Calculation and Assessing the EEDI Index in the Field of Ship Energy Efficiency for M/V Jules Garnier

The “International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)” keeps the important role in controlling the harmful gasses emissions to the environment from navigation activities. It was adopted in July 2011 and added a new Chapter 4 with Regulations on Energy Efficiency for ships to MARPOL Annex VI through the “Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships”, and “the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships”. On the other hand, Annex VI (MARPOL 73/78) also added the new definitions and the requirements for survey and validated of the formats for “the International Energy Efficiency (IEE) Certificate”. Furthermore, the role of new ships energy efficiency managements is very significant so contributing to the later ships operation through EEDI index. In this aim, the articles has presented the definitions, regulations following MARPOL Convention as well as calculate the EEDI index and assess this working of energy efficiency managements for new ship M/V Jules garnier.


Introduction
Nowadays, the environmental pollution is the big problem that affects harmfully to the life environment and humans in the earth. The effects have been causing like as acid rain and global warming.
In the field of shipping transportation, IMO "International Maritime Organization" has a mandatory of ensuring the green shipping with reducing fuel consumption on ships and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, under Annex VI of the harmful gas pollution prevention in "International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)".
According to the "International Maritime Organization's (IMO)" (2010), second greenhouse gas (GHG) study, shipping emitted 1046 million tonnes of CO 2 in 2007; about 3.3% of global emissions. For many existing ships, reducing fuel consumption to reduce these types of emissions involves applying operational measures rather than adopting an alternative technology because of the long payback periods associated with new investment [1].
MEPC 67 (Marine Environmental Protection Committee) approved the Regulations of IMO in 2014, providing the updated emission estimated for greenhouse gasses from ships. Following of the statistics source of CO 2 gas emission in the international shipping, there are about 796 million tonnes of CO 2 gas emission in 2012, 2.2% of the total global CO 2 emissions for that year. In contrast, this figure has been declining slightly. In 2007 before, the international shipping was given out approximately 885 million tonnes of CO 2 , the proportion of 2.8% of the total CO 2 emissions for that year [1][2][3][4][5].
The "International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships", MARPOL 73/78 gradually applies effectively from then Annex VI with a new Chapter 4 concerns about the ship energy efficiency management for all types of ship includes Bulk Carrier, Gas Carrier, Tanker, Container ship, General Cargo ship, Refrigerated Cargo Carrier, Ro-Ro cargo ship, etc. by providing with the energy efficiency measures: EEDI for new ships and SEEMP for all ships 400 gross tonnages and above.
It is cleared that the calculation and assessment of the ship energy efficiency management play an important role following the MARPOL Convention Annex VI, especially this working is applied to new ships with over 400 gross tonnages. The certain calculation objective is on Bulk Carrier with ship name M/V Jules garnier due to NAIKAI ZOSEN CORPORATION Design department machinery design section, Hiroshima, Japan.
This article is divided into these sections: Section 1, Introduction; Section 2, Enhancement of Ship Energy Efficiency Regulations; Section 3, Sea trial experimental data on M/V Jules garnier; Section 4, Results and section 5, Conclusion.

EEDI
Concept and formula: "EEDI -The Energy Efficiency Design Index" is an energy efficiency measure tool that applies in the field of shipping transportation with the aim of measuring and evaluating of CO 2 gas emission reduction from operation activities on ships such as equipment, engines, and humans. Aslo, it is an index to assess the effectively equipment using through its value calculation.
On the other hand, International Maritime Organization has also established a series of regulations about managing of ship energy efficiency through EEDI for new ships design, "EEOI (Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator)" for the existing ships operate, and "SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan)" for all ship with 400 gross tonnages above. for each type of ship is defined as a curve representing an average index value fitted on a set of individual index values for a defined group of ships". Its curve is described in Figures 1 and 2.
Each Reference EEDI line was drawn by collecting the different sources of data, data quality checks, a number and type of ships selected, year of ship built, etc. All of them are described in relevant IMO Guidelines (Resolution MEPC.231(65) and MEPC.233(65)). In then, Reference EEDI formula is detail described below: Where: a, b and c are constant determined from the Table 2. ii. EEDI reduction factor (X): It presents the percentage of EEDI reduction relative to EEDI baseline. The value of "reduction factor" is decided by International Maritime Organization (IMO). Its certain value is indicated in Table 3. iii. Required EEDI calculation formula: The Required EEDI is identified base on the reduction factor X for the ship that depends on However, the earth's climate changes rapidly from the development of industries on shore and at sea. CO 2 emission control is to be tightened every five years through the MARPOL Regulations in Annex VI, Chapter 4. In the future, EEDI will be expected with the innovation and development of all the components in the field of ship energy efficiency.
An amount of CO 2 gas emission per ship's capacity mile needs as small as possible. It leads to the EEDI declining to the significant value, so creating more energy efficient ships [1][2][3][4][5].
The general formula for EEDI calculation is indicated below: Broadly then, EEDI is mainly an amount of CO 2 gas emissions from new ships divided by its cargo capacity carrying. Formula 1 can be expressed following that: EDDI=Engine Power.SFC.C F /dwt. Speed (g CO 2 /ton-mile) In where: SFC -Specific fuel consumption (g/kWh), represents an amount of fuel used for engines in an hour. The measured value is recorded in NO x Technical file, it is a part of NO x certification; C F -Carbon factor, It is an amount of CO 2 generated per mass of fuel burned. The type of fuel used is corresponding to the NO x Certification (NO x Technical file) and determines the value of the C F conversion factor. Table 1 shows the diversity of fuels corresponding to the difference C F (t-CO 2 /t-Fuel); DWT -Dead Weight Tonnage, It is a capacity of vessel that carries full load, Following EEDI formula, with respect of 100% DWT for all ships but container ship is 70% DWT (Table 1).

Note: Reprinted from Module 2 -Ship Energy Efficiency
Regulations and Related Guidelines, IMO, retrieved .
The formula (3) is described and divided into parts separately for the (1), in detail:  Attained EEDI must be smaller than Required EEDI.

Attained EEDI ≤ Required EEDI
In where: Attained EEDI, This value is determined by calculation and then ship has just newly built. Moreover, the Regulations also added for the Required EEDI following: • "If the design of a ship allows it to fall into more than one of the above ship type definitions, the required EEDI for the ship shall be the most stringent (the lowest) required EEDI".
• "For each ship to which this regulation applies, the installed year of ship built ( Table 3) and value of Reference EEDI in formula (4). So, the relationship between these parameters will determine the Required EEDI value through formula (5): In where:      propulsion power shall not be less than the propulsion power needed to maintain the maneuverability of the ship under adverse conditions as defined in the guidelines to be developed by the Organization".
• "At the beginning of Phase 1 and at the midpoint of Phase 2, the IMO shall review the status of technological developments and, if proven necessary, amend the time periods, the EEDI reference line parameters for relevant ship types and reduction rates set out in this regulation" [6,7].

a. SEEMP: "SEEMP -The Ship Energy Efficiency Management
Plan" is given out by IMO in aims with energy efficiency management for all ships 400 gross tonnages above. Its function is absolutely useful for assessing and improving the existing ships that is operating on international shipping. After finishing the Kyoto conference in 1997, "SEEMP" and "EEOI" are standard component for managing the ships on the international routes that observe the Regulations related to the environmental protection.
Moreover, "The Marine Environment Protection Committee" was held on March, February, 2012, adopted the guidelines in aims with implemetation for "the Energy Efficiency Design Index -EEDI" and " the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan -SEEMP" component.
The guidelines are adopted the following as: • "Guidelines for the calculation of the Attained EEDI for new ships" • "Guidelines for the development of a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)" • "Guidelines on survey and certification of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)" • "Guidelines for calculation of reference lines for use with the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)" b. Changes to the MARPOl annex VI regulations: In July 2011, IMO has debated for changing the Regulations on ship energy efficiency management. At conference, the delegates have been agreed and decided to the regulations implementation. In particular, the changes were indicated in Table 4.
Regulation 2: "The amendments mainly include definitions for "new ship" as applicable to various phases of EEDI regulations, "major conversion" and "ship types" for which EEDI regulations apply".
Since EEDI only applies to new ships and those ships that undergo major conversions beyond 1 January 2013, the exact definition of the above terms was required. Additionally, terms such as "Attained EEDI" and "Required EEDI" have been defined [3].
Regulation 5: "The requirement for surveys including an initial for newly built ships, a full or partial survey in case of major conversion of existing ships, survey for SEEMP to verify its existence on board ship, etc. are specified in this regulation. This regulation states that EEDI survey and verification shall be carried out according to relevant IMO guidelines". Regulations 7 and 8: "The changes to these regulations deal with energy efficiency certification, making it mandatory for ships to have an International Energy Efficiency (IEE) Certificate; also emphasizing the responsibility of flag State Administration".
"An International Energy Efficiency Certificate for the ship shall be issued after a survey in accordance with the provisions of regulation 5.4 to any ship of 400 gross tonnages and above, before that ship may engage in voyages to ports or offshore terminals under the jurisdiction of other Parties.
The certificate shall be issued or endorsed either by the Administration or any organization duly authorized by it. In every case, the Administration assumes full responsibility for the certificate."

