Mitigation Exploration Risk of Jurassic Reservoir by Seismic Inversion, Penobscot Area, Sable Sub Basin Nova Scotia, Offshore, Canada

Penobscot is located in the Sable Island, Sable sub basin Canada. The Scotian Basin lies on the North American Plate. It is a classic passive, non-volcanic conjugate margin. It represents over 250 million years of continuous sedimentation recording the region’s dynamic geological history from the initial opening of the Atlantic Ocean to the recent post-glacial deposition. It contains the lithology ranging from Mesozoic era to Cenozoic era (Figure 1) [1].


Introduction
High exploration costs require that you achieve your target in the first attempt. Optimization technology innovate higher-value solutions. Inversion is one of those techniques which mitigate the exploration risk by reservoir prediction. It is a process of transforming impedance into quantitative rock properties like porosity, saturation and pore pressure.

Area
Penobscot is located in the Sable Island, Sable sub basin Canada. The Scotian Basin lies on the North American Plate. It is a classic passive, non-volcanic conjugate margin. It represents over 250 million years of continuous sedimentation recording the region's dynamic geological history from the initial opening of the Atlantic Ocean to the recent post-glacial deposition. It contains the lithology ranging from Mesozoic era to Cenozoic era ( Figure 1) [1].
Geology of area is complex due to presence of salt (Agro formation) of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic age. The source rock present in the study area is Mohican and Verril Cannyon formation of Jurassic age. The reservoir rocks are the Mississauga Formation (clastic) of Early Cretaceous age and Abenaki Formation (carbonate) of Jurassic age (Baccaro member). Mainly trap formed in Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age [2].

Inversion
Inversion is a process of calculating impedance from seismic data. The input data is the seismic cube. By applying inversion algorithm, seismic data is transformed into impedance cube [3].
Basis of the calculation is the 'convolution model. The model assumes that the Earth has discrete changes in impedance with changing depth and that the seismic wavelet convolves with these points of different impedance contrast to produce the seismic trace. The challenge that seismic inversion face is, to locate and then quantify the impedance contrasts and then compute the impedance itself.
It provides quantitative values. These quantitative values, attributed to impedance, are derived by multiplying the velocity of sound energy in a medium by the density of the medium. The reflection coefficient of a reflecting interface can be calculated. The value of impedance for the medium below the reflecting interface can be calculated if one knows the impedance above the reflecting interface or the reflection coefficient of the reflecting interface.
Seismic inversion computed in this way is known as "recursive inversion." This is used here to identify the porosity of Jurassic reservoir [4].

Methodology and Interpretation
The main steps in an inversion study are: • QC of the input data.
• Generation of synthetic seismogram and extraction of the wavelet.
• Running of the inversion algorithm to generate Acoustic impedance cube • Well-to-seismic calibration • Visualization and interpretation of the results in terms of reservoir development • By using 3D PSTM data, impedance is computed by calculating the 'reflection coefficient' at reflecting interface • Where Ii and Ii+1 are, the impedance values of the media above and below the reflection interface, respectively. The equation above can be inverted to produce • The value of impedance for the medium below the reflecting interface can be computed if the value of impedance for the upper layer is known, then hypothetical velocity value of upper layer is given to calculate the impedance of upper layer until the relative impedance calculated at the zone of interest matched with the absolute impedance calculated from well ( Figure 2).  part of the reservoir from its non-producing part. Absolute impedance was calculated at B-41 well (Figure 3). Petrophysical interpretation was carried out at Abenaki Formation to calculate the volume of shale, porosity, and effective porosity. Cross plot between impedance and porosity was generated, with impedance in X-axis, porosity in Y-axis and GR (Gamma Ray) displayed in the Z-axis (Figure 4).

Technique for separating reservoir from non-reservoir
• Cross plot gives a relation between impedance and porosity but there is an ambiguity seen in transforming these values into rock properties like porosity. Impedance versus porosity is color coded with GR (Gamma Ray) log which classify different lithology. Scale of GR was used to classify lithology as mentioned in the Table 1.
• After clipping the impedance range that comes from the shale, only the reservoir impedance range is displayed ( Figure 5).

Results and Discussion
• Seismic inversion is carried out for reservoir prediction of the Jurassic carbonate. In seismic inversion there is an ambiguity seen in transforming impedance values into rock properties like porosity. At some point there is a sharp increase in porosity and low impedance observed which gives good indication of reservoir. But this picture is false as it arises from the presence of shale. Shale has excellent porosity and has low impedance like reservoir rock. The task here is to separate those points of reservoir from points which comes from non-reservoir (shale). To solve this ambiguity a technique is used in which gamma ray values are imbedded during porosity predication from impedance. This technique helps a lot in isolating the points (high porosity) which come from the shale and prevent from misleading.

Conclusion
1. In seismic inversion, reservoir characterization in terms of porosity has been carried out, which successfully identified the producing part of the reservoir from the non producing part.

65-75 Silt
>75 Shale 3. Hydrocarbon exploration risk in term of reservoir quality has been reduced after applying the seismic inversion technique.