Responsibility of NSM FRP Bars in Shear Fortifying of Strengthened R.C. Beams

Several R.C. (reinforced concrete) beams research have been surveyed in the shear area using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites and ended in collapse in the shear due to the separation of the FRP. The NSM method utilizing fiber fortified polymer (FRP) bars is currently an entrenched method for the reinforced concrete strengthening structures. The main proposal of this search is to look into experimentally for strengthening shear behavior with RC NSM carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and exhibit the numerical outcomes for strengthened beams in shear with various FRP types; carbon fiber bar (CFRP), aramid fiber bar (AFRP), and glass fiber bar (GFRP) in shear. Three-dimensional beam models using finite element method are formed with software ANSYS-2013 to study the behavior of FRP in strengthening. Finally, a simply proposed equation is produced to estimate the shear strengthening capacity. The proposed equation affirms the exactness and viability of the experimental numerical result. *Corresponding author: Khaled Fawzy, Department of Structural Engineering, Zagazig University, Shaibet an Nakareyah, Markaz El-Zakazik, Ash Sharqia Governorate 44519, Egypt, Tel: +20552364612; E-mail: khaled_lashen1@yahoo.com Received October 16, 2017; Accepted February 01, 2018; Published February 06, 2018 Citation: Fawzy K (2018) Responsibility of NSM FRP Bars in Shear Fortifying of Strengthened R.C. Beams. J Civil Environ Eng 8: 298. doi: 10.4172/2165784X.1000298 Copyright: © 2018 Fawzy K. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Introduction
Strengthening and healing of concrete structures have been among the most considerable challenges in structure engineering. Furthermore, the remedy price in supreme cases is far less than the replacement cost and thus reducing service interruption time [1,2]. Externally bonded reinforcing (EBR) procedure using FRP laminates has been used for enhanced the shear R.C. beams capacity [1,[3][4][5]. The research has discovered that this technique cannot employ the full FRP tensile strength materials, due to their early debonding. Furthermore, EBR reinforcements could be highly prone to harm from collision, fire, and temperature dissimilarity, ultraviolet rays, and moisture absorption [6].
In an effort at overcoming these drawbacks, a strengthening technique designated by near surface mounted (NSM) was projected, where FRP rods are fixed into opened slice channel on the surface of concrete [7]. More recently, the (NSM) FRP has become a good-looking method for strengthening R.C. members, thus growing shear strength. The advantages of FRP compared to steel as NSM reinforcement are correct resistance to etching, with plainness and velocity of setting up due to its whippersnapper, jackanapes, and a lower groove size due to the higher ductile robustness and good consumption resistance of FRP.
Compared to on the surface bonded FRP reinforcement, the NSM system has a several advantages as indicated elsewhere [8,9]. The NSM procedure does not requisite wide surface preparation work, and after groove cutting, requires smallest putting in place time compared to externally bonded FRP laminates; the NSM reinforcement is sheltered by the concrete cover and so are less unprotected to unintentional impact and damage, fire, and harm; this characteristic makes this technology particularly fitting for the strengthing and repairing of negative moment regions of beams and slabs; the NSM reinforcement is fewer prone to debonding from the concrete substrate; the geometry shape of a strengthened structure with NSM are almost unchanged.
Many studies on using of NSM FRP for strengthening of R.C. beams in shear as well as flexural have been published [10][11][12][13][14][15]. De-Lorenzis et al. [15] studied the FRP rods characterizations as near-surface mounted reinforcement. Results show that the shear strength is enhanced.
Pongsak, Borvorn and Raktipong [13] examined shear fortifying of R.C. beams with internal stirrups by utilizing NSM FRP technique. The tested parameters are FRP type's rod, and FRP rods slope and its spacing. For specimens with FRP slope of 45 degrees and spacing 300 mm in both cases of AFRP and CFRP, the load capacity was close to specimens with angle 90 degree and spacing of 150 mm. Changing the slope of rod to 45 degrees (perpendicular to shear cracks) while reducing a FRP rods number is efficient in the NSM FRP procedure because the total effective length of NSM FRP rods is increased, and the influence of each FRP rod to the shear strength can be consequently increased.
Using NSM FRP rods, the shear capacity is improved for Beam [15]. Changing the rods spacing, strengthening form, and the rods anchorage, with existence internal reinforcement shear for examining shear tests.
De-Lorenzis et al. [15] increased flexural strength by 44%, utilizing FRP as a near surface mounted for strengthening in shear and flexural. NSM bars have become a gorgeous solution due to their non-corrosive properties and the capability of tailoring the bar stiffness to the needs of the application [8].
The fundamental target of this research is to predict a equation for anticipating the shear beam capacity for using shear NSM carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars technique and present a numerical study investigation of the performance of strengthened beams with Three types of FRP; carbon fiber bar (CFRP), aramid fiber bar (AFRP), and glass fiber bar (GFRP) in shear.

Materials properties
The materials used in the specimens for manufacture were a fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (dolomite), cement, water, steel reinforcement, and CFRP bars for strengthening. The concrete compressive strength was designed to be 25 N/mm 2 . Top and bottom reinforcement steel of the tested beams having tensile steel of (10 and 16 mm) diameter with a yield strength of 360 N/mm 2 and ultimate strength of 520 N/mm 2 respectively were used. Mild steel of 6 mm diameter with yielding strength of 240 N/mm 2 and ultimate strength of 350 N/mm 2 had been used as internal shear reinforcement (stirrups). Sika (CFRP) (bottom) and two 10 mm (top) diameter with yielding stress 360 MP. The web reinforcement consisted of closed stirrups with 6 mm diameter having yielding stress 240 MP and arranged with constant spacing 150 mm along the beam length as exposed in Figure 1.
One beam namely BS0 was tested as control beam to obtain the unstrengthened beam capacity. Three beams were fortified with NSM FRP bars namely BS1 with vertical bars, BS2 with inclined bar with angle 45°, and BS3 with horizontal bars as shown in Table 3. Vertical displacement transducers (LVDT) were used in the mid-span to measure the machine displacement increment while strain gauges were mounting on the NSM CFRP bars.

Strengthening procedure
Following the 28-day curing period, the tested beams were placed to their sides to put and paste the NSM CFRP bars in the grooves by the epoxy adhesive, the measurement of the grooves was taken at 1.5 times the diameter of CFRP bar. A brush was used to remove any particles or impurities in the grooves. To introduce the NSM CFRP bars, the depressions were filled marginally more than mostly full, and after that the bars were pushed into the sections, so they were adequately encompassed by epoxy. Abundance epoxy was then scratched off utilizing putty blades until the point that the epoxy was flush with the sides of the bar. For bonding, the epoxy was allowed to be seated for 36 hours. Also, the strain gauges were added to the CFRP bars surface for measuring the strain occurred in the bars ( Figure 2).

Concrete compression test
Concrete cubes with 15 × 15 × 15 cm side lengths were used to define the compressive strength (f cu ). Six cubes were taken and tested at ages 7 and 28 days by using 2000 kN compression test machine. The results after 7 days were 19.6, 19.8, and 21.3 N/mm 2 and after 28 days were 28, 28.2, and 29 N/mm 2 .

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis
ANSYS-2013 finite element program is used for analysis. The concrete damaged plasticity model in ANSYS provides a general facility for modeling concrete in all types of structures using concepts of isotropic damaged elasticity. The SOLID 65 and LINK180 elements were used to model the concrete and steel, CFRP tendons respectively. Figure 3 shows the loads, supports and boundary conditions and Figure  4 shows all beam reinforcement internal and external.

Parametric Study
In this numerical study all models were rectangular (120 mm × 200 bars with a circular cross section 10.00 mm are used to improve, the shear capacity of beams. The technical data and mechanical properties of FRP were presented in Table 1. An epoxy adhesive type Sikadur -30 produced by Sika Company was used in this research. Technical data of epoxy adhesive type Sikadur -30 are exposed in Table 2.

Test specimens
Four tested beams having cross-section 120 × 200 mm and 1800 mm length were cast. The reinforcement consisted of two 16 mm    respectively. The cracks extended with increasing the applied load and more cracking occurred on the concrete between adjacent epoxy-filled grooves, a shear tension failure happened. No debonding or fracture of CFRP bars was remarked at failure. Therefore, NSM procedure of attaching FRP bars to reinforce concrete members in shear seems more successful rivaled to the externally bonded cases.

Load and deflection
The deflection was measured at the mid beam span. Loads and their corresponding deflection for the tested specimens are shown in Figure 6. The main outcome is presented in Table 5, which shows the crack, ultimate load, the corresponding middle span deflection values of tested specimens, initial stiffness, and the extreme strain. P u-C is the ultimate load of a control beam (BS0), P u-Str is the ultimate load of strengthened beams (Bsi), and Δ u represents the deflection of the beam at ultimate load.
It is observed that use of CFRP allowed more deflection before failure in addition to increasing the load capacity. The deflection at the failure of the strengthened RC beams is approximately increased by 46%, 77%, and 31% for BS1, BS2, and BS3 respectively than the control beam BS0. The strengthening of the beam using NSM CFRP bars with angel 45° at the two sides of the beam give the best results. The ratios of P u-Str /P u-c were determined for assessing the efficacy of the strengthening techniques, in terms of increasing the beam load carrying capacity, the increase in the load capacity was 49%, 71%, and 24% respectively than the control beam BS0. Therefore, NSM procedure of attaching FRP bars in shear seems reasonably effectual and may be considered as one of the efficient methods for strengthening members in shear.
It can be noted that all the strengthened specimens with different orientation have in the region of the same initial stiffness before cracks (differences within 9%).
The load versus CFRP strain relationship for the three model beams is exposed in Figure 7. The maximum failure loads for BS1, BS2, and BS3 were recorded as 124, 142 and 103 kN, with a corresponding maximum strain of 1,443, 1,862, and 1,099 micro-strain, respectively, as shown in Table 5. Once the concrete in the shear province cracked diagonally, the shear force was transferred to the CFRP bars, and a rapid increase in strain in the CFRP bars was observed. mm) with length 1800 mm as shown in Figure 1. One control beam (BS0) and 12 specimens strengthened in shear with different types of fiber carbon (CFRP), aramid fiber (AFRP) and glass fiber (GFRP). The models include six specimens strengthened vertically with CFRP, AFRP and GFRP bars with diameter 10 mm and with different spacing 120 mm (three FRP bars each side) and 60 mm (five FRP bars each side). The other models include six specimens strengthened horizontally with CFRP, AFRP and GFRP bars with diameter 10 mm and with different spacing 60 mm (two FRP bars each side) and 50 mm (three FRP bars each side), Table 4 shows the study model details. The properties of the FRP reinforcing bars and epoxy adhesive used in this study are listed before in Tables 1 and 2.

Cracking behavior
The pattern failure of all four beams was in shear with almost diagonal shear cracks and the failure pictures shown are in Figure 5. The control specimen (BS0) was designed to fail in shear, so the first crack was found at a shear force of 56 kN near the half distance the shear span left at the beam bottom. The crack extended to the upper beam nearly to the position load with increasing the loading, a second shear crack appeared with horizontal crack (bond-slip crack) along the tension reinforcement between the first crack and the left support, and

Modeling confirmation
To verify the modeling constructed using the program ANSYS. Three models BS0, BS1, and BS3, which are identical to those tested experimentally are prepared and constructed by the program, their results are compared to those obtained experimentally for validation of the modeling results. Table 3 and Figure 1 show the dimensions and the reinforcement details for the tested beams.
Deflections and load capacities of experimental models adjacent to finite element models at ultimate Load with differences in percentage were shown in Table 6 and Figure 8. It is seen that the FEM models provided good predictions against the experimental data, including maximum errors of 5.08%, for the ultimate loads and 17.77% for the great deflection.  Table 7. Figure 9 shows the mid-span deflection at an ultimate load of all beams BS0 and a group of BS1 with vertical strengthening. Comparing the strengthening beams to the control beam (BS0), the strengthening beams with carbon, aramid, and glass attained an rise in the maximum load, 48%, 45%, and 38% respectively and deformation capacity 25%, 37%, and 43% respectively, for spacing between NSM FRP bars equals 120 mm. As the spacing between NSM FRP bars decreases (60 mm), the load capacity increase 68%, 58%, and 53% and the deformation capacity by 62%, 67%, and 72% respectively. Figure 10 shows the mid-span deflection at an ultimate load of all beams BS0 and a group of BS3 with FRP horizontal strengthening. The same observation is founded on curves displayed in Figure 9 is obtained         CFRP bars are surrounded by a range of 30 to 35% of its ultimate strain before shear failure of the beams.