Sea Trial Experimental Data on M/V Jules Garnier
The EEDI Calculation plays a crucial role in assessing the new ship in the greenhouse gas emission (GHG) into the environment. Especially, the IMO Regulations must adopt these Regulations with the aim of Energy Efficiency measures.
The target ship is chosen for the researching with ship name: M/V Jules garnier, it was built in Naikai Zosen Corporation, Hiroshima, Japan (Figures 3 and 4).  weather condition on the open-sea environment in Hiroshima, Japan. In particular, they are indicated in Table 5.

Calculation of EEDI index on M/V Jules Garnier
The calculation of EEDI index is very important with aim to assess the CO 2 emission from ship to sea environment and energy efficiency measure on ship. This working is carried out following the EEDI index determination (includes on Attained EEDI and Required EEDI) ( Figure 5). a. Calculation of attained EEDI: Each ship has the diversity of EEDI index so to compute the EEDI with the sea trial parameter in Table 5 after new ship building.
Attained EEDI at certain loads is described in Table 6 after applying the above formula (2) with the sea trial parameters on M/V Jules garnier.
This EEDI (gCO 2 /ton-mile) is computed with the certain detail parameters in Table 6. On the other hand, this trend describes the variable EEDI at each load presents on Figure 5. b. Calculation of required EEDI: Each ship has a certain EEDI index, the different types of ship and dead weight will decide the diversity EEDI index, following the above calculation of Attained EEDI at each load, to determine the certain value in Table 6  Required EEDI=Reference EEDI Applying the Formula (4) to compute the Reference EEDI value and Table 2 with parameters for determination of EEDI Reference. It will have a certain value of Reference EEDI, Also it is the value of Required EEDI for phase 0 that applied for ships from 2013 to 2015. The calculated parameters are chosen and applied for Bulk Carrier type (M/V Jules garnier). This calculation working is depended on year of ship built. From the beginning of Phase 1 from 2015 to 2020, the Required EEDI value will be supervised strictly following the new changes of IMO Regulations for MEPC (Marine Environment Protection Committee).
Following the above formula 5 to calculate the Required EEDI for ships and also the item 2.13 to determine the EEDI Reduction factor X in Table 3, the Required EEDI value for Bulk Carrier is calculated below under the constant value of the above Reference EEDI:

Results
The calculation of Attained EEDI and Required EEDI is necessary for assessing and operating the most effective. One side, it determines not only a mass of CO 2 gas emission to the environment but also the energy efficiency management on ships. Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships (MARPOL 73/78) with adding the new Chapter 4, Annex VI makes a mandatory the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships.
One another side, The above calculations for Attained EEDI and Required EEDI for M/V Jules garnier that has been built in Hiroshima, Japan indicates that the results for assessing of a mass of CO 2 emission following the Regulations are assured inquires: Attained EEDI ≤ Required EEDI at that time of built ship. However, for the present, Attained EEDI gets exceed the limit of EEDI regulation.

Conclusion
Ship energy efficiency plays a significant role in field of creating the green shipping now-a-days, especially the world is facing the great problems about the climate changes from enhancement of economics and industrials in parallel with the population explosion.
The reduction of CO 2 gas emissions also EEDI index is a great issue that needs to solve from ships. In recent years, the marine industry is gradually developed both the quantity and quality by applying the modern science and technology into the field of ship building and operating. Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) is also given the amendment about Regulations with desire of the climate changes reduction.
The calculation and assessment of EEDI index for new ship are necessary working to respond the IMO's regulations for bulk carrier in general and in particular for M/V Jules Garnier.