Discrimination in Access to Recreation: An Associate of Hostile Attitudes Development among Christian Minority Children

The paper aims at finding the role of discrimination in recreation institutions in development of hostile attitudes among Christian minority children. The study was carried in three Christian colonies namely Yousafabad Colony, Forest Colony and University Colony located in District Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 205 children from age group 12-18 were randomly selected from total population of 365 children living in these colonies. The conceptual framework for the study includes independent variable (discrimination in recreation) and dependent variable (hostile attitude among minority children). Data was collected on an interview schedule based on a three level Likert scale to measure variables. Frequency and percentage (%) proportions were used for uni-variate analysis and chi-square test was used to test the association between independent and dependent variables. At bivariate level, children sentiment towards prejudice in choosing sport pattern on religious grounds (p=0.006), similar hindrances in recreational activities was founded highly significant (p=0.026), moreover recreation activities creates positive outcomes such as confidence and prejudice (p=0.000) and In addition social activities help to increase contact with people (p=0.000) were recommended in light of this study. Citation: Ullah A (2016) Discrimination in Access to Recreation: An Associate of Hostile Attitudes Development among Christian Minority Children. Bus Eco J 8: 278. doi: 10.4172/2151-6219.1000278


Introduction
Recreational is an essential element of leisure for human psychology and also play a significant activities in the form of enjoyment, pleasure or amusement are considered as entertainment. In 14 th century term recreation was used for therapeutic issues such as sick person and it is derived from Latin word (re: "again", creare: "to create and bring into the world Bruce [1]. Whereas, Universal Declaration of Human Rights [2] considered recreational activities as working, sleeping, routine activities of human in the form of recreational activities considered prior commitments in social physiology needs. Children reflect the activities of realities which are learned from adult life. Therefore, recreational activities are considered as excess expression of energy which is socially acceptable fulfills individual as well as societal needs, as a result providing satisfaction to individual participant, Yukic [3].
Estes and Henderson [4] said that recreation activities support in adolescence development because its help children to learn decisionmaking skills, supportive behaviors, positive and empowered relationships. Through this adolescence learn strategies for resolving conflicts and develop moral system in them which enhance cooperative skills so as to learn and practice for growth development. A recreational involves engagement among individuals, groups and families such engagement leads sense of shared responsibility among community Putnam [5]; Brehm and Rahn [6]; Putnam [7]; Fukuyama [8].
Johnson et al. [9] supposed that in creating interaction between people cooperation is an influential force. We're Group leaders can make up the recreation activity to approve vigorous collaboration because individual's successes feeling depend on the successes of the other group members.
According to Helly [10] studied an individual's activities free time is called recreational contribution. In formal or informal conditions these activities take place in groups at constant, pre-arranged times are called informal recreational participation. They are not governed by institutions but are moderately everlasting. Children who get together specially on weekend for enjoyment in the form if music groups, Youth groups, quilting bees, cooking clubs together or to play sport in a local park are some of the examples of informal social participation. Registered clubs and groups, sports leagues and exercise classes with an ongoing program or activities on a known and firm place can be the few example of formal recreational participation.
Floyd et al. [11] in their research study used African American's self-perceptions of social class to determine influence recreational activities preferences toward class and race giving the concept that similar social classes present same recreational activities preferences.
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRR) was the first reports published on barriers to recreation or recreational activities constraint in early 1960s Crawford et al. [12] They also took forward 1987 recreational activities constraints model, comprised of three hierarchical constraints. That is, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints types' through which individual get experience. First individual chooses recreational activities influenced by intrapersonal constraints. Then, interpersonal constraints lack of partners. Finally, recreational activities in structural constraint are formed which later becomes issue. Whereas early research limitation participation vs. non-participation that stop a person in their desired participating activity. While this approach later criticized for not effectively illumination nonparticipation. Two items time and money consist of facilities in the form of personal skills and abilities and access to transportation in recreation resource Jackson, 1993 also considering limitation by a wide variety of people.
Phillip [13] suggested that ethnicity focus on future studies on recreational activities with the understanding that race been a large constraint e.g. (education, employment and housing). Phillip also illustrated that race is considered influencing recreational activities participation and preference in relation to Crawford and Godbey [12] hierarchical constraints model. Phillip concern with the intrapersonal constraints of the Crawford and Godbey model approached in the situation of race because individual psychology cannot be separated from cultural issues, like prejudice and discrimination.
Lindsay and Ogle [14] in his studies explain the Marginality approach in which Non-participation ethno minority cultural groups in mainstream activities explained opportunity they lack and also includes available infrastructure such as a lack of green space, sports facilities etc. This approach also elaborates as the costs increase, opportunities decreases for the minority group. Since ethno cultural are acknowledged to occupy lower rungs in social order and is over and over again face disadvantaged access opportunities for recreational participation.
Different ethnic approach in recreational participation explained subsistence of different set of cultural norms and values with leisure activity because recreational participation in ethnic groups results from specific group interests and creates ways to meet such needs Washburn [15]; Walter, Brown and Grabb [16]. Whereas Identity theory also suggests that members of ethnic groups willingly participate within their own communities because they want to save their ethnic identity and heritage so as to engage in recreation activities Karlis and Dawson [17].
According to Karlis and Dawson [17] theory suggests that members of ethnic groups usually prefer to stay in their own communities as to preserve their ethnic identity by engaging in ethno-specific recreation.
In the corresponding approach when the ethnic groups felt that host culture is not properly providing sociocultural needs they create their own relations to fulfill their needs. Therefore, multicultural society's framework allows individuals to remain active in the host culture and maintain their ethnic heritage.
When children experiment successes and failures, they learn to trust themselves and as a result increase confidence, self-concept and confidence. Therefore recreational activities decreases delinquency develop self-confidence of an individual as a result young people feel good and work more successfully and productively in families, communities and schools Mclean and Neal [18].

