Knowledge Sharing in Social Media as Moderating Variable between Social Capital Online and Response to Humanitarian Crises

Social media can be described as a “group of internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content” [1]. Thus, the functionalities they offer are demonstrably suitable to support communication and coordination between the people affected by and volunteers helping during emergencies. They enable real and virtual help activities to be addressed [2]. Social media have been extensively used during various disasters [3]. However, volunteers and the people affected by disasters participated too. In situations where the scale and extent of the difficulties are emergent and therefore not completely known; or where resources may be scarce or inappropriately allocated; and where information unfolds rapidly, the role of unofficial actors can be critical [4].


Introduction
Social media can be described as a "group of internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content" [1]. Thus, the functionalities they offer are demonstrably suitable to support communication and coordination between the people affected by and volunteers helping during emergencies. They enable real and virtual help activities to be addressed [2]. Social media have been extensively used during various disasters [3]. However, volunteers and the people affected by disasters participated too. In situations where the scale and extent of the difficulties are emergent and therefore not completely known; or where resources may be scarce or inappropriately allocated; and where information unfolds rapidly, the role of unofficial actors can be critical [4].
During a crisis, humanitarian organizations are often riddled with innumerable communication as people attempt to contact with their families and friends in the disaster area, and get access to information on food, shelter and transportation [5]. This was supported by Leong et al. (2015) who confirmed that crisis response phase is a complex set and quick, unexpectedly occurring events. In order to overcome these circumstances, three types of social support are critical: information, material, and emotional support, whereby communities depend on the latest crisis information for guidance in an unfamiliar situation. Society, organization or humanitarian crisis is characterized by non-trivial threats to life, well-being, or other significantly held values, such as, in the case of unpredictability and urgency [6]. Currently, the conflict in Yemen brought about an increase in emergency humanitarian assistance, where humanitarian relief organizations in Yemen are estimated to assist 21.2 million people (82% of the population), who need humanitarian aid to meet their basic needs (UN, 2015).
Social capital and active citizenship are increasingly linked in local organization's relief policies with community cohesion because more people feel as a part of their community and build social capital and more communities will become safer places in many countries around the world [7]. However, sometimes community cohesion during disaster response may encourage members to remain in vulnerable locations because they have a false sense of security or desire to maintain community solidarity. Certain shared practices, beliefs, etc. May lead communities and their members to act in ways that make them more vulnerable [8]. Therefore, one of the most interesting phenomena out of the internet revolution is used as a conduit for social development where volunteers work in teams improve the lives of millions of people all over the world [9].

Social capital online
Clearly, social media sites are designed to connect people with friends, family, and other strong ties, as well as to efficiently keep in touch with a larger set of acquaintances and new ties. Therefore, they have strong potential to influence others, which often flows from social capital [10]. Usually, receiving messages through social media, from friends is associated with increases in bridging social capital. However, passively using social media, news consumes more time, but nevertheless increases social connectedness and the value of those connections [11].
In recent social capital studies in relation to the network society, the majority of the results claims that the internet encourages social connections and involvement rather than prior concerns of decrease of social involvement or social displacement [12]. According to Kaigo [13], social media can provide social support and social interaction that made possible a wide region during disasters. Social media has become the supplier of information and knowledge for the citizens during disasters in the early days of disasters through building social capital in the virtual community.
Consequently, social media knowledge, such as in Facebook can help individuals, communities, and organizations to share emergency plans and establish emergency networks. Integrating networks into a community's preparedness activities for public emergencies could help to build social capital and community resilience, and make it easier for both professional responders and ordinary citizens to use familiar social media networks and tools during a crisis confirmed that social workers' active involvement in disaster management is pivotal in creating plans that help on providing all required resources before, during, and after a disaster. Social work professionals utilize social capital concepts such as solidarity, social cohesion, volunteer, social coordination, social interaction, and social networks to enhance the capacity of individuals, groups, communities, and organizations to ensure social development. Therefore, social capital is measured through three-dimensional concepts, namely coordination, volunteer and social cohesion in this study [14,15].
Volunteering and informality helped in creating social capital, which has been linked to social cohesion: as a building block of social cohesion [16]. Today, online volunteering means volunteer activities that are completed, in whole or in part, via the internet from a home, work, or public access by computer, usually is in direct support of or through non-profit organization depends on the volunteers [17]. Exposure and attention to social media content during disasters may motivate individuals to become more involved in helping those affected [18]. Social cohesion is a crucial, but an invisible force makes individuals together as a unit in the community. The cohesion itself can be regarded as a dynamic process reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of its goals and objectives. Although group cohesion is a meaningful topic, contemporary research has paid little attention to the impact of disasters on group cohesion in real-life situations [19].

