Earth Science & Climatic Change Total Carbon Stock of Tree Vegetation and its Relationship with Altitudinal Gradient from the Shervarayan Hills Located in India

The objective of present study was to assess the total carbon stock of tree vegetation and its relationship with altitudinal gradient from the Shervarayan hills located in India. Tree carbon stock determined by non-destructive method was 56.55 ± 12.28 t/ha. Regression analysis revealed that the quantity of carbon stock increased with altitude (R 2 =0.5703). The tree species Syzygium cumini shared maximum carbon stock followed by Anogeissus latifolia , Prumus ceylanica , Terminalia paniculata and Tamarindus indica . One way ANOVA revealed that the carbon stock among different forest types varied significantly ( F (2,11) =4.232, p <0.05), and the semi-evergreen forest had high carbon stock 77.64 t/ha. The distribution of carbon stock among different tree size classes did not vary significantly ( F (10,74) =1.509, >0.05), however, the contribution of higher tree size class (trees >330 cm girth at breast height) to total carbon stock (t/ha) was maximum (66%). The present study provides valuable data useful for modeling carbon stock potential of tree vegetation at national as well as at global level.


Introduction
One of the recent global issues is global warming, the increase in average atmospheric temperature that negatively impacts the dynamic of global climate pattern [1]. Global warming is the consequence of human developmental activities which started during the industrial revolution period 1760 [2]. Anthropogenic activities released greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, methane, ozone, fluorocarbons, water vapour, sulphur dioxide, into the atmosphere. Among the gases, carbon dioxide is the main influencing gas for global warming. Prior to industrial revolution the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide was around 270 ppm, and its concentration in atmosphere is increasing rapidly [3]. The current concentration of the gas in the atmosphere is 400 ppm [4], and it is estimated that by 2070 the concentration will reach up to 500 ppm [5]. Air pollution and climate change are interlinked [6]. Scientists have predicted that by 2100 the mean global surface temperature will increase by 1-3.5°C [7]. Climate change will create additional challenges for forest management with substantial socio-economic and biological impacts [8].
The effects of global warming include, rising sea level, melting of glaciers and ice sheets, increase in temperature over land and sea surface, ocean acidification. Change in flowering and fruiting phenology of plants, shift in movement of fishes and animals [9]. In recent years, global warming and climate change even have out broken new catastrophic diseases that spread very fast worldwide [10].
Mitigation of greenhouse gases is the prime role in controlling global warming. There are lots of carbon sinks such as forests, soils, oceans that store carbon compounds for a long period. Trees are an important component of forest carbon sinks that play a vital role in global carbon cycle [1]. They fix the atmospheric carbon in the form of wood biomass [11]. During photosynthesis, trees intake the carbon dioxide gas and store it as biomass during the growth process [12].
Monitoring and management of earth's carbon emission is most important for curbing the extra amount of carbon released. Concentration of carbon dioxide in a region depends on the carbon emission and sinking sources of that area. Quantification of carbon storage in forest systems have attracted scientist worldwide, and a lot of studies have been carried out so far [1][2][3][12][13][14][15].
Although, a few studies have been carried out on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystem in India, no such work has been done for Shervarayan hills, one of the major forests in Tamil Nadu, India. Hence, this study was undertaken in Shervarayan hills with three main objectives: first, to quantify the carbon storage (t/ha) of tree vegetation in the forest system; second, to find the predominant carbon storing tree species in Shervarayan hills, and finally, to address the influence of altitude on tree carbon storage.

Study area
The present study was carried out from the Shervarayan hills located in Tamil Nadu, India ( Figure 1). The study area covers about 430 km 2 , and is composed of masses of Charnockite associated with gneiss and varied metamorphic rocks. The soil is red, loamy and lateritic. The climate data of this region reveals that the mean annual temperature is 28.3°C and the mean annual rainfall is 1058 mm [16].

Methods
The entire land cover of Shervarayan hills was divided into 14 grids of size 6.25 km×6.25 km. In each grid, a transect of 0.5 ha (5 m×1000 m) was randomly laid, and all trees with ≥ 30 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were inventoried [16]. A total of 2778 trees representing 165 species were recorded. The average tree density per transect was 397 ± 42 trees/ha (± S.E.) and it ranged from 174 trees/ha to 630 trees/ha. Tree

Abstract
The objective of present study was to assess the total carbon stock of tree vegetation and its relationship with altitudinal gradient from the Shervarayan hills located in India. Tree carbon stock determined by non-destructive method was 56.55 ± 12.28 t/ha. Regression analysis revealed that the quantity of carbon stock increased with altitude (R 2 =0.5703). The tree species Syzygium cumini shared maximum carbon stock followed by Anogeissus latifolia, Prumus ceylanica, Terminalia paniculata and Tamarindus indica. One way ANOVA revealed that the carbon stock among different forest types varied significantly (F (2,11) =4.232, p<0.05), and the semi-evergreen forest had high carbon stock 77.64 t/ha. The distribution of carbon stock among different tree size classes did not vary significantly (F (10,74) =1.509, p>0.05), however, the contribution of higher tree size class (trees >330 cm girth at breast height) to total carbon stock (t/ha) was maximum (66%). The present study provides valuable data useful for modeling carbon stock potential of tree vegetation at national as well as at global level. species richness per transect was 32 ± 3 species and it ranged from 15 species to 57 species per transect.
Both destructive and non-destructive sampling methods are used for quantification of vegetation carbon sinks. Destructive sampling method (which involves felling of trees) is mostly adopted for plantation forest, and non-destructive sampling method (which involves usage of allometric equations using measurable variables) is widely used for estimation of carbon stocks of natural forests. In the present study, total carbon storage of each tree was determined using non-destructive method adopted earlier [13].
Total Carbon Stock (TCS) of each tree was determined by following equation, Where ' AGB' is aboveground biomass, 'BGB' is below ground biomass, and '0.5' is the conversion factor which represents that the carbon content is assumed as 50% of the total biomass as followed by Takimoto [17], Khan [18], Sundarapandian [19].

