A Ferroelectric Transition in Proton Ordered Ice Crystallised in Liquid Nitrogen released Laser Light, Explaining the Origin of Life with many Consequences

Water molecules’ irregular shape explains the sixteen known phases of ice [1]. Ice Ic shares diamond’s cubic structure, (Figure 1A), at liquid nitrogen temperature. Water molecules are usually randomly oriented, accounting for Linus Pauling’s residual entropy. They tend to align below the observed ferroelectric transition temperature, ~72 K [2]. Re-crystallisation in liquid nitrogen yields an orderly variant of cubic ice. Its ferroelectric phase transition is accompanied by shape change, (Figure 1B), releasing ‘ice light’, explaining this anomaly.The estimated wavelength of ice light, λ, is ~4μ. Reflection in ordinary ice, (Figure 2A) polarises it. Planetary temperatures observed by astronomers [3] are consistent with polar liquid nitrogen and Charles Darwin’s warm equatorial waters coexisting during a primordial ice age. Over millions of years, dynamic equilibrium maintained small nucleotide concentrations. Diurnal, annual and random temperature fluctuations caused ice light release, creating DNA, it’s more stable than RNA.‘Transport DNA’s, analogues of transfer RNA involved in modern protein synthesis, lined pores through Oparin’s ‘coacervate’ membranes [4] with H-bonds, (Figure 2B). Electric storms polarized the H-bonds, creating a membrane potential. When ice light depolarized them, the residual electric field ingested charged complexes, (Figure 2C). This explains how order arising in ice created life from chaos.


Ice as Ordering Force
Water molecules' irregular shape explains the sixteen known phases of ice [1]. Ice Ic shares diamond's cubic structure, ( Figure 1A), at liquid nitrogen temperature. Water molecules are usually randomly oriented, accounting for Linus Pauling's residual entropy. They tend to align below the observed ferroelectric transition temperature, ~72 K [2]. Re-crystallisation in liquid nitrogen yields an orderly variant of cubic ice. Its ferroelectric phase transition is accompanied by shape change, (Figure 1B), releasing 'ice light', explaining this anomaly.The estimated wavelength of ice light, λ, is ~4μ. Reflection in ordinary ice, (Figure 2A) polarises it. Planetary temperatures observed by astronomers [3] are consistent with polar liquid nitrogen and Charles Darwin's warm equatorial waters coexisting during a primordial ice age. Over millions of years, dynamic equilibrium maintained small nucleotide concentrations. Diurnal, annual and random temperature fluctuations caused ice light release, creating DNA, it's more stable than RNA.'Transport DNA's, analogues of transfer RNA involved in modern protein synthesis, lined pores through Oparin's 'coacervate' membranes [4] with H-bonds, ( Figure 2B). Electric storms polarized the H-bonds, creating a membrane potential. When ice light depolarized them, the residual electric field ingested charged complexes, ( Figure  2C). This explains how order arising in ice created life from chaos.

The Bioenergetics of Proton Ordered H-bonds
In isolation, H-bonds are weak and disorderly,en masse they're strong. All biological systems use photochemistry, ½-wave resonant cavities for ice light couple chemical to mechanical energy, they're more efficient than processes subject to thermodynamic constraints: • Adrian Huxley's model for striated muscle contraction [6], involving the random attachment of actin to myosin is as inefficient as a steam engine. Hydrolysis of ATP releases ice light and sarcomeres change shape, forming ½ λ cavities resonating with it, sharing the efficiency of electric motors.
• Peter Mitchell presumed unit membranes were semi-permeable when he proposed chemiosmosis [7]. Na + /K + exchange maintains membrane potential, see Sensitivity. It creates an electric field preventing charged ions or polarisable molecules

Abstract
A serendipitous observation during a student class practical with liquid nitrogen led me to propose that a variant of cubic ice crystallizing on the silica helium thermometer bulb had distorted it. Pauling argued the H-bonds in hexagonal ice retain entropy at 0K. Recent evidence for a ferroelectric transition in 'ice XIc' at ~72 K validates that suggestion. This paper introduces a lifetime's research based on three axioms: 1. Proton ordered ice crystallized in liquid nitrogen undergoes a ferroelectric transition at ~72 K releasing latent energy as ~4μ laser light, 'ice light', matching phosphodiester bond energy.