Knowledge management online
Knowledge management is not a new concept for agencies involved in disaster response. Since each disaster is unique and presents entirely new environmental, geographical, political, economic, and sociological concerns, it is normal for responders to build new knowledge structures on the fly to capture important information for later reuse. Previous research has shown that in times of disasters, people and organizations improvise and adapt to cope with their new condition and environment [20]. Thus, knowledge systems typically are organized. Such as this knowledge may be quickly adapted and reused for the new response effort. Finally, responders are used to consolidate information quickly and present it to decision makers with the authority to re-task necessary assets [21].
During a disaster, knowledge sharing plays an important role in helping save lives, delivering immediate relief, supporting victims and minimizing the effect of the disaster [22]. According to the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination Team, effective knowledge sharing are important to help coordinate collective efforts among agencies in order to minimize the disaster's effects [23]. Through effective information management, the relevant organizations can access the right information about the disaster, make the right decisions, and plan the appropriate actions. This leads to me, limiting the effects of the disaster, reducing the loss, and quickly redeveloping the victims' wellbeing [24]. During disaster management, information sharing should not be limited among the organizations only, but it should also involve the individuals who are affected by the disaster. Through effective information sharing, they can receive information about the current situation and most important information about food, clothing, and medical supplies [25].
Chiu et al. [26], recognize that a virtual community helped on fostering of the supply of knowledge, namely the willingness to sharing knowledge with other members to build social capital. Thus, they create and maintain the knowledge base through use of social media, helping on providing consistent support to real-time decision-makers in the relief operations during crises, and recommending possible solutions based on the experience and knowledge. Therefore, the knowledge base evolves incrementally over the time that the framework allows for relief organizations to transcend the existing limitations and redundancies created by today's information integration and sharing [27]. Often, disaster information is used to obtain situation awareness about a disaster event, needs assessment, and statistical analysis, while sharing knowledge, and past experience facilitate relief decision making. All of this information and knowledge are collected from various sources and kept either directly or indirectly in the knowledge base [28]. Thus, the use of social media creates the opportunity for organizations to knowledge sharing through knowledge management in internet.

Response to humanitarian crises
Humanitarian crises are defined by the United Nations as a serious disruption of the functioning of a society, and they refer to disasters which cause widespread human or environmental losses exceed the ability of the affected part of society to cope adequately using only its own resources, where the public participants and emergency managers in the crises need to use information and communication systems in order to decide upon actions [29]. A humanitarian crisis is also defined as a singular event or a series of events that are threatening in terms of health, safety or wellbeing of a community or large group of people (UNICEF, 2015). It may be an internal or external conflict and usually occurs throughout a large land area. Local, national and international responses are necessary in such events [30].
Humanitarian crises can either be natural disasters, man-made disasters or complex emergencies. In such cases, complex emergencies occur because of several factors or events that prevent a large group of people from accessing their fundamental needs, such as food, clean water or safe shelter. Examples of humanitarian crises include armed conflicts, epidemics, famine, natural disasters and other major emergencies. If such a crisis causes large movements of people, it could also become a refugee crisis (UN, 2013). Therefore, humanitarian crises can affect the structures of society by disrupting economic development, increasing income and wealth inequality, marginalizing certain groups due to weak social capital and cohesion among members of society, and leading to large-scale migrations. Crucially, humanitarian crises can also affect in weakening state capacity and legitimacy and creating opportunities for the disgruntled both with violent civil conflict or natural disasters [31].
It is crucial for decision-makers during disaster to keep up with developments towards better elaboration and the provision of appropriate means of facing natural risks. This has been realized through knowledge management in social media by many organizations, governments and companies all over the world [32]. Although social media can positively impact disaster relief efforts, it does not provide an inherent coordination capability for easily coordinating and sharing information, resources, and plans among disparate relief organizations and only through social capital online creating. However, applications based on social media applications offer a powerful capability for collecting information from disaster scenes and visualizing data for relief decision making [33].

Research Framework and Theoretical
The research framework of this study consists of three variables (independent variable, mediating variable and dependent variable). This study is expected to investigate the knowledge management online and mediate the relationship between social capital online and response to humanitarian crisis. According to Lettieri and Savoldelli [34], knowledge management in social media as mediating variable contributes to conceptualize the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable based on clarification about the role of mediating variable.
The Uses and Gratifications (U&T) theory are adopted by this study as the underpinning theory. The former serves as the main theory. More specifically, in literature, Baran and Davis [35] confirmed that this theory discusses how users deliberately choose media that will satisfy given needs and allow them to enhance knowledge, relaxation, social capital, social interactions/companionship, diversion, or escape [36]. To understand social media use among the satisfactions derived from using the social media to gain knowledge about humanitarian crises, the uses and gratifications (U&G) theory was used as the theoretical framework of this study as recommended by Blumler and Katz [37] (Figure 1).

Sample selection
Data was collected via a self-administrated questionnaire survey using random sampling. Accordingly, the study found that the stratified random sampling was used and randomly drawn as from non-profit organizations in Yemen. The study found that the stratified random sampling method is widely used in the previous studies [38,39].
The total number of distributed surveys and questionnaires were 530, 397 surveys and questionnaires were returned which represented approximately 75% response rate. Due to some cases of missing values, 25 questionnaires were excluded from the analysis and 18 cases were outlier; thus, a total of 354 usable questionnaires was utilized with a 73% response rate. The sample size of N=354 was considered as sufficient for this study. The study sample size (N=354) achieved the ratio of 5:1 [40].

Descriptive statistics for constructs
Mean and standard deviation (SD) of the measurement scales were calculated. This study used a seven-point Likert scale ranging from "1" strongly disagree to "7" strongly agree. The main goal of the study is to explore the gauge of organization performance among manufacturing companies in Jordan Table 1 shows that the highest mean was Social Coordination with 4.134 out of a maximum 5 making up 82%. On the other hand, Social cohesion had the lowest mean with 3.244 making up 65% and the mean of these values (overall mean) was 3.639 out of a maximum 5 (more than 3). Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics for all variables. In addition, the standard deviations (S.D) for all variables range from 0.822 to 1.164, which reflects the existence of considerable acceptable variability within the data set.

Reliability and composite reliability
This study shows two conducted types of reliability were conducted. The first type is Cronbach's alpha via the use of SPSS 22.0 and the second type is composite reliability (CR). The current study indicates the reliability (Cronbach's alpha) value ranged from 0.855 to 0.932 while composite reliability (CR) values ranged values ranged from 0.865 to 0.932. Therefore, all values of reliability and composite reliability constructs were greater than the recommended value of above 0.60. Table 2 below presents reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and composite reliability for the constructs.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
The first purpose of conducting CFA was to exclude any scale item or latent factor that was not well fit and thus create the best possible    CFA analysis method was used to examine convergent validity for each variable. In addition, CFA contains several functions; these functions include testing the loading factors in every construct, estimating the measurement error in framework and confirming the instrument themselves which related to the latent variables. Therefore, CFA is deployed to determine the set of factors and construct loading items which confirm the requirement that is needed to measure.

Measurement model
CFA analysis method was employed to test convergent and discriminant validity for each variable. Moreover, the following sections explain CFA for exogenous and endogenous variables together. Final model showed the ratio of the chi-square to the degree of freedom was 2.498, less than 5 and RMSR was 0.088 less than 0.10 indicates a good model fit as well as the RMSEA was 0.064, less than 0.08 which is considered a good fit [40]. Also other measures indicated the GOF of the model to the data (CFI=0.932, IFI= 0.932, TLI=0.923) which indicate that the model employed in this study is a good fit to data [41,42]. Table 3 presents the resulting statistical estimate of measurement model for exogenous and endogenous variables. Figure  2 shows measurement model for exogenous and endogenous variables.

Convergent and discriminant validity
In this study, the factor loading for the items are more than 0.50 and IS acceptable if the study sample is more than 300 respondents [43] as shown in Figure 1. This, in turn, is sufficient evidence of convergent validity. Therefore, all indicators in the present study are related to their particular constructs, and thus there is satisfactory proof of the convergent validity of the model. Discriminant validity gives the extent to which a construct is truly distinct from other constructs [44]. Discriminant validity is evaluated by using Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for every construct that exceeds the squared correlation among other constructs [45].
Discriminant validity was indicated, as the AVE values are more than the squared correlations for each set of construct. In addition, the square root of the AVE for a given construct was greater than the absolute value of the correlation square of the given construct with any another factor (AVE>correlation square). Table 3 shows the square root of the AVE for all constructs greater than the correlations between the construct and other constructs in the model.

