A Study on the Zoogeography of Indian Penaeidae

From the distributional point of view of Penaeid prawn, Indian region in the present study is divided into three main sub-regions viz., East Coast, West Coast including Laccadive-Minicoy Islands and Andaman Islands. Present study also records existence of 79 species in the coastal water of India. Out of 79 species 9 are endemic, 24 are common in east coast, west coast and Andaman Islands; 16 species are restricted to East coast, 13 are restricted to west coast, 2 are restricted to Laccadiv Islands, 3 species are restricted to Andaman Islands only. Global Analysis shows that most species are distributed within Indo-West Pacific region and only 6 species are distributed up to east Atlantic region. A statistical analysis based on the distribution of prawn shows more moderate similarity between east coast and west coast in India and strong similarity between sub-region 1 and 4 of Indo-West Pacific indicates that the Indian species are more common with Indonesian and Indo-Malaysian than East African species. *Corresponding author: Angsuman Chanda, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Raja N. L. Khan Women’s College, Gope Palace, Midnapur, Paschim Medinipur-721 102, W.B, India, Tel: 9932675019; E-mail: angsumanchanda@yahoo.in Received October 21, 2016; Accepted December 06, 2016; Published December 12, 2016 Citation: Chanda A (2016) A Study on the Zoogeography of Indian Penaeidae. J Marine Sci Res Dev 6: 217. doi: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000217 Copyright: © 2016 Chanda A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Introduction
Shrimps and Prawns of various kinds have certainly been a source of protein for human consumptions from very early times. Within historical times reference is made to prawn in ancient Chinese and Japanese literature. Usage of the term 'Prawn' and 'Shrimp' are somewhat confusing. In some western literature the term 'Shrimp' is applied for Penaeoidea and Sergestoidea, but in the east these are called 'Prawn'. Holthuis [1] discussed the contradiction but did not arrive at any conclusion. In the Prawn Symposium of the Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council held at Tokyo in 1955 it was decided that the word 'Prawn' should be applied to the Penaeids, Pandalids and Palemonids while 'Shrimp' to the smaller species belonging to the other families [2]. As such in the present study the term 'Prawn' is used for all the species belonging to family Penaeidae. Among a variety of edible decapod crustaceans, prawns contribute largely to the fishery wealth of many nations. Exploitation of prawn resource from the seas around each country is playing increasingly significant role in furthering their national economy. In recent years, in spite of some ecological hazards, the demand for prawns and prawn products has increased so much that every country is making efforts to utilize hitherto unknown but usable stocks and expansion of prawn fisheries and industries near coast line is rightly being given the maximum encouragement in the development programme of each nation. Therefore, the distribution of different species gradually extending their range of distribution and newer species were recorded throughout coastal region of each nation.
According to distribution of penaeid prawns, Indian region has been divided into three main sub-regions viz., Eat coast, West coast including Laccadive-Minicoy Islands and Andaman Islands ( Table 1). The sub-region wise distribution of penaeid prawn has been shown in Table 2. Sorensen's quotient of similarity has been included in Table  3. Shallow and warm water marine areas of the world were classified into four zoogeographic regions namely Indo-West Pacific, Eastern Pacific, Western Atlantic and Eastern Atlantic regions [3]. Each region is further divided into several sub-regions. Since penaeid prawns are mostly distributed in these regions and sub-regions Dall et al., [3] have designated those as penaeid zoogeographical regions and sub-regions.

Materials and Methods
The present study is mainly based on the specimens collected by the author from different commercial fish landing centres throughout Indian coast line ( Figure 1). In addition to this penaeid prawns preserved in the National Collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India; Central Marine Fishery Research Institute, Cochin, Kerala and its regional stations at Mandapam, Tamil Nadu and National Institute of Oceanography have also been studied.
The collected materials were preserved in rectified spirit (90%) and body parts of taxonomic importance have been dissected and studied under a stereoscopic binocular microscope and identified. All the materials were registered and preserved in the national collection of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Indian distribution
The present study records existence of 79 species of penaeid prawn in the coastal water of India. A look into the Table 2    Penaeus latisulcatus Kishninouye, 1896 which was previously recorded only from west coast has now been recorded from east coast also. Likewise Metapenaeus lysanassa and Penaeopsis acclivirostris [4] was previously recorded only from east coast have now been recorded from west coast also.
In case of some species the limits of distributions have been extended either in east or west coast. For example northern limit of distribution in west coast has been extended upto Gujarat for Atypopenaeus stenoductylus, Metapenaeopsis stridulans [4], Metapenaeus ensis and Helleropenaeopsis hardwickii. Similarly northern limit of the distribution in east coast has been extended for Metapenaeus ensis and Parapenaeopsis stylifera up to Ganjatic delta and West Bengal and up to Andhra Pradesh for Kishinouyepenaeopsis cornuta. Present study also suggest that Penaeus penicillatus [4] has a broad range of distribution in both east and west coast and not restricted to Maharastra and Orissa coast as thought earlier by George [8].
Of these reported 79 species ,9 species are endemic to India and 4 of these are restricted to West coast including 2 in Laccadive Island, 2 are restricted to each coast and remaining 3 are restricted to Andaman Islands. Analysis of the Sorensen's quotient of similarity based on the distribution in three sub-regions of India revealed that penaeid fauna is moderately similar (0.61-0.70) among different sub-regions. As expected similarity maximum between East and West coast (0.673) due to continuity of coast line and least between West coast and Andaman Island (0.606) due to distance.

Global distribution
Some penaeid prawns found in India (Indo-West Pacific region) are also distributed in Eastern Atlantic zoogeographic region but no species of this region is found in Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic. The region and sub-regions wise distribution of Indian penaeids have been computed and shown in Tables 4 and 5. Of the 79 species reported here only 6 species are common with Eastern Atlantic region where they are found in the sub-region 2 (Mediterranean Sea) only. Most of the Indo-West Pacific Indian species are found in sub-region 1and4 (69 and 61 respectively). Some of the species are distributed as far as subregions 7, 8 and 9 [8][9][10][11][12].
Analysis of the Sorensen's quotient of similarity based on the distribution of species in different sub-regions of the Indo-West Pacific region (Table 6) revealed that as expected, penaeid species composition is strongly similar (>0.71) between sub-region 1 and 4. Slightly similar (0.51-0.60) species composition is seen between sub-region 1 and 2, 1 and 3 and 3 and 4. Species composition between sub-region 1 and 5, 2 and 4 and 4 and 5 are found to be moderately dissimilar. Species composition between sub-region 1 and 6, 1 and 7, 1 and 8, 1and 9 and between remaining other sub-regions it is found to be strongly dissimilar as compare to sub-region 4.
Such pattern of distribution is quite expected and can be correlated with the distance. Coastal continuity between East and West coast of India is the cause of the moderate to strongly (•673 ≈ •7) similar species composition. Relative proximity between the East African coast and the West Coast of India has resulted into the slightly similar species composition between these two sub-regions but a moderately dissimilar species composition has been observed between East coast of India and East African coast. As such distributional tendency of Indian penaeids towards east is more than west. Only 6 species of India has been found to be distributed outside Indo-West Pacific region and that too only found in Mediterranean sea. Such distribution in all probability is a recent phenomenon and might have arisen due to the dispersal of species through Suez canals which is also suggested by Dall [3].

Global penaeid zoogeographical area Total No. of species Endemic species
I.

Indo -West Pacific
Indian Ocean and Western part of Pacific Ocean are under the area 79 9 Sub-regions: