African Animal Trypanosomiasis ( TAA ) in the Zone of Project Management Sustainable Livestock Endemic ( Progebe ) Mali : Results of Entomological and Parasitological Surveys

The study of the risk of the bovine trypanosomiasis in the area of framing of the PROGEBE aims to measure the impact of the exchange of the medium occurred on the various risk factors. That investigation for parasitology and entomological survey year was carried out between November 2011 and January 2012. On the whole blood samples taken, 956 were examined for the search for trypanosomes by using the technique of the buffy coat. In 29 animals that appeared very infected, 27.5% T. congolense stalemate, 72.5% by T. vivax; That is to say a total average prevalence of 2.82% was the most important observed prevalence on the websites of: 15 Tousséguéla box (prevalence=6.78%) and Manankoro, 11 cases (prevalence=4.07%). Three positive cells were recorded on the website of Madina Diassa (prevalence=1.16%). On the other hand in Sagabary, no case of infection to the trypanosomes was observed. One with 70 points and prospective buyers APPROBATION risk, 30 are positive with the flies. The most infested websites are: Sagabary 14.75 flies/trap/day and 6.4 Tousséguéla flies/trap/day. Two species of tsetse were captured: Glossina palapalis gambiensis on 4 sites and Glossina tachinoides only on the websites of Manankoro Diassa and Madina. *Corresponding author: Dr. Zakaria Bocoum, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Mali, Africa, E-mail: bocoum56@yahoo.fr Received September 22, 2012; Accepted November 26, 2012; Published November 28, 2012 Citation: Bocoum Z, Diarra M, Maiga HM, Ibrahim Sanogo YT, Traoré O (2012) African Animal Trypanosomiasis (TAA) in the Zone of Project Management Sustainable Livestock Endemic (Progebe) Mali: Results of Entomological and Parasitological Surveys. J Community Med Health Educ 2:186. doi:10.4172/21610711.1000186 Copyright: © 2012 Bocoum Z, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Introduction
Bovine trypanosomiasis remains a major pathological constraint for livestock development in sub-Saharan Africa.The total annual cost of trypanosomiasis which includes both production losses and control costs exceeds one billion U.S. dollars (ILRAD 1993).In Africa the main vectors of trypanosomes are tsetse and tsetse fly.Thirty one (31) species or subspecies of tsetse flies have been identified, each with its own ecological requirements that define its habitats, its distribution and abundance.To those must be added the following mechanical vectors (Stomoxys and Tabanidae).In the coaching PROGEBE or pressure trypanosome justifies the practice of exclusive breeding bull of N'Dama, a survey sites Manankoro, Madina Diassa, Tousséguéla Sagabary and was used to measure the level of infection with trypanosomiasis in cattle.
To improve the production and productivity of livestock in our country and generate interest in investing in this area it is essential to provide producers, policy makers and development partners to all other stakeholders in this sector livestock of elements of objective assessment of the epidemiological situation of parasitic diseases, mainly African animal trypanosomiasis [1].An assessment of the prevalence of this pathology in the current state of ecosystem degradation provides a better understanding of how its transmission according to the different configurations of the environment, space utilization by cattle and rational use of trypanocidal when cases of drug resistance are recorded in this area.

Study area
The study area (area supervision PROGEBE) includes the following sites: Manankoro, Madina Diassa, and Tousséguéla Sagabary.Each site consists of a number of rural communities.The municipality is composed by a set of villages (see list of villages/site/common).All the villages, with flocks of multiplication and selection of project sites were selected for the various surveys (Figure 1).

Type and period of study
The type of study is a cross-sectional survey.It embraces two disciplines (parasitology and entomology).During this investigation, parameters such as parasite prevalence and abundance of trypanosome (Bulk Density) tsetse in the area of project management were studied between November 2011 and January 2012.

Population study
This study was conducted on a population of N'Dama cattle settled on what the 956 blood samples were taken and analyzed for detecting parasites (Trypanosoma spp.)

Entomological survey
Biconical traps type Challier-Laveissière and Vavoua were pitfalls as played catch flies, they were placed for 24 hours in different environments (savannah woodland, gallery forest) through grazing areas, routes and watering points for animals.Vectors captured were identified and counted, the results expressed as density (DAP) which is the number of flies per trap per day.

Parasitological diagnosis
The animals were bled from the jugular vein and blood collected in tubes (type vacutainer) with anticoagulant for trypanosomes.Blood tests were performed on squares, in appropriate locations, using a generator as a power source.The technique used was the "Buffy Coat" (BCT).The prevalence of trypanosomiasis trypanosome species encountered and hematocrit (PCV) of the animals examined were recorded.Animals found positive for trypanosomiasis were treated with Berenil with the dose of 3.5 mg/kg of PV.

