Equivalences of (co)module algebra structures over Hopf algebras

We introduce the notion of support equivalence for (co)module algebras (over Hopf algebras), which generalizes in a natural way (weak) equivalence of gradings. We show that for each equivalence class of (co)module algebra structures on a given algebra A, there exists a unique universal Hopf algebra H together with an H-(co)module structure on A such that any other equivalent (co)module algebra structure on A factors through the action of H. We study support equivalence and the universal Hopf algebras mentioned above for group gradings, Hopf-Galois extensions, actions of algebraic groups and cocommutative Hopf algebras. We show how the notion of support equivalence can be used to reduce the classification problem of Hopf algebra (co)actions. We apply support equivalence in the study of the asymptotic behaviour of codimensions of H-identities and, in particular, to the analogue (formulated by Yu. A. Bahturin) of Amitsur's conjecture, which was originally concerned with ordinary polynomial identities. As an example we prove this analogue for all unital H-module structures on the algebra $F[x]/(x^2)$ of dual numbers.


Introduction
Module and comodule algebras over Hopf algebras (see the definitions in Sections 3.1 and 4.1 below) appear in many areas of mathematics and physics. These notions allow a unified approach to algebras with various kinds of an additional structure: group gradings, group actions by automorphisms, (skew)derivations, etc. Another important class of examples arises from (affine) algebraic geometry: If G is an affine algebraic group G acting morphically on an affine algebraic variety X, then the algebra A of regular functions on X is an H-comodule algebra where H is the algebra of regular functions on G. At the same time A is an U(g)-module algebra where U(g) is the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra g of the algebraic group G (see e.g. [1] and Section 5.1 below.) Taking this into account, one may view a (not necessarily commutative) (co)module algebra as an action of a quantum group on a non-commutative space.
The above point of view is also advocated in [29], where the notion of a universal coacting Hopf algebra aut(A) on an algebra A was introduced (see also [39]), which plays the role of a symmetry group in non-commutative geometry. In order to classify all (co)module algebra structures on a given algebra A, one therefore should understand the Manin-Hopf algebra aut(A), as well as its quotients. For particular cases, a description of aut(A) has been obtained in, for example, [33] and [34]. However, finding an explicit description of aut(A) seems to be a very wild problem. Furthermore, for this universal coacting Hopf algebra of an algebra A to exist, one needs to impose a finiteness condition on the algebra A: it needs to be finite dimensional (see [31,Proposition 1.3.8, Remark 2.6.4]) or at least a rigid object in a suitable monoidal category. An example of the latter is a graded algebra for which each homogeneous component is finite dimensional, which was the setting of [29]. Without such a finiteness condition, one can indeed see that aut(A) does not always exist (see [3] for an explicit example). Therefore, we propose here a refinement of Manin's construction by studying comodule algebras up to support equivalence and show that a Hopf algebra coacting universally up to support equivalence exists for a given comodule algebra A without any finiteness assumption on A.
Inspiration for our approach comes from the theory of group graded algebras. In this context, two gradings are called equivalent if there exists an algebra isomorphism between the graded algebras that maps each homogeneous component onto a homogeneous component (see Section 2.1). Remark that no group (iso)morphism between the grading groups is required, but only a bijection between their supports (the support of a grading group is the set of all group elements for which the corresponding homogeneous component is nonzero). It turns out that when one studies the structure of a graded algebra (e.g. graded ideals, graded subspaces, radicals, . . . ) or graded polynomial identities of graded algebras, the grading group itself does not play an important role, but can be replaced by any other group that realizes the same decomposition of the algebra into graded components. Using this approach, fine gradings on exceptional simple Lie algebras have been classified up to equivalence [13,Chapter 6]. In [23] the authors studied the possibility of regrading finite dimensional algebras by finite groups.
In Theorem 2.7 we give a criterion for equivalence of gradings in terms of operators from the dual of the corresponding group algebra. As group graded algebras are exactly comodule algebras over a group algebra, we propose a generalization of the above notions of equivalence for arbitrary comodule algebras, which we call support equivalence for comodule algebras.