Code P cr (KN) Δ cr (mm) Pu (KN) Δ u (mm) K i =P cr/ Δ cr P u-Str/ P u-C Δ u-Str
For α=0, the equation (6) become (Khalifa et al. [19] suggested a reduction factor on the ultimate strain for FRP sheet R. R=0.5622 (ρf Ef) 2 -1.2188 (ρf Ef) + 0.778 ≤ 0.50 (8) The upper limit R of 0.50 has the effect of restrictive the strain in the FRP sheet to an order of 400 με to 500 με. This limit is suggested to maintain the shear integrity of the concrete. At higher levels of strain, the shear crack widths will probable such that aggregate interlock would be lost, and the shear capacity of the concrete dramatically reduced [23]. The equation 8 is further modified based on the equation are only applicable when failure is governed by NSM FRP bars rupture not by FRP bars delamination and the FRP surface contact with three surfaces. Therefore, the following equation 9 is being proposed to calculate the reduction factor R m on the ultimate strain for NSM FRP bars.
Where ρ f =FRP shear reinforcement =2d f / b w S f E f =tension modulus of elasticity of FRP (GPa).
The effective strain for use in equation 6 may be computed from equation 10.
The suggested a formula to calculate the nominal shear strength provided by NSM CFRP bars (V y ) is in Figure 10. Using NSM FRP bars with vertical distance 60 mm lead to increase load capacity by 30%, 28%, and 23% in carbon, aramid, and glass specimens than the control beam and in deformation capacity by 23%, 39%, and 48% in carbon, respectively, while using NSM FRP bars with vertical distance 50 mm lead to increase load capacity by 38%, 30%, and 28% respectively and in deformation capacity by 34%, 41%, and 52% respectively.
The results indicated that as the space between NSM FRP decreases, the early stiffness increases slightly for all specimens. For a group of BS1 with vertical strengthening, using distance 60 mm lead to a little increase of initial stiffness by 3%, 2%, and 1% for carbon, aramid, and glass specimens respectively than specimens which using distance 120 mm. For a group of BS3 with horizontal strengthening, using distance 50 mm lead to a little increase of initial stiffness by 2%, 3%, and 2% in carbon, aramid, and glass specimens respectively than specimens which using distance 60 mm.

Assessment the Performance of Analytical Formulations
The nominal shear capability of the member having FRP shear strengthening using NSM bars is similar to that used in ACI 318-05 [16] for the externally bonded FRP laminate Where V c and V s are computed based on Equations of ACI 318-05. The reduction value of ∅ is determined to be 0.85 and an additional reduction factor ψ=0.85 is applied to the influence of NSM FRP to the member shear strength for side bonding depended on a reli ability study of existing experimental data. The involvement nominal shear strength by concrete and steel bars can be determined by the following Equations 2, and 3 respectively.
Where f c =specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa), b w =beam web width (mm), d=distance from maximum compression fiber to centroid tension reinforcement (mm), A v =shear steel area (mm 2 ), f y =tensile yield of shear steel (MPa), s=spacing of shear steel area (mm).
Several parameters influence the involvement NSM FRP to the shear (V f ), such as quality of the bond, FRP type, groove size, and quality of the substrate material. When computing V f , two strain limits need to be taken into account [11], namely: strain from bond-controlled failure, and maximum strain sill of 0.004. The latter is suggested to keep up the shear integrity of the concrete [17], and to evade large shear cracks that could cooperation the aggregate interlock mechanism.
Bond properties between FRP and concrete are like to that of steel reinforcement and depend on FRP type, elastic modulus, surface deformation, and FRP bar shape [18][19][20]. For the strengthened R.C. beams with NSM CFRP rectangular bars, Hassan and Rizkalla [21] found that the improvement length is dependent on strip dimensions; groove size, concrete and adhesive properties, internal steel ratio, reinforcement configuration, and loading type. They suggested that the development length increases by increasing the internal ratio of steel reinforcement and decreases with the increase of either the compressive strength of concrete the groove dimension. AKM Anwarul Islam [22]