To Quest Common Dangerous Bacterial Attack in Drinking Water

Water is life. Lives do not exist without water for a single moment. It is proved that three-fourths of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, and one-fourth is land. Out of these, only 3% is fresh water and 97% is found in seas and oceans. Of this 3%, 1.7% is buried underground, 1.7% is in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air) and precipitation [1].


Introduction No water means no life
Water is life. Lives do not exist without water for a single moment. It is proved that three-fourths of the Earth's surface is covered with water, and one-fourth is land. Out of these, only 3% is fresh water and 97% is found in seas and oceans. Of this 3%, 1.7% is buried underground, 1.7% is in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air) and precipitation [1].

Bacterial attack in drinking water
Therefore, major source of drinking water is hidden as ground water. Buried ground water can be contaminated by means of different sources of pathogenic bacteria including human and animal wastes, septic tanks discharge, drainage sewages, floods, insects, rodents or animals and natural soil/plant bacteria penetrated through well. Drinking water can be infected by total coliforms and other subgroups including E. coli, Salmonella, Vibrio, Shigella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococci and Enterobacteria which get into lakes, pools and water supplies. People become infected when a contaminated city or town water supply has not been properly treated with chlorine or when people accidentally swallow contaminated water while swimming in a lake, pool, or irrigation canal. Dangerous microbial growth causes potential health hazards including intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera, and other illnesses. Acute water borne infections are major health issues in developing as well as developed countries. According to the World Health Organization, the mortality of water associated diseases exceeds 5 million people per year. From these, more than 50% are microbial intestinal infections, with cholera standing out in the first place. Children below five years of old, primarily in Asian and African countries, are majorly affected by microbial diseases transmitted through drinking water [2].
Environmental soil, vegetation and faeces of all warm-blooded animals and humans contain total coliforms. Faecal coliform bacteria are a subgroup of total coliform bacteria and are unlikely cause illness. E. coli is a subgroup of the faecal coliform group which may enter into the water supplies. More than hundred strains of Escherichia coli are present in the intestine as symbiotic organisms. One of the harmful strains is E. coli O157:H7 ( Figure 1) which was first recognized as a cause of illness during an outbreak in 1982. On December 12, 2017, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Food and Drug Administration reported a multistate outbreak of 24 Shiga-toxin producing E. coli O157:H7 infections in 15 states. E. coli O157:H7 is an emerging cause of food borne and water borne illnesses. Human or animal faeces contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 can be transmitted to other human or animal through contact of dirty hands, infected objects and drinking water. Conventional method for the detection of non-sorbitol fermenting E. coli O157:H7 can be carried out by the use of sorbitol MacConkey agar (SMAC), which consists of bile salts, a carbohydrate source, sorbitol and an indicator [3]. E. coli produces verotoxin in intestinal lumen and causes acute bloody diarrhea, dehydration and gastroenteritis, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting, urinary tract infection (UTI). E. coli can attack the blood or kidneys and produces pale skin, fever, weakness, bruising and passing only small amounts of urine [4,5].
In October 2010, Cholera pandemic was reported from Haiti. . Vibrio is a group of aquatic bacteria, of which Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 strains produce exotoxin and cause epidemic cholera [7]. Vibrio cholerae is a virulent gram-negative bacterium with a curved rod and a single flagellum (Figure 2). The exotoxin can bind the intestinal cell membrane receptor and stimulate the efflux of water and essential ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride and carbonate from the cells which predominantly causes diarrhea, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, muscular weakness and circulatory arrest [8]. Rapid Detection of V. cholerae O1 can be done by using the Cholera SMART kit which consists of a reaction vial bearing a lyophilized colloidal-gold-labeled monoclonal antibody, COLTA and a SMART device [9].  [10]. Just like the cholera bacterium, it attacks the large intestinal lumen, engulfs epithelial cells resulting perforation, bleeding, abdominal cramps, anal pain, and bloody stool [11] and causes death of a number of 74,000 to 600,000 per year [12].
Klebsiella is omnipresent in environment and surface water. It is a non-disease forming commensal microflora of the gastro intestinal tract but may be involved in urinary tract infection, particularly in females, penetrating through the urethra and lesion in bowel. Klebsiella pneumonia (Figure 4) is one of the Klebsiella species isolated from water. Virulence factors such as pili, serum resistance and siderophore was isolated and compared them with clinical isolates. K. pneumoniae causes infection on exposure to the respiratory tract bloodstream [5,13].
Pseudomonas species are very frequent in portable packaging water, soil, plumbing taps and pipes. It is a polarly flagellated, aerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium ( Figure 5). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is very dangerous if enter into the body through wounds, infected surgical instruments and eyes also. It can colonize to produce septicemia, meningitis, cystic fibrosis and pulmonary infections [5,14].
Out of many Staphylococci species, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus cause disease in humans. Staphylococcus aureus is mostly dangerous. Outbreak of the same was recently reported on 28 October 2014 by the South Western Sydney Local Health District [15]. It is an aerobic or anaerobic Gram-positive, non-motile, nonspore-forming, catalase-and coagulase-positive, grape-like assembly ( Figure 6) colonized in well water coming from sewage. S. aureus enterotoxin was found in rural drinking water and grown in packaged foods which produce enterotoxin within a few hours. The consumption of these infected foods causes gastroenteritis characterized by projectile vomiting, diarrhoea, fever, abdominal cramps, electrolyte imbalance and loss of fluids [16]. Multiplication in tissues can result   in manifestations such as boils, skin sepsis, post-operative wound infections, enteric infections, septicaemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis and pneumonia. The onset of clinical symptoms for these infections is relatively long, usually several days [17]. Wang and co-workers developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus [5,18].
One of the vulnerable family members of Enterobacteriaceae is extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacter. In November 2009 and June 2010, a total of 101 sachet-packaged water bags were bought from street vendors in 9 of 24 municipalities (covering residential areas and slums) of the city of Kinshasa [19].

Conclusion and Expert's Opinion
Ground water is going to pollute due to dangerous bacterial attack. So, safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges now-adays. Microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. People affected by bacterial diarrheal diseases are those with the lowest financial resources and poorest hygienic facilities. Gram negative bacteria can become dangerous by producing biofilm via quorum sensing mechanisms and cause antibiotic resistant. Therefore, public must aware to be safe in drinking water and free from the dangerous bacterial attack. On application of pressure standing, solar disinfection, reverse osmosis, filtration, chemical oxidation through chlorination of the ground water can produce portable for the drinking to minimize bacterial infections. Water should be boiled and cooled at a normal temperature and filtered through cloth or clay vessels. Further, Chlorine, KMnO 4 and alum can be added as antiseptic to prevent bacterial infection in reserved water.