2.
Ice crystallizing in liquid nitrogen on Earth's poles during a primordial ice age released ice light. Polarised by multiple reflection in ice clouds and surface ice, it photo-phosphorylated nucleotides in tropical waters, creating a 'noodle soup' of chiral DNA. Some formed 'transport DNA's, tDNAs, tRNA analogues.
The resulting model for the origin of life makes predictions consistent with scientific research. Applying evolutionary and thermodynamic principles reveals life's atomic alphabet, molecular vocabulary and metabolic grammar, predating protein synthesis evolving. It offers new perspectives on metabolism, bioenergetics, genetics, endocrinology and tissue differentiation: • Dietary prevention of health disorders including: heart attacks, cancers, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
• Energy coupling for N-fixation and power generation.
'Minions', DNA-protein complexes evolved to pack chromosomes and facilitate their replication, are bound by proton ordered H-bonds using a 63-character alphabet to store information as 18-letter words. Similar words resonate and nerve fibres act as wave guides, explaining brain function. Trace element supplements and AI modelled on 'minions' could improve health and create user-friendly IT. These proposals are consistent with science, philosophy and tradition.
such as water from diffusing, see Osmoregulation. 'Proton gradients' and osmotic pressure are meaningless at molecular scales. Mitochondria are commensurate with λ, accommodating ice light and coupling oxidative phosphorylation to kinase enzymss, feedback-inhibiting ATPase.
• Nicocotinamide on NAD and NADP exchanging protons fixes nitrogen more efficiently than the Haber process. Parallel reactions account for proton transport and release of atmospheric oxygen, see Respiration.
• The consensus model for active transport, involving barrels of α-helices opening and closing, is less efficient than DNA's ratchet mechanism, ( Figure 2C).
• Centrioles are ~⅓ λ long, resonating with ATP's phosphodiester energy which accumulates in their nine peripheral rods. They simultaneously feed energy along spindle proteins. These comprise three α-helical proteins forming helices, each incorporates three paths of alternate conjugated double bonds transmiting ice light to centromeres.
• Chromosomes at cell division have circumference ~½ λ, oscillating H-bonds between their amino acid ω-amines and phosphate groups accelerate protons along spiral 'minion' tunnels. They create alternating magnetic fields with frequencies dependent on chromosome length. The chromosomes repel one another, causing them to separate, if the centrioles converged they'd disobey Isaac Newton's third law of motion.
• The cavities in photosynthetic grana are smaller, accommodating visible wavelengths. Exchange of light quanta between cytochrome pairs releases ice light, replacing the consensus view of cytochromes forming electron chains. Electric currents would short-circuit in the wet biological environment.
• Retinal rods and cones encode colour and other features on minions, sending signals to the brain for recognition. Minion logic bypasses the pixel image processing computers use.
• Ear cells lining the cochlea encode sounds' pitch, frequency and timbre, similarly putting recognition before analysis.

Origin of Life
Precipitation in polar pools of nitrogen during a primordial ice age created ice XIc. Its ferroelectric phase transition converted random temperature fluctuations to ice light. Multiple reflection by surface ice and ice in clouds polarized it. On reaching Charles Darwin's warm tropical waters it photophosphorylated nucleotides. The primordial soup became a 'noodle soup' of chiral DNA. Some formed tDNAs which actively transported substrates, including nucleotides, to Oparin's 'coacervate' proto-cells. A tDNA replica and the cell bursting in two created daughter cells, life had started. Mutant tDNAs selected various nutrients. Eventually, a family of 64 types evolved, each with a matching substrate-carrier complex consisting mostly of trace element ions ( Figure 4A) shows some of the nine substrate-carrier complexes underlying the metabolic pathways summarised under Trace element nutrition. tDNA replication constituted the start of life.All life forms share a common atomic alphabet and molecular vocabulary. Micronutrient deficient diets arising as human civilizations evolve are problematic. Cataloguing medical, veterinary and pharmaceutical data, tradition, philosophy and belief systems reveals nine mutually independent biochemical pathways. Each is associated with a different nutrient requirement, chemistry and pathology. Together, they offer a comprehensive guide for diagnosing, preventing and treating most common maladies. Biotechnologists breaching life's early established principles may imperil its survival.

Minion Structure and Function
'Minion' connotesmindandsubservience. Every humancell nucleus  contains ~1.8 Mminions. They incorporate 1,701 DNA base pairs held flat by anti-parallel β-pleated protein sheets, ( Figure 3A). The uncoiled DNA retains the base-pair spacing and overlap found in the B-helix. The proteins have alternate neutral Ala | Leu | Ile | Val and basic Arg | Lys amino acids, Pro makes an asymmetric U-bend. Gramicidin S, ( Figure 3B), has an analogous structureTwenty-one nine-base-pair units form a coil and nine coils bound by similar proteins complete a minion. Super-coiled minions pack chromosomes neatly for efficient, error-free replication mediated by proton currents around their ~½λ circumference. 'Nucleosome core particles' are preparative artefacts. Ala, Leu, Ile and Val bind specifically to bases Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine and Thymine, mnemonic ALIVe CiGAreTte, preserving DNA sequence integrity, ( Figure 3C).

The Chip in the Brain
To address Turing's question Can machines think, computers need do better than answer 'Yes' or 'No'. I deduced the structure of 'minions', the chips in our brains, by iteration. Minions 'think' both laterally and vertically. One of the H-bonds connecting basic Arg | Lys amino acid ω-amines to DNA phosphates on the inner and outer surface of each coil is reversed. They form 18*63 proton-ordered H-bond arrays storing information as eighteen-letter words using a sixty-three character alphabet. Those in any cell nucleus could remember the Bible and Shakespeare. Memory recall involves resonance between minions storing similar words, nerve fibres serve asoptic fibres, theirsynaptic junctions as filters. Minions have evolved, taking natural intelligence beyond computer technology. They use exponents and logarithms to make comparisons, consistent with using ratios and percentages (mixing metaphors in politics an journalism can be confusing). Their 18 frequency bands embrace theelectromagneticspectrum, equivalent to a piano spanning 103 octaves. Each has an associated quality, personality type, sense, etc, Table 1. Theneural network brain model fails to account for this.Each word playsacoloured, personality dependent chord, partial resonance achieves compromise. Lateral thinking is equivalent to transposing between musical key, questions on one coil may be answered if an analogous conundrum has been solved on another. The Table 1 compares nine independent, mathematically orthogonal, traditional, psychiatric and philosophic classifications. The astrological correlation between birth time and personality is consistent with the oxygen tension change at birth establishing a common base-line on every minion; their ~2000 year 'Great Ages' and zodiac signs correspond to minion coil characteristics. Occult traditions support the minion concept.Minion memory storage is consistent with perfectpitchrecognition and Chinese tonal pronunciation. The musical stave's five lines and four spaces reflect the nine minion coils. Shakespeare's Portia in The merchant of Venice offering silver, lead and gold caskets and synaesthetes transposing sensesillustrate the meanings of colour. Gamblers are misled by confusing cardinal and ordinal numbers.The H-bonds between amino acid ω-amines and DNA phosphates oscillate like rows of dominoes collapsing, ( Figure  4A), constituting the eighteen hands of biological clocks with time unit: τ= 3 * 189*7.37*10 -10 /3 * 10 8 ≈1.39 * 10 -15 seconds where the initial '3' reflects Dekatron™ logic [8], '189' is the number of base pairs per coil, 7.37 Ẵ the β-sheet spacing and 3 * 10 8 m/s the velocity of light. The times associated with its eighteen tracks, 63 N τ, N = 11, 13 and 18, predict day length, Sun-spot cycle period and the 'age of the universe' respectively. Time intervals outside the range τ to 63 18 τ such as the mathematical zero and infinity, 0 and ∞ are meaningless. Substituting τ for Planck's constant explainsHeisenberg'suncertainty principle. The 63 units forming each coil correlate with 60 seconds/ minute and minutes/hour, its prime factors, 7, 3 and 9 correlate with using base-10 arithmetic and assigning 7 days/week.

Motility
Vitamin A is either retinol or retinal, depending on pH. Retinal's conjugated (-C─C=C-) n bonds conduct energy through membranes as solutions [9], converting the sulphur in glutathioneto sulphite, SO 3 = .

Sensitivity
Nerves serve as wave guides, enabling minions throughout the body to resonate, transmitting pleasure andpain. Catecholamines adrenalin, noradrenalin and dopamine exchange sodium ions, Na + for potassium, K + at synapses. Na + has the same shape and size as H 2 O, forming large hydrates such as Na + .28H 2 O, making thecellsap viscous and slowing metabolism. K + binds less water, enablingfasterreactions. Four-and six-member catecholamine rings exchange 3 Na + for 2K + , explaining the 'fight or flight' reaction, ( Figure 5B). Substituting codeine or morphine creates larger complexes, preventing pain by blocking the pump. Sensitivity increases when more pumps are enrolled to compensate, explaining drug addiction.