Material and Method
The present study was carried out in Peshawar District to determine the relationship between development of hostile attitude among minority children and discrimination in recreation. The study area comprised of three Christian colonies in District of Peshawar. Total population of respondents with required characteristics (12-18 years age) came out to be 205. Sekaran [19] simplified the sample size decision process, for multiple variables, by providing a table that greatly simplifies the decision of sample size. For a population size of 365 a sample size of 205 respondents was selected through criterion devised by Sekaran [19]. The required sample was proportionally allocated to each colony and randomly selected ( Table 1).
The conceptual framework was designed with a dependent variable (Hostile attitude among minority children) an independent variable (Discrimination in Recreation, Table 1).
A group of attitudinal statements was collective from available literature, experts' views and personal experiences of the researchers. The questions were then translated into local colloquial speech. The collected data were analyzed by using uni-variate and bi-variate techniques of data analysis. At uni-variate level frequencies and percentages were figure out, whereas, at bi-variate level dependent variable association was cross tabbed with statement of independent variable. Chi-square test was used to test the association between the two variables as devised by Tai [20].
The Chi-square test was used to test the relationship between the two variables by Tai [20] at bi-variate level through the formula as below; To avoid any mistakes in Chi-square test certain criteria is followed for the random selection. Therefore, each observation must qualify one and only one category such that no expected frequency should be less than 5, for r and c>2 or < 10 if r=c=2. Fisher Exact Test was used instead of simple Chi-Square Test in data to avoid any violation. The mathematical form of the Fisher Exact Test is as, Where a, b, c, and d will be the observed numbers in four cells of contingency table and "n" the total number of observations.

Results and Discussion
Frequency and percentage distributions regarding discrimination in recreation through perception of the respondents Recreation activities are element for the psychological development of an adolescent providing sense of pleasure considered as fun few statements were asked as shown in Table 1. Which show respondent perception towards discrimination in provision of recreation services. Majority 173 (84.4%) of the respondent were of the view that recreational activities available were to them easily, 166 (81.0%) of the respondent reported that frequently visit recreational activities with their family, 152 (74.1%) of the respondent, they preferred home recreation over outdoor activities, 134 (65.4%) of the respondent while playing sports select partner on the base of religion. 175 (85.4%) of the respondent support this statement that recreational activities are the important mean of developing connection between two groups and 115 (56.1%) of the respondent viewed that they find hindrances in access to recreational activities being a minority. Furthermore 185 (90.2%) of the respondent supported this statement that provision of recreational activities gives the feelings of achievement. 179 (87.3%) of the respondent thought that the level of involvement in recreation activities is related to the socio-economic background of individuals. The result furthermore shows that 124 (60.5%) of the respondent disagree with this statement that people stop them in provision of recreation activities on the base of religion. Furthermore 178(86.8%) of the respondent were aware that social activities will help them to increase their contact with people. 193(94.1%) of the respondent strongly agree with this statement that recreational activities create positive outcomes such as confidence.
Recreational activities limitations are same lacking costs, partner's skills and knowledge to participate often listed as barriers in recreational activity Jackson and Rucks [21,22]. The result is also further supported by Floyd et al. [11] in their research study in which it's used that African American's self-perceptions of social class to determine influence recreational activities preferences toward class and race giving the concept that similar social classes present same recreational activities preferences. The results finding of Phillip [13] also give an idea that race being problematic is not considered as a separate factor that could influence recreational activities participation. The result is reinforced by Johnson et al. [9] who said that cooperation is a powerful force in creating relationships between people. Recreational participation positively affect behavior of individuals and bring change in the participation rate by decreasing impact of behavior restriction as a result bring access and exposure to new recreational opportunities Stodolska [23] (Table 2).

