Textile Bio Processing Using Aloe Gel

Biotechnology is a frontier area in science and technology having significant commercial applications in healthcare, agriculture, Textile, process industry and service sectors all over the world. Aloe Vera is in an advantageous plant to harness the potential of biotechnology application in textile pretreatment and coloration due to its property of naturally occurring coloration. Availability and abundance, catalyst chemicals such as amylase and lipase and Sodium ion, the present investigation aims at using aloe gel as bio polymer in pretreatment and coloration of cotton textiles. *Corresponding author: Lami Amanuel, Department of Teaxtile Engineering, Wollo University Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Ethiopia, Africa, Tel: +251924276531; E-mail: lamiamanuel@gmail.com Received March 26, 2017; Accepted April 25, 2017; Published April 30, 2017 Citation: Amanuel L, Teferi X (2017) Textile Bio Processing Using Aloe Gel. Ind Eng Manage 6: 213. doi:10.4172/2169-0316.1000213 Copyright: © 2017 Amanuel L, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Introduction
It is important to note that biotechnology is not just concerned with biology, but it is a truly interdisciplinary subject involving the integration of natural and engineering sciences.Biotechnology is like an enormous "factory" which not only provides other industries with innovative ideas, but also supplies the appropriate knowledge.Now familiar with the application of modern biotechnology in medicine and agriculture: so-called red and green biotechnology.There is less general awareness of the white variety: the use of biotechnology for industrial applications.These are all examples of biotechnology in action, a sector that is constantly growing and expanding into other industrial sectors, a true driving force of interdisciplinary applications.The current trend deals with the potential of aloe Vera gel as biotechnology in the textile industry.
The aloe plant, being a cactus plant, is about 95% water, with an average pH of 4.5.The remaining solid material contains over 75 different ingredients including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, sugars, anthraquinones or phenolic compounds, lignin, saponins, sterols, amino acids and salicylic acid [1].
Several of enzyme biochemical catalysts, such as amylase and lipase, can aid digestion by breaking down fats and sugars.One important enzyme, a carboxy-peptidase, inactivates bradykinins and produces an anti-inflammatory effect.During the inflammatory process, bradykinin produces pain associated with vasodilation and, therefore, its hydrolysis reduces these two components and produces an analgesic effect [2].
As mineral composition Aloe Vera contains Calcium, Manganese, Sodium, Copper, Magnesium, Potassium, Zinc, Chromium and Iron.these minerals are essential for human health care; calcium is essential for proper bone and teeth density, Manganese a component of enzymes necessary for the activation of other enzymes, Sodium ensures that the body fluids do not become too acidic or too alkaline, Copper enables iron to work as oxygen carriers in the red blood cells, Magnesium is used by nerves and muscle membranes to help conduct electrical impulses, Potassium regulates the acidic or alkaline levels of body fluid, Zinc contributes to the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, Chromium is necessary for the proper function of insulin, which in turn controls the sugar levels in the blood and Iron controls the transportation of oxygen around the body via the red blood cells [2].

Extraction by hand
• First, cut Aloe Vera leaf from the plant.
• Washing the Aloe Vera leaf to remove the dirt.
• Massaging the solid gel to Change into liquid gel using our hands.
• Extracting the Aloe gel-using spoon from inner parts of the leaf.

Extraction by machine
• First, cut Aloe Vera leaf from the plant.
• Washing the Aloe Vera leaf to remove the dirt.
• Feeding the Aloe leaf in between the rollers.
• Tightened the handle to decrease the gap between rollers for maximum extraction.
• Rotating the handle to pass the leaves between the pressing rollers, this extracts the gel.
• The extracted gel will be collected on the pan and then the gel will drop into the container through the outlet [3,4].

Desizing of cotton with aloe gel
Desizing procedure • Take sample of gray fabric according to MLR provided.
• Oven dry (condition) the sample and weigh the dry up sample • Check the pH.
• The fabric sample desized in enzymatic method is washed in hot water (80-90°C) to gelatinize the starch • Put the fabric samples in the desizing liquor, and carry out desizing according to the time and temperature specified.
A. Carry out after treatment -rinse with hot water (70-95°C) and give a cold wash B. Oven-dry (condition) and weigh the sample C. Finally level the desized fabric sample (Table 1).

Reactive dyeing of aloe gel treated cotton fabrics
Materials/chemicals: Aloe gel treated cotton fabrics, different reactive dyes, sodium carbonate, detergent (standard soap).

Dyeing procedure
• After preparing the dye solution and placing the AG treated fabric sample in dye bath follow the following dyeing cycle given for the different kinds of dyes used in the experiment.
• Start dyeing with the bath containing dye solution and fabricat 30°C • Continue dyeing for 45 minutes at 30°C and add the soda ash solution • Continue dyeing for 45-60 minutes at 30°C and carry out washing (Figure 1) • Start dyeing with the containing dye solution and • Fabric's sample at 50°C for 15 minutes • Continue dyeing while rising temperature to 80-85°C • At the dyeing temperature 80-85°C continue dyeing for 10 minutes and add soda ash solution.
• Continue dyeing for 30-60 minutes and carry out washing (Figure 2) • Start dyeing with the bath containing dye solution and fabrics sample at 30°C • After 30 minutes add predissolved alkali and raise temperature for 30 minute to 60°C • Continue dyeing at 60°C for 30-60 minutes • Lastly carry out rinsing (Figures 3 and 4)  • Continue dyeing for 20 minutes and raise temperature to 60-65°C for 20 minutes • After 15 minutes add soda ash solution and continue dyeing at 60-65°C • Continue dyeing for 60 minutes and carryout washing [5][6][7].
Notes: as per requirement soaping can be carried out using 5 gpl standard soap at boiling temperature for 20 minutes.then final rinsing is carried out by washing the fabrics with hot water (50-60°C) for 5 min and with cold water and cold water for 5 minutes.

Pigment printing recipe and procedure
Pigment printing paste preparation: Prepare the paste for pigment printing by mixing the different chemicals according to the scheme shown below (Table 3).

Determination of protein content present in the aloe gel by using UV spectrophotometer:
The amount of protein present in some natural resource is very crucial to study and to understand the end uses of the material.In case of our study the amount of protein present extracted aloe gel is determined by using UV spectrophotometer, which is operated like normal desktop computer and all its operation is automatic.
It is calibrated by using distilled water or 100% pure ethyl acetate because the absorption and transmittance of water and ethyl acetate is 0 and 100% respectively.When it is calibrated all the calibration values become zero and after that the sample is inserted with transparent cubet (equipment used to insert solution material into the machine.At last, the machine is connected to printing machine and all the data has done is printed out with graph of wavelength versus concentration [8][9][10].

Determination of antimicrobial activity by using agar plate method:
The efficiency of aloe Vera on inhibition or killing of disease causing microorganisms is studied by aloe Vera pre-treated fabrics in three different concentrations such as the ratio aloe gel: water 80:20, 60:40 and 100% pure aloe gel treated fabric is tested on nine different plates.The plates rare prepared by using agar nutrition in sterilized plate at temperature of 105°C because at this temperature all microorganisms should be died, after that, the agar nutrient is mixed with warm distilled water and shacked as much as possible.When all necessary steps be taken out then the microorganism E. coli (gram negative) is added on nine independently prepared plates, from that three plates for 100% (one plat only gel, second is for treated fabric and gel and the third is only for treated fabric) and the same is true for 60% and 80% aloe gel treated and prepared sample is kept in incubation for 48 hours.For gel we used circularly cut filter paper and the dimension the inhibition zone is measured [11][12][13][14][15][16].

Test results
Determination of Antimicrobial effect of aloe gel treated fabrics against E. coli by plate method (Figure 5).Determination of Protein content present in the Aloe gel by using UV spectrophotometer by wavelength λ (x-axis) versus absorption graph (y-axis) (Figure 6).

Usage of aloe gel instead of synthetic thickener in reactive and pigment printing
Aloe Vera has thick succulent water-soluble gel, which contains more amount of polysaccharide especially, Polysaccharides: glucomannans/polymannose this sugar is thick in nature and its thickness is used as thickener in reactive and pigment printing.The main advantage of using aloe gel rather than synthetic thickener is: Aloe gel (natural thickener) 30-40 Urea (gpl) 2