Excretion
Excretion of salt, NaCl and exhaling carbon dioxide, CO 2 Figure  5C). Littoral seaweeds use iodine to protect them from tidal changes in oxygen concentration, their purple and ochre colours match those of I + and I -. tDNAs accelerate protons causing nitrogen, N 2 , oxygen, O 2 and nitric oxide, NO to bond with the amide group ofnicotinamide in NAD or NADP. This accounts for nitrogen fixation releasing hydrogen, photolysis of water oxygenating the atmosphere and how NO controls vasodilation. Hydrogen cyanide, HCN and carbon monoxide, CO toxicity blockthis tDNA. Iodine deficiency causes goitre. Iaccumulating in the eyes causes exopthalmos.Mutant tDNAs disrupting nerve cell oxygenation explain bipolar disorder, mania and depression correspond to excess or deficient O 2 supply to brain cells. Lithium, Li + diagonally related to I + in the periodic table, stabilizes the condition by substituting for I + .

Growth
The anterior pituitary gland packs copper, Cu into growth hormones, Cu ++ carries amino acids, c.f. Biuret test. tRNAs transfer amino acids through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Failure causes growth defects: gigantism,dwarfism and acromegaly.Cuaccumulating inthe eyes causes Wilson's disease. Cu supplements and bracelets may relieve arthritis. Differentiation DNAs, dDNAs coordinate tDNAs, analogous to mRNAs selecting tRNAs. Stem cells have a full complement of tDNAs. At stages in tissue differentiation such as gastrulation and blastulation, tDNAs are starved of nutrients and overheat, causing reversal of dDNA binding. Reversed tDNA sequences encode 'hook' proteins, determining tissue morphology:

1.
Eggs, sperm and immune system leukocytes have 1 hook

5.
Liver and other organs use 5 hooks

Rigidity
Fluorspar, CaF 2 illustrates the high affinity of calcium, Ca ++ for Figure 4A: H-bonds between amino acid ω-amines and DNA phosphates oscillate. fluoride, F -. The parathyroid and coevolved thyroid glands adjacent in the neck both incorporate halides to hormones. Continuous secretion of parathyroid hormone, PTH prevents high Fconcentrations damaging these glands. Vitamin D stores ultraviolet sunlight with wavelength ~265 nm, creating Si~F bonds for assembling silicon hexafluoride, SiF 6 = at low pH: SiO 2 + 6 F -+ 4 H + + UV-light → SiF 6 = + 2 H 2 O.
SiF 6 = carries calcium phosphate, apatite, maintaining bones and teeth, (Figure 5D). The low pH associated with kidney failure and menopause reduces phosphate availability, causing osteoporosis. For plant life, phosphate, P i is scarce. They employ the same substratecarrier complex to form their silica, SiO 2 hard parts. Acid air pollution, SO x and NO x entering stomata causes leaf-fall. Liming the soil is ineffective, delaying action on controlling acid air pollution [10]. Acid air pollution and tobacco smoke lower the pH in the cavity behind the nose, promoting inappropriate SiF 6 = synthesis. Breakdown ofSiF 6 = passing along the olfactory nerves tothebrain causes Alzheimer's disease.Fluoridedisrupts the H-bonds involved in protein folding, yielding the characteristic protein tangles. Mutant tRNAs incorporating the wrong amino acid to some proteins also cause tangled proteins in prion diseases. Mutant tRNAs embedded in these proteins render them infectious agents.Cod liver oil, UV lamps or sunlight prevent rickets due to infant vitamin D deficiency. Fluoridation of water supplies counters childhood tooth decay, hardening tooth enamel by replacing OHwith F -. Tea supplies adequate F -. Fluorinated anaesthetics promote fluoride excretion as aluminium hexafluoride, AlF 6 ≡ four days later. Simultaneous brain clearance temporarily relieves dementia, suggesting approaches for its prevention and treatment.

