Some Traditional Medicinal Plants of North Region from Puebla, Mexico: Uses and Potential Pharmacological Activity of Rumex spp

Jerezano Alberto V1*, Pazos Diana del C2* Ríos Saúl A3, Tepancal-Gomez E4, Salas-Mendoza E4, Villanueva L4, Perez-Perez I5, Murrieta M5, Delgado Francisco R6, Tamariz J6 and Garduño Leticia S7 1School Stomatology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Arias y Boulevar S/N, Col El Carmen, C.P. 73820. Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico 2Department of Investigation and Graduate Studies, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Teziutlán, Fracción I y II Aire Libre S/N. C.P 73960, Teziutlán, Puebla, México 3School Medicine, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Arias y Boulevar S/N, Col El Carmen, C.P. 73820. Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico 4School Psychology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Arias y Boulevar S/N, Col El Carmen, C.P. 73820. Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico 5School Nursing, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Arias y Boulevar S/N, Col El Carmen, C.P. 73820. Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico 6Department of Organic Chemistry, ENCB-IPN, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340, México DF, México 7Department of Pharmacy and Preclinical Toxicology, ENCB-IPN, México DF, México


Introduction
The plant kingdom has been the main source of medicine of humanity for hundreds of years and there is a vast accumulation of knowledge inherited for centuries. Scientific interest in medicinal plants in the past 40 years has led to the discovery of new molecules and active ingredients derived therefrom that give answers to very serious health disorders. Many plants and parts thereof, usually dry, still used worldwide as home remedies or as ingredients in herbicides, spiritual therapies, fermented drinks, poultices, ointments by therapists of the Traditional Herbal Medicine (THM) by their medicinal properties [1][2][3][4][5]. Not surprisingly, that these products are first or second option in treatment of important diseases [1]. Examples, soy isoflavones (Glycine max), [6] for menopause and climacteric; silymarin of milk thistle (Sylybus marianus) as hepatoprotective [7,8] taxol from yew (Taxus baccata), for different types of cancer; [9,10] galantamine the Galanto (Galanthus nivalis) for Alzheimer's disease; [11] extracts of ivy (Hedera helix), as antitussive and expectorant [12]; the partenólids of migranella (Tanacetum parthenium), in cases of headaches and migraines; [13] flavonoids ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) in cognitive disorders [14]. In Mexico 7,000 species are used as medicinal plants. Traditional Herbal Medicine of the State of Puebla is still unfinished and information scattered on few works, papers, magazines, etc., both local, national and international not just give us a general idea of what this treasure is supposed of the nature [15,16]. This paper is not intended to address all Mexican medicinal flora, if not devoted to the north region of State Puebla and especially the flora Teziutlán. We hypothesize that the exploration of research approaches over time proven traditional herbal medicine could lead to new areas of research of medicinal plants. Our perspectives include a research of the practice of the same Herbal Medicine in the north region of Teziutlán Puebla. Though this discussion must include some examples of herbs from Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico only, the focus of our discussion underscores traditional herbal medicine strategies that can be used for the community and the Family and Community Medicine program, Tulcingo de Valle. Traditional medicine modules operate from then with hospital where traditional therapists provide care, recognized by their communities in different specialties such as are midwives, healers, bone setters, herbalists, etc., [19]. Therapists are recovering the knowledge of medicinal plants communities. Plants are grown and gather and then the therapists offer to people their knowledge and treatments at affordable prices.

Results and Discussion
During the period 2014-2015, interviews were conducted with different therapists around the northern region of the state of Puebla, such as the Hospitals of Traditional Medicine Herbal of Ayotoxco, Xalacapan and local markets Teziutlán. Healers or therapists are a group mostly women, urban and middle-aged-advanced, which have become in medicinal plants specialists with the explicit mission of "cure people with the use of medicinal plants." The information collected is presented in Table 1. The therapist uses the plants or preparation cold for a hot disease and plant or preparation warm for a cold disease.
The information obtained in Table 1 shows that Rumex spp. is used (one or two fresh leaves) as an antipyretic in the treatment of fever in children as poultice with animal fat, until get the dry leaves, suggesting that the nonpolar components are topically absorbed through the dermis, generating its antipyretic activity. Few reports of the use of Rumex as antipyretic agent, as in the case of traditional medicine in Turkey (Rumex patientia) [20]. There are some papers about the antipyretic properties of metabolites or hexane extracts compared with the form of use in the northern region of Puebla, this has aroused great interest to be studied by our research group. Farre et al. has reported anti-inflammatory properties of aqueous extracts from Rumex patientia [21], EtOAc extracts, anthraquinones and naphthalenes isolated from the root of Rumex nepalensis, show inhibitory effects, moderate to strong on COX-1 (compared with indomethacin as positive control) and COX-2 (compared with celecoxib) [22]. Analgesic activity is observed at high doses of methanolic extract of Rumex abyssunucus which has up to 70% protection in mice induced pain compared with aspirin and morphine as positive controls [23]. There are studies of antiviral activity of some molecules isolated from Rumex acetosa, [24,25] potential pharmacological activity to recurrent epidemics of influenza in Mexico.
Rumex spp. "Lengua de vaca" (Rumex spp) common in the region Teziutlán, belonging to the Polygonaceae family, is native to Europe, where it grows in almost any kind of soil, but prefers soils rich in iron and nearby courses water, ponds and wetlands and shady forest areas in general [26]

Description taxonomy
The plant is 50 cm tall, with perennials and woody roots some things that grow deep into the soil moist, and with an erect striated and single stem. The leaves are edible, oblong; 5 to 10 cm long, arrowshaped at its base, with wide and long lower leaves without petiole upper leaves, and often has a scarlet dye ( Figure 2).
The flowers are delicious, reddish green male and female redder (such as R. acetosella), and appear especially in the months of June and July. As the flowers mature, they become purple. Mature seeds are bright and brown [26,27] Taxonomy. There are numerous species; the most remarkable are Rumex patientia, Rumex acetosa, Rumex scutatus, Rumex crispus, Rumex japonicus, Rumex dentatus, Rumex vesicarius, Rumex hymenosepalus, among other [27]. The Table 2 shows some reports on the traditional use of Rumex spp. and parts used. the andosols and regosols, which have a dark gray color on yellowish brown layer surface and in the deeper layers are rich in organic matter and have a high nutrient content.

Medicinal plants (Traditional knowledge)
Since the early days of discovery of the American continent, the way to cure the natives was praised, and sent to Spain remedies and therapeutic elements. In 1571, Felipe II sent to Francisco Hernandez make scientific expeditions, to carry out a well-documented in medicine and medicinal plants in the states of Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Tlaxcala and Hidalgo. He collected all the information written in his work called History of the Plants, resulting in sixteen volumes of natural history of this land (1571-1576), containing a wealth of information about Mexican plants, and the description and drawings, giving special interest to medicinal plants [15].
The term of "healers" or "therapists traditional herbal medicine" originated in 2002 with the Program of Hospitals Integrals with Traditional Medicine (PHITM) in the State Puebla, whose main objective is to provide mixed health services and spaces where traditional medicine and allopathic medicine is developed in an intercultural framework. This mixed model of health care was applied at that time in five regions with high marginalization of the State of Puebla: Cuetzalan del Progreso, Ayotoxco, Huehuetla, Coxcatlán y  Boil the plant and let stand, use the water for bathing babies and children. Boiled plant is used as a scourer to carve children.
Cure the "shock" and "aljorre" in children Cut leaves and squeeze out the liquid until it contains and apply a few drops in the ear or eye if it is the case.

Espuela de caballero Delphinium (b)
Boil the branches and let stand, water used as "rinse" during bath.

Brugmansia candida Pers. (a)
Fresh flower is crushed and puts a little alcohol, smeared on the back.

Hierba del sol Crusea longiflora (a)
Boil two leaves in 1/2 liter of water and drink it. Note: when the plant is freshly cut green but after boiling turns a deep red color.

Hierba dulce Lippia dulcis Trev. (a)
The leaves are boiled, allowed to cool a little and take a little sweetened with honey. The leaves are boiled and douches are made after childbirth or abortion.
Cough, postpartum or post treatment abortions.
Bitter and to treat shock, bile, courage, diabetes taste, and stomach pain.

Ixtanzokpikxiuitl
A twig it is used in 1 liter of water, boiled and taken as the pain persists.

Lengua de vaca
Rumex spp (a) 3 leaves are boiled in ½ liter of water and taken for 3 days. Two leaves as a poultice with lard and paper in the abdomen. Boil two to three leaves of the plant dry and mouthwashes are made.
Diarrhea, courage, wounds, bile, rheumatism. Reduce fever in children. Oral diseases. Treatment of viral diseases.

Malva parviflora L. (a)
The whole plant is boiled and washed the infected part.

Marrubium vulgare L. (a)
The whole plant is boiled and washed the infected part.

Matahuacal
Whole plant is boiled in 1 liter of water, let cool slightly and put in place affected.

Bidens pilosa (a)
The leaves are boiled and taken as water. stomach ailments

Origanum majorana L. (a)
Two or three twigs are cut into 250 ml, to make them in tea is taken warm.

Salvia spp. (a)
Boil leaves and use as a mouthwash after bathing. Make corsages with sheets for "ramear" whole body.
In "cold" diseases and oral diseases. To scare Indigestion. Stomach ache.

Sauco
Sambucos bipinnata (xomet) (a) 4 to 6 leaves are boiled in 1 liter of water; it is taken as hot as possible.