Estimation of AGB
Aboveground biomass was estimated using allometric equation following Brown [20], Where, 'Y' is AGB in kg, 'D' is diameter at breast height in cm.
Most of the research work revealed that AGB is strongly correlated with tree diameter [21][22][23]. Also, it is accepted that simple model with only diameter as input is a good estimator of aboveground biomass [21,[23][24][25]. Hence, in the present study allometric equation using tree diameter to estimate aboveground biomass was used following Brown [20].

Statistical analysis
The vegetation of the 14 transects was classified into three forest types viz. semi-evergreen, mixed deciduous and scrub forests. Based on tree girth, 11 tree size (GBH) classes were recognized. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to check the significance of variation in total carbon stock among the three forest types and among the 11 tree size (GBH) classes. Regression analysis was used to test the relationship between total carbon stock and tree density, tree diversity and altitude of forest location.

Results
Total carbon stock estimated for the 14 transects sampled from the study area was 395.83 tonnes. The mean carbon stock per transect was 56.55 ± 12.28 t/ha and it ranged from 3.03 to 158.91 t/ha. Of the total 165 species recorded from a sum of seven hectares, the tree species Syzygium cumini shared maximum carbon stock 37.44 tonnes followed by Anogeissus latifolia, Prumus ceylanica, Terminalia paniculata and Tamarindus indica ( Table 1).
Among the three forest types recognized, semi-evergreen forest had high carbon stock 77.64 t/ha followed by mixed deciduous and scrub forest ( Figure 2). ANOVA showed that carbon stock among the three forest types varied significantly (F (2,11) = 4.232, p<0.05). Among the eleven tree size classes recognized, the contribution of higher GBH class >330 cm to total carbon stock (t/ha) was maximum 66% followed by 270-300 cm class (57%), 60-90 cm class and 90-120 cm class (Figure 3). ANOVA    revealed that the distribution of carbon stock among the GBH classes did not vary significantly (F (10,74) =1.509, p>0.05).
Regression analysis revealed that tree carbon stock had a strong positive relationship with altitude ( Figure 4), but not with tree diversity ( Figure 5) and density ( Figure 6).

Discussion
Carbon stock assessments in forest vegetation have been carried out for many regions worldwide (Table 2). In the present study, the nondestructive sampling method was adopted considering biodiversity conservation in Shervarayan hills. The carbon stock of Shervarayan hills (56.55 ± 12.28 t/ha) is low when compared to other regions listed in Table 2. It is almost ten times greater than the tropical evergreen forest (5.75 t/ha) in Myanmar and five times lesser than the tropical moist evergreen forests (299 t/ha) in Sri Lanka. Also, it is almost 50% less than the average carbon stock value (118.73 t/ha) calculated for forests of a few regions listed in Table 2.
In this study, the carbon capture by individual tree was found maximum for Artocarpus heterophyllus (2.76 t/tree) which is greater than the maximum value recorded for Mangifera india (1.73 t/tree) for Chitteri reserve forest [13]. The order of carbon stock for the three forest types justified as semi-evergreen > mixed deciduous > scrub for the present study is similar to that of Chitteri reserve forest [13]. A strong positive relationship was observed between the tree carbon stock and altitude of forest location at Shervarayan hills, while no such relation was observed for the Chitteri reserve forest [13]. The present study concludes that the carbon stock of tree vegetation in Shervarayan hills is low and it increases with altitude of forest location.
Like most of the hill forests in India, Shervarayan is also threatened from the impacts of anthropogenic activities such as forest land encroachment for agriculture, modification of forest cover for construction of roads, rock and sand mines, illegal felling of timber trees, besides the influence of invasive weed species Lantana camara. Hence, proper management of the hill forest is highly recommended. Further, tree plantation programs in degraded forest lands, and awareness programs to educate the local people are of necessary activities to help conserve forests and stock maximum atmospheric carbon in the tree vegetation.
In conclusion, the present study reveals the importance of quantification of carbon stock of forest vegetation, for better management of the forest ecosystem in view of reducing the excess atmospheric carbon dioxide gas, and thereby to help mitigation of global warming and climate change. Monitoring of forest carbon stock is necessary to address the future problems. Further, development of new innovative methodology is of immense need for quantification of carbon stock with great accuracy.  Arasadikuppam, India Tropical dry evergreen forest 51.89 [28] Kuzhanthaikuppam, India Tropical dry evergreen forest 51.89 [28] Maramadakki, India Tropical dry evergreen forest 52.36 [28] Araiyapatti, India Tropical dry evergreen forest 59.62 [28] Oorani, India Tropical dry evergreen forest 65.24 [28] Shanmuganathapuram, India Tropical dry evergreen forest 73.55 [28] Thirumanikkuzhi, India Tropical dry evergreen forest 77.12 [28] Karisakkadu, India Tropical dry evergreen forest 79.77 [28] Bangladesh