Infectious Diarrhoea with SIRS from Yokenella regensburgei

Copyright: © 2017 Milori A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Infectious Diarrhoea with SIRS from Yokenella regensburgei Milori A1*, Miliori E2, Gkatsis I3, Koletti GB3, Vogiatzi A3, and Paulou A1 1Department of Microbiology, Hatzikosta Hospital Messolonghi, Greece 2School of Medicine National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece 3Department of Internal Medicine, Hatzikosta Hospital Messolonghi, Greece

It belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae [8] and it is biochemically similar to the bacterium Hafnia Alvei with their difference being that H. alvei is resistant to colistin and VP negative whereas Y. regensburgei has the opposite characteristics [9]. The National Institutes of Health in Japan identified it as NIH biogroup 9 and the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention as enteric group 45, proposing the name Koserella trabulsii. The name Yokenella regensburgei proposed by Kosako et al. finally prevailed over K. trabulsii [1,2]. The bacterium has been isolated from intestinal tracks of insects and reptiles, well water and salad [7] as well as from many human anatomical sites including blood [6], faecal samples, upper respiratory tract, urine [2,3] and knee fluid [9,10]. The small number of the cases reported with Y. regensburgei as a pathogen is responsible for the shortage of epidemiological and clinical information.
Here we present a case from Y. regensburgei which is to our current knowledge the first case reported in Greece.

Case Report
A 17-year old male was transported to General Hospital of Messolonghi from the community Health Centre of Astakos with 6-7 daily episodes of diarrhea, fever up to 39.8°C and chills. The patient reported that these smptoms emerged three days before his arrival to the Health Centre of Astakos, three hours after physical exercise and that the fever would not subside with the consumption of paracetamol and mefenamic acid. He arrived to General Hospital of Messolonghi on the fourth day of the symptoms. Two stool culture samples were prepared in two days and after a 48-hour incubation, bacteria growth was observed on SS agar in both samples. This bacterium was non lactose fermenting with opaque colony morphology unlike the transparent colonies of shigella. Biochemical testing of the microorganism showed that the bacterium was weakly positive for catalase and negative for oxidase, urease, indole and H 2 S. The identification testings were performed by VITEK 2 Compact automated system (Bio Merieux, France) and identified the bacterium as Yokenella regensburgei. Biochemical tests of Vitek-2 are presented in Table 1. The patient received treatment with cefixime and his symptoms were resolved. After 3 days of hospitalization he was dismissed and continued the treatment with cefixime for six more days and was recommended a follow up 10 days after the end of the treatment. Clinical examination showed no evidence of relapse.

Conclusion
The track of the pathogen transmission remains unclear [6,7]. The patient of this case reported that three hours before the emerge of the symptoms (abdominal pain and diarrhea) he had returned home after his sport activity, boiled an egg and consumed it. There appears no correlation between this incident and the other cases reported [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Although in five of the six previous cases the patients were immune suppressed (alcohol consumption, adenocarcinoma, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus and use of steroids were reported) [2][3][4][5][6], the patient of the present case had no such medical history and seemed to be immunocompetent. The previous cases involved patients of an older age [2][3][4][5][6]. Only one case has been reported of a young person (aged 5) who was immunocompetent previous to the present [7].
The patient met the SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria which involve two or more of the following: body temperature over 38°C or under 36°C, pulse rate over 90/min, respiratory rate over 20 breaths/min or PaCO 2 under 32 mmHg, WBC over 12000 or less than 4000 mml -3 [12]. The patient showed body temperature 39.8°C, pulse rate 105/min and WBC 13270 mml -3 .