A study was done in Tanzania after follow-up the cement factory workers with administration of health and safety training; much reduction on the exposed group but no difference on the control group [23]. Only (12%) of the street sweepers used mask personal protective equipment during their activities, but the mask they use is not real mask masked their mouth normal piece of cloth which is not recommended for protection of dust particles.
Training on occupational health and safety and PPE use was not statistically significant in the present study (AOR=4.167 95% 0.522, 33.247). This finding was inconsistent with studies done in Ethiopia cement factory workers [24]. Workers who had no training was more likely to develop respiratory symptoms than workers who had got training (AOR=2.73, 95% CI=1.41, 5.29).
Lack of safety training, especially on job training, limited use of personal protective devices while on duty and prolonged duration of working hours were major factors that give to occurrence of respiratory symptoms. This discrepancy might be that training changes the attitude of workers towards respiratory health problems, and provides the skills and knowledge about the means of protecting themselves from health effects associated with dust work environments. During the interview and observation explained that street sweepers were working unusual working hours. This unusual working hour at night (3:30 PM to 10:00 AM) the busiest working hour and with high traffic jam and overcrowded. Addis Ababa is newly emerging city have high accumulation of waste from business, markets, constructions, smoke from car engine, wastes from industry improper drainage and other thrown by pedestrian, which end-up producing much dust, and other contamination in the street.

Conclusion
In this study we found that prevalence respiratory symptoms among street sweepers are much higher (68.9%) and they are vulnerable groups.
Finally we recommend the following preventive measures to cut prevalence occupational respiratory health symptoms and associated factors among street sweepers in Addis Ababa.
• The AACA should give standardized and proper PPEs • Provide right training before and after employment training • Should facilitated shower, personal locker, resting room and recruit employee near to their vicinity • Further study on knowledge, attitude and practice on occupational health and safety • And also on non-respiratory risks among street sweepers.