Processing and statistical analysis
The results were processed with EXCEL 2007.The analysis was performed using ANOVA.If there is a significant difference between the variables, we proceeded testing equality of expectations for different variance of two observations.Hypotheses are rejected if P>0.05.
Madina site diassa: Blood samples were carried out on 258 cattle.3 cases of three trypanosome infection were diagnosed precisely and Madina Yorobougoula Diassa.Significant differences were observed between the prevalence of the disease in different localities (p = 0.02270976).The average hematocrit value is 31.12%.
Site Sagabary: Two hundred and seven (207) cattle were examined.No cases of infection with trypanosomes were observed.The average hematocrit value is 28.91%.

Apparent densities of tsetse sites
Of 70 risk points identified and examined on four survey sites, 30 are positive for flies.Most infested sites are Sagabary 14.75 flies / trap / day and 6.4 Tousséguéla flies / trap / day (Table 3).
Two species of flies were captured, Glossina palapalis gambiensis on 4 sites and Glossina tachinoides only sites Manankoro Diassa and Madina.Sex ratio in favor of males at all sites excepting Sagabary.The analysis shows the existence of significant differences between catches of tsetse performed on different sites in the study area (p = 0.03676346).These differences were observed between sites: Madina Diassa and Tousséguéla (p = 0.03045018) firstly, and secondly Madina Diassa and Sagabary (p = 0.03533599).

Tsetse densities in villages component sites
Site Manankoro: Twenty-five (25) points at risk were examined on site Manankoro including 11 positive for flies.The average DAP flies on the site is equal to 2.32 flies / trap / day.The most important DAP was observed Fangala (6 flies / trap / day).Catch more or less important were performed Solba (2 flies / trap / day) Manankoro (1.7 flies / trap / day) Foulalaba (0.2 flies / trap / day) and Diendio (1.73 flies / trap / day) (Table 4).
Two species of Glossina were captured during this survey: Glossina palapalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides with a predominance of the former.
Glossina palapalis gambiensis was captured in all localities visited on the site Manankoro.Glossina tachinoides to when she was captured only in villages Solba, and Diendio Fangala.
The sex ratio is in favor of females in Glossina palapalis gambiensis and male Glossina tachinoides.The analysis of the results of catches made revealed no significant difference between the DAP flies in various localities visited on the site Manakoro (p = 0.74913572).
Madina site Diassa: On the site Diassa Madina, 18 risk points distributed among four villages were identified and controlled, 6-positive flies.4 and 2 to Thian Sangaredji.
The average DAP flies on the website is 27.1 flies / trap / day.The most important DAP was observed Thian.In view of the results of analyzes, significant differences were observed between the DAP tsetse in different localities site Diassa Madina (p = 0.0180692).
The tests of equality of expectations show that DAP flies were significantly different between the villages of Madina Diassa and Thian (p = 0.02425104), and Thian Sangaradji (p = 0.0326179), and Thian Filamana (p = 0.02425104) and between Thian and Yorobougoula (p = 0.02425104).
Two species of flies were captured.Glossina are palapalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides with a predominance of the former.Sex ratio in favor of males and females at Thian Sagaredji.
Site Tousséguéla: Tousséguéla on site, 15 risk points were identified and discussed, including 7 positive.The average DAP flies on this site is 6.4 flies / trap / day.The most important DAP was observed Fakola hamlet (15.5 flies / trap / day).Catches were also made to Socourani (3.77 flies / trap / day).
No significant difference was observed between the DAP flies in various localities visited on the site Toussékéla (p = 0.28936787).
A single species of fly has been captured in the two villages, it is Glossina palapalis gambiensis.Here is the sex ratio in favor of males in the two villages.
Site Sagabary: Twelve (12) points at risk were identified and examined.Six (6) points have been recorded.The average DAP fly on this site is equal to 14.75 flies / trap / day.The largest catches were made at Mara and Kokoumandala.The DAP fly in these localities are respectively 31 and 19 flies / trap / day.Catches were performed Farabalé.
The analysis of the results of catches made revealed no significant difference between the DAP tsetse in different localities site Sagabary (p = 0.28936787).
A single species of fly has been captured in the three villages, it is Glossina palapalis gambiensis.Unlike Kokoumandala, sex ratio in favor of females in the other two villages.
Glossina palapalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides are two species caught in this cross-sectional survey sites PROGEBE, with a predominance of the former.
No G.morsitans.submorsitans was captured on 4 sites visited during this epidemiological survey conducted in the dry season fresh.

Table 2 :
Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in localities sites PROGEBE-Hematocrit in cattle.

Table 4 :
Apparent density of flies present in localities sites PROGEBE.