Structural model
This study was conducted to test five direct hypotheses as discussed earlier. The hypothesized model includes: introduced, successful, identified BSC perspectives, learning and innovation, implementation obstacles on one endogenous variable which is organization's performance The aim for the hypothesized model is to test the relationship among constructs which is assessed by GOF such as (NFI ratio, IFI, TLI, CFI, NFI RMSEA, GFI, AGFI) which were carried out to test if the constructs fit the data.
The results of the structural model show the model fit indices such as the values of chi-square (χ 2 ) was 1283.895 and degrees of freedom was 548. Furthermore, the findings show that normed χ 2 value (ratio value) was 2.568 less than 5, indicating sufficient fit. In addition, CFI=0.928, TLI=0.919, IFI=0.928 and RMR=0.095 is less than 0.10 which explains that the model employed in this research was a good fit to data. Moreover, the results also indicate that RMSEA=0.067 which was the recommended less than of 0.08 [40,43]. Figure 3 below shows the results of the structural model with Standardized Estimated (Goodness of Fit Indices).

Direct Hypothesis Results
The findings from the empirical study, as shown in this section, offered interesting results for discussion, which extended the earlier research in the areas of employees' turnover. As noted in Table 4, three direct hypotheses related to the aims of this study were developed and tested. These hypotheses are related to the direct path between the variables of this study and all of them were supported.
The empirical study tested six direct hypotheses related to the aim of the study. According to the results in Table 4, volunteerism is the important factor influence on knowledge management online and response to humanitarian crisis, among non-profit organizations in Yemen. The result indicates volunteerism had a significant and positive impact on knowledge management online and response to humanitarian crisis, (β=0 .510; C.R=6.609; P=0.000 and β=0 .289; C.R=4.094; P=0.000), respectively. Thus, H2 and H5 were supported. They are followed by social coordination and Social cohesion which had a significant and positive impact on response to humanitarian crisis and knowledge sharing (β=0 .202; C.R=3.232; P=0.001 and β=0 .146; C.R=3.124; P=0.002). Therefore, H4 and H3 were supported among non-profit organizations in Yemen. However, social cohesion had insignificant effect on response to humanitarian crisis, thus H6 was not supported (β=0.300; C.R=2.963; P=0.003).

Indirect Hypothesis Results
The findings show that the social coordination directly impacts   on response to humanitarian crisis and standardised coefficient was 0.146. And also social coordination indirectly impacts on response to humanitarian crisis through their impact on knowledge sharing with coreffeicint 0.055 and p-value is signficantly at 0.015. Therefore, the result of the study indictes that knowledge management online is partial mediation between socila coordination and response to humanitarian crisis as shown in Table 5. In addition, volunteerism directly impacts on response to humanitarian crisis and standardised coefficient was 0.289. Moreover, volunteerism indirectly impacts on response to humanitarian crisis through their impact on knowledge management online with coreffeicint 0.249 and p-value is signficantly at 0.000. Thus, the study's finding indictes that knowledge sharing is partial mediation between volunteerism and response to humanitarian crisis. Finaly, social cohesion directly impacts on response to humanitarian crisis and the standardised coefficient was 0.037. However, social cohesion indirectly impacts on response to humanitarian crisis through their impact on knowledge management online with coreffeicint 0.098 and p-value is signficantly at 0.016. So, the result of the study indictes that knowledge management online is full mediation between social cohesion and response to humanitarian crisis.

Discussion and Conclusion
The study empirically examined the role of social coordination, volunteerism and social cohesion online for responding to humanitarian crises and determining the mediation role of knowledge management between using of social media factors and responding to humanitarian crisis by non-profit organizations in Yemen. The findings of the study revealed that social coordination, volunteerism and social cohesion have a significant and positive influence on   knowledge sharing in social media and response to humanitarian crisis, but social cohesion has no significant on responding to humanitarian crisis among the non-profit organizations in Yemen. In addition, the results of the study show the social capital online factors which were considered as important factors that influence on response to humanitarian crisis and knowledge in social media among non-profit organizations especially in the Middle East and Yemen particularly. The results showed that knowledge management in social media was partial mediation between social coordination, volunteerism and response to humanitarian crisis, but it was full mediation between social cohesion and response to humanitarian crisis. It is through practice, preparation, and familiarity that social capital online factors can be used to the fullest in humanitarian responses. Furthermore, social capital online can be an extremely effective tool in these situations, and by optimizing its use, responders can better uphold the humanitarian imperative and alleviate suffering for more victims of humanitarian crises among non-profit organizations in Yemen. This study can serve as a guide to practitioners, social policy makers, governmental and nongovernmental as well as non-profit organizations. Moreover, this study will be beneficial to scholars in conducting studies about social and communication science in any country, and in Yemen in particular.
Finally, findings of this study will serve as a rigorous guide to studies on the role of social capital online factors and response to humanitarian crises in the future, either in single or multiple case studies.