Conclusion
Irrespective of color and percentage shade, dye uptake of reactive dyed by cotton fabric highly depends on the concentration of aloe gel in padding solution of pre-treatment for dyeing.The extent of improvement in dye uptake depends on concentration of sodium ion as well as duration of treatment.When the fabric is treated with higher concentration of aloe gel, the dye shade depth can be improved.Higher the concentration of sodium ion and longer the duration of the treatment better will be dye uptake.The aloe gel treated fabric was exhibited high desizing efficiency.This is due to key -Lock mechanism of enzymes present in the aloe gel.When we compare the desizing efficiency of synthetic enzyme and aloe gel enzyme (natural enzyme amylase) the weight lose is greater that means the weight loss in synthetic enzyme desizing is 7.9% and in aloe gel case it is 11.02% so it has good desizing efficiency but aloe gel desizing have side effect of coloring salt.
Remedies: it can be improved by usual scouring method.
Because Aloe Vera has six antiseptic agents (Anthraquinone, sulphates, lupeol, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, urea nitrogen and phenol) which act as a team to provide antimicrobial activity thus eliminating many internal and external infections.From our lab result aloe gel treated fabric has very high inhibition against E. coli microorganism.
The qualitative amount of protein presenting in aloe gel is from 2.5-3 gram in one litter of aloe gel and this have good promising for The printed sample has deep saturated hue that means it is possible to get real depth of the wanted color, It has no environmental effect (eco-friendly), Economically cheap because everyone can cultivate and can use it, For preparing the paste easy, simple and it consumes minimum time, Its wash fastness is the same to synthetic thickeners.

Effect of sodium ion present in aloe gel on low salt reactive dyed cotton fabrics
Since aloe, gel contains many compounds inside like enzymes, amino acids and elements like magnesium, calcium sodium and other essential compounds and elements.From these elements, we tried to use the sodium ion for reactive dyeing without addition of sodium chloride.The fabric pre-treated cotton fabrics dyed with null salt and we got different depth of shade depending on concentration aloe gel the fabrics pre-treated.in our test the fabrics treated with 100% aloe gel have good and higher shade depth, 80% aloe gel treated fabrics has medium and the 60% aloe gel treated fabrics have lower shade depth.Because when the concentration aloe gel is increase the amount of sodium ion inside the aloe gel is directly increases and the dye bath exhaustion so the dye uptake of the fabrics is higher as shown above the results.
When we come to the fabric, properties as if wash fastness, tearing strength, drapiblty is not damaged even the treatment give good texture, smoothness, and medical applications like bandage to wound.

Antimicrobial activity of aloe gel treated sample (agar diffusion test)
Figure shows the result of Agar Diffusion Test for antimicrobial effectiveness against standard test cultures viz., E. coli (gram negative).The zone of bacterial inhibition is indicated by a halo around the specimen.It is apparent that the activity of aloe gel treated samples is high against E. coli.It is attributed that bacterial inhibition is due to the slow release of active substances from the fabric surface.The anthraquinone present in the aloe absorb the fatty acids, which make the fabric free from microbe profilation.

Effect of enzymes present in aloe gel in cotton desizing
Some of the most important enzymes in Aloe Vera are Peroxidase, Aliiase, Catalase, Lipase, Cellulase, Carboxypeptidase, Amylase and Alkaline Phosphatase.These enzymes have active centres, which are the points where substrate molecule can join.Just as a particular key fits into a lock, a particular substrate molecule fits into the active site of the enzyme.The substrate forms a complex with the enzyme.Later the substrate molecule is converted into the product and the enzyme itself is regenerated (Figure 7).
The process continues until the enzyme is poisoned by a chemical bogie or inactivated by extremes of temperature, pH or by other negative conditions in the processing environment (Figure 8).

Protein concentration present in extracted aloe gel
The test result has clearly indicated that the absorbency wave length of aloe gel at 200 nm 2.957 and 290 nm 2.674 but the wave length is constant in between 205 nm and 280 nm.It can be strongly believe that most of the protein has strong and peak absorbency at the above mentioned nm.Hence, the protein present in the extracted gel is very pure without any variation in the frequency curve.production of glycoprotein which is responsible for white blood cell production.And also the protein present in the aloe gel is extremely pure and free from fertilizer.The test results of aloe gel printed fabrics have strongly showed that aloe gel can be used as natural thickener in place of synthetic thickener.When we use aloe gel the color depth is much higher than synthetic printed fabric.This is because of the nature of aloe gel is colorless when it is pure.But the synthetic thickener is s white in color influences the color depth.In addition to our work further research work should be suggested to find out the miracles nature and application of aloe Vera.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Active site of enzyme blocked by poison molecule.

Table 1 :
Recipe for enzymatic desizing of cotton fabrics.

Table 2 :
Recipe for dyeing of aloe gel (AG) treated fabric with four different dyes.