Datura stramonium L. (a)
Whole plant is boiled, allowed to cool a little and make washes uterus.
Wash uterus when you have cervical cancer.

Agastache mexicana (a)
Macerated in alcohol and take after meals Aids digestion and stomach ailments  38,39]. Table 3 shows the structures of some compounds isolated from Rumex species [38,39].

Haematoxylum brasiletto Karst. (a) The bark is boiled and taken in tea or water weather Depression
Collects: Plants can be harvested from wild or cultivated plants. Rumex collection was conducted in a scientific manner of wild plants. In this first stage plant breeding is not controlled. Wild plant is where their demands are met shadow and light. Research has shown that light is a contributing factor to determine the amount of plant components as in the case of alkaloids in Datura spp light for training is not required [40]. It is also considered the altitude and climate (tempering with rains all year) from the northern region of the state of Puebla, which have a great influence on the population of plants. For Rumex spp, it grows adequately in Teziutlán and San Juan Xiutetelco, it shows that in Ayotoxco, which is another different altitude and amount of rain, is not Rumex spp. Soils differ from one another both in their physical and chemical properties. The soil is composed of mineral material, formed by the action of weathering of rocks, decaying organic matter or humus. In the case of the northern region of the state of Puebla soil type is andosol predominantly volcanic soil dark and very porous. The time when each plant is collected generally has considerable importance, since the amount, and sometimes the nature of the active ingredients, are not constant throughout the year. Betts and Fairbair showed that the content of C-heterosides, O-heterosides and free anthraquinones in the developing leaves of Rhamnus purshiana it fluctuates markedly throughout the year [41]. An investigation of changes in the consituyentes in the collected plants Rumex spp in different locations and periods of vegetation revealed that the total amount of phenolic compounds are increased through the cycle of the plant, but decreases in samples of greenhouses (controlled) compared with those observed in the field samples (wild) [42]. Aerial parts of Rumex spp, free fresh leaves dew or attacked by insects, were collected.

Dryng:
The drying process can be slow or fast. When it is necessary to stimulate the enzymatic action, drying should be slow, at moderate temperatures. If it is necessary to avoid enzymatic action, drying should be started as soon as possible after collection, as in the case of essences [40]. With the leaves of Rumex spp., the drying was performed outdoors without artificial heat for weeks to ensure maximum enzymatic action.

Trituratión:
The dried leaves of Rumex spp were grinded in food processor Braun Multi quick to a fine powder.
Exhaustive extraction: Maceration process was chosen for the collection of the active ingredients (prolonged infusion) with solvents of different polarities followed by percolation (addition of fresh solvent to replace the solvent has passed up through the ground powder) [43]. Initially the medicinal plant was extracted with a nonpolar solvent (hexanes), followed by exhaustive extraction with AcOEt and EtOH. Excess solvents was removed under reduced pressure to obtained dark solid (Hexanoic extract) and dark oil (AcOEt and EtOH extract), the yields show in Table 4.

Conclusion
Summarizing these information, the use of medicinal plant comprising highly complex mixtures of up to several hundred compounds in Traditional Herbal Medicinal (THM). The medicinal plants are very economical to production and has pharmacological activity potential. THM, in full, is considered as "primary medicine" with botanical qualities to "help" or "protect." Therapists use medicinal plants, depending on the disease (cold or hot) in the case that the plants are used alone or in combination with other herbs to prepare plasters, poultices, medicinal teas. Despite its historical and cultural

Scientific name
Part of the plant

Traditional medicinal in north region of Puebla
In the mountains north of Puebla, community commonly use Rumex spp as an astringent in treating diarrhea (indigestion) and externally to control bleeding and rashes, sores in the mouth. Mainly used THM in Teziutlán as an antipyretic in febrile episodes like poultices (confortativos), based on lard with paper in the abdomen of infants. They are also used in the treatment of rheumatism, jaundice and cooked the roots are used as a tonic. In infusions, dry leaf as antiseptic in mouthwashes for periodontal diseases (inflammatory processes of the gingiva) and bleeding. It has been used as a dietary supplement useful in the treatment of influenza and viral infections such as herpes repeated.

Food:
The cooked "lengua de vaca" is used in most of the region as a companion to meat dishes (mole verde, eggs) or broth. Edible in salad, the leaves have a pleasant sour taste. Oxalic intoxication has at times been reported, mainly in children, due to the high oxalic acid content of the plants [21]. The edible variety is known as the language of elongated or pointed Cow (Rumex crispus) and is native to tropical America [27]. The genus Rumex is characterized by the accumulation  EtOH (dark oil) 0.40 a The yield is given in percentage (%). Table 4: Yields of Hex, AcOEt and EtOH extracts of leaves from Rumex spp the region Teziutlán, Puebla.