Assimilation
Pavlov's dog anticipating food caused pancreatic insulin secretion. In man, the sight, smell or timeliness of food have the same effect. Zinc, Zn ++ primes tDNA pumps to carry β D glucose, ( Figure 5E). Glucose transport, maintaining steady blood glucose concentrations, mediates carbohydrate metabolism. Plants maintain glucose levels in xylem and phloem. Converting glucose to glycogen or fat in liver or starch in leaves also mediates glucose homeostasis.Zn ++ binds to the 'triangle of sweetness' [11] found in insulin and glucagon. Insulin synthesised in the pancreatic β-cells distributes Zn and glucagon synthesised in pancreatic α-cells recycles it. Banting and Best discovered insulin and Dorothy Hodgkin determined its structure [12]. Vitamin C derivative L gulonatetakes Zn where insulin can't reach. Vitamin C deficiency reduces Zn-mediated hydroxyproline incorporation for collagen synthesis causing scurvy in ancient mariners until limes supplemented their food.Zinc sulphide, ZnS in Calamine™ lotion treats skin complaints. Glucosetransport defects cause diabetes and its sideeffects: Zn accumulating in the vitreous humour damages the retina, causing blindness. Kidney damage and foot problems frequently arise. Assessing Zn intake or implanting a glucose concentration monitor might improve management. Zn regulates our appetites for food and sex. Zn-rich appetizers such as oysters or caviar encourage snacking, eating disorders anorexia and bulimia respond to Zn supplements. Aphrodisiacs containing Zn increase libido. Cu coil contraceptives prevent sperm getting enough Zn for glucose assimilation to reach their targets.Neonatal jaundice arises when bilirubin released from the transition between foetal and adult haemoglobin isn't conjugated with glucose for excretion. Seizures result if bilirubin enters the bran, the usual treatment is exposure to blue light, Zn in colostrum from breast feeding the natural remedy. Sucking a midwife's Zn-basedpewter spoon was effective, failing when blue-blooded families substituted a silver spoon. Rhinoviruses causing colds and flu enter nasal cells via tDNAs, Zn supplements block virus uptake. The detoxification of alcohol and barbiturates diverts Zn, cofactor for alcohol dehydrogenase, to the liver. This prevents sufficient Zn for glucose transport reaching the brain, causing inebriety. Combining barbiturates with alcohol can be lethal. Designing treatments for alcoholism need focus on Zn.Victorians called beryllium, Be ++ 'glucinium' for its sweet taste, using it as a poison. Romans died from using lead acetate as a sweetener. Exchanging indium, In, diagonally related to Zn in the periodic table, for divalent trace metals may enable their uptake by endocrine glands for incorporation to hormones. Indium has been promoted for treating obesity. Be ++ , Pb ++ and In ++ mimic Zn ++ .

Reproduction
Thepineal glanddistributes silver, Ag + in six-member serotonin ringsresembling those catecholamines form around K + . Retinal transfers energy for converting P i to pyrophosphate, PP i from pink Ag porphyrin as solitons, see Motility. The Arg 2 .PP i complex provides the atomic ingredients for copying DNA at cell division [13]; anti-cancer agents mimic it, ( Figure 5F). Before the advent of antibiotics, Ag was often used for tissue repair and sleep regulation. Deficiency may allow cancers to develop. Phosphate, P i use is independently handled for energy management, DNA synthesis and skeletal maintenance.

Osmoregulation
Membrane potential prevents water diffusing through, accepting this fact is prerequisite to preventing most Western deaths. Ponder absorbing bath water through leaky skin. The residueofsaturatedfat breakdown, phospho-mevalonate, namedafter the herb Valerian, aka 'Allheal', reversibly forms a lactone ring, ( Figure 5G). Exchanging phospho-mevalonate for its lactone transports water.The posterior pituitary gland packs selenium, Se into oxytocin and vasopressin. Vitamin E, α-tocopherol transmits energy for oxidising Se to SeO 3 = through the membrane as solitons, see Motility. SeO 3 = exchanges Ca ++ for Mn ++ , cofactor for cholesterol synthesis from mevalonate. This by-product of osmoregulation is feedstock for steroid hormones. Se deficiency arises from water purification [14], displacement by such sulphurous fertilizers as superphosphate [15], cropping low-Se soils, using high temperatures when preparing and preserving food and poor nutrition. It causes hypertension of pregnancy, heart attacks and cancers of tissues specializing in pumping water: breast, bowel, cervix and prostate. It may contribute to Ebola [16]. Supporting evidence abounds, the consistent correlation between breast cancer distribution and surface geology [17] is compelling. Hard water from limestone in London and such igneous deposits as those in Snowdonia contain most Se, presumably recycled from early life. Se-rich diets account for the longevity of European royal families. Sea floor Mn nodules may reflect Se metabolism. Animal husbandry [18] provides the best evidence for Se dependency. Se supplementation protects cattle from hypertension during pregnancy, sheep from white muscle disease and pigs from heart failure en route to market. Limes for scurvy, iodine for goitre, cod liver oil for rickets and fluoridation for dental caries are precedents for intervention.
Blood pressure disorders, (Figure 5H), can be corrected by attention to: 1. The tDNA exchanging phospho-mevalonate for its lactone. 5. Exercise and using aspirin to regulate calcium levels.