Association between discrimination in recreation and prejudice
To assess the association between discrimination in education and Prejudice in the development of Christian minority children are limited too few statements as given in Table 2. The result show high significant association (p=0.006) between choice of sport pattern on religious grounds and prejudice perception in minority children. Similar significant (p=0.026) association was found between hindrances in recreational activities and prejudice Moreover, a highly significantly (p=0.000) association was found between recreation activities creates positive outcomes such as confidence and prejudice In addition, a highly significant association (p=0.000) was found between social activities help to increase contact with people and prejudice. Conversely a nonsignificant (p=0.839) association was founded between recreational activities available easily and prejudice. Likewise, a non-significant (p=0.121) association was also found between frequently visiting recreational activities with family and prejudice. Non-significant (p=0.141) association was also found between prefer home recreation activities over outdoor activities and prejudice. Recreational activities are the important mean of developing connection between two groups and prejudice was founded non-significant (p=0.578). A non-significant (p=0.759) relationship was founded between the level of involvement in recreation activities is related to the socio-economic background of individuals and prejudice. Provision of recreational activities gives the feelings of achievement and prejudice was also found non-significant (p=0.547). Non-significant (p=0.306) association was founded between people stop in provision of recreation activities on the base of religion and prejudice.
Memberships to social groups are based on several grounds. Religion provides one such basis for grouping. Attachment to a religious denomination affirm strict we feelings among members especially that of minority class. Members of such group try to extend their attachment in other social activities like sport and leisure. The close circle groups are, therefore, restricted from developing objective experiences based perceptions of members of out-group and are trapped in feeling of prejudice. The result is supported by Lindsay and Ogle [14], in their research study that ethno minority cultural group lack access of sufficient opportunity in the mainstream activities such as; lack of green space, sports facilities etc. it fully explain in Marginality approach. Which explain as the prizes increases, opportunities for ethno cultural minorities groups decline or it was also presumed to occupy the lower rungs of the social ladder which develop prejudice in minority group. Recreational activities are a source of rejoice and expression. It provides opportunities to people with like mind and express your feeling with freedom. The resulting outcome is greater confidence in the members. However, such recreational facilities are not entertained by minority groups probably due to their poverty or poor accessibility. The result is feeling of deprivation and dejection a source of prejudice development. Participation in recreational activities increases the self-esteem and self-concept of the children [18], while development of prejudice in minority group can be studied by the research finding of Crawford et al. [12] who said that it's the structural constraints that become barrier in participation in recreation activities (Table 3).

Conclusion and Recommendation
While the study also concludes that recreational activities are a source of family and group solidarity, social interaction and child development. A sense of religious or ethnic differences develops strong repulsion from members of out-groups and attracts members of same group especially in leisure activities. The feeling of regret among minority children is strong when their accesses to leisure activities are limited to racial and religion reasons. These children fail to increase their social contacts or build confidence, hence fell victim to prejudices. Therefore we can The result concludes that recreational  activities are the reason of giving amusement and pleasure to the respondent, where the respondent can develop healthy contact with the other communities. The respondents were also aware of the fact that the level of involvement in recreation activities is related to the socioeconomic background of individuals. Whereas, the respondent felt the belonging to minority group was not much influential hinders in access to recreation activities. However, the overarching relation with one's own group was the main reason that encouraged the minority children to participate in group leisure activities of one's own group instead of a religious based out groups. Recreational activities are a source of family and group solidarity, social interaction and child development. A sense of religious or ethnic differences develops strong repulsion from members of out-groups and attracts members of same group especially in leisure activities. The feeling of regret among minority children is strong when their accesses to leisure activities are limited to racial and religion reasons. These children fail to increase their social contacts or build confidence, hence fell victim to prejudices.

1.
Strengthening the social bond and solidarity among children from both majority and minority groups by providing them opportunities for joint recreational activities in form of sports and excursions so as to reduce the feeling of prejudice.