Using the correspondence between H * -actions and H-coactions for finite dimensional Hopf algebras H, we also define support equivalence for module algebra structures and, in particular, for group actions. Despite the formal duality, in Proposition 5.6 we show that equivalent actions of infinite dimensional Hopf algebras are in general not as close to each other as equivalent coactions.
Among all groups that realize a given grading there is a distinguished one called the universal group of the grading (see [13,Definition 1.17], [32] and Definition 2.4 below). It is easy to see that a similar universal group exists for group actions too (Remark 2.12). Generalizing these constructions, we show in Theorems 3.8 and 4.5 that for a given (co)module algebra A not necessarily finite dimensional, there exists a unique Hopf algebra H with a (co)action on A, which is universal among all Hopf algebras that admit a support equivalent (co)action on A. As mentioned before, our universal Hopf algebra provides a refinement of the Manin-Hopf algebra which is universal among all coactions on A (not only those that are support equivalent).
We study in particular equivalences of actions of algebraic groups and their associated Lie algebras. More precisely, for a connected affine algebraic group G over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0 and its associated Lie algebra g, we show that the U(g)-and the F G-module structures on a finite dimensional algebra with a rational action are support equivalent (see Theorem 5.2).
Although the universal Manin-Hopf algebra of an algebra is in general very difficult to calculate, there are several interesting classes of actions for which the universal Hopf algebra defined here can be computed explicitly. Firstly, in case the (co)action defines a Hopf-Galois extension, the universal Hopf algebra is precisely the original Hopf algebra (see Theorems 3.16 and 4.9). Similarly, the universal Hopf algebra for the standard action of a Hopf algebra H on the algebra H * is precisely H itself (Theorem 4.8). Furthermore, it turns out that the universal Hopf algebra of a comodule structure corresponding to a grading is just the group algebra of the universal group of this grading (Theorem 3.11). Quite surprisingly, the same result does no longer hold in the case of group actions. Indeed, in Proposition 5.6, we show that the universal Hopf algebra of a group action can contain non-trivial primitive elements. More generally, we prove that the universal Hopf algebra of an action of a cocommutative Hopf algebra is not necessarily cocommutative (see Example 5.5). Therefore we also consider the universal cocommutative Hopf algebras of actions. We prove their existence and describe them explicitly in the case of an algebraically closed base field of characteristic 0, thanks to the Milnor-Moore decomposition (see Theorem 5.3). In some cases, the universal Hopf algebra coincides with the cocommutative one, and hence can be described completely. This is the case, for instance, if one can prove that the universal Hopf algebra is cocommutative too, see Proposition 5.6.
Finally, we apply our results to polynomial identities and show that the codimensions of polynomial H 1 -and H 2 -identities for an algebra with support equivalent H 1 -and H 2 -module structures coincide and their polynomial H 1 -and H 2 -non-identities can be identified in a natural way (Lemma 5.11). This allows us to prove that the analog of Amitsur's conjecture holds for polynomial H-identities of the algebra F [x]/(x 2 ) (see Theorem 5.12).
The paper is organized as follows.
In Section 2.1 we recall the definitions of an isomorphism and an equivalence of gradings as well as of the universal group of a grading and give a criterion for two gradings to be equivalent in terms of the algebras of linear endomorphisms of the corresponding graded algebras (Theorem 2.7). In Section 2.2 we introduce the corresponding notion of equivalence of group actions and calculate the universal group of an action.
In Section 3.1 we give a definition of support equivalence of comodule structures as well as a criterion for such an equivalence in terms of comodule maps. In Section 3.2 we introduce universal Hopf algebras of comodule structures and prove their existence. In addition we show that in the case of a group grading the universal Hopf algebra of the corresponding comodule structure is just the group algebra of the universal group of the grading (Theorem 3.11) and any coaction which is support equivalent to a grading can be always reduced to a grading (see the precise statement in Theorem 3.12). Also we show that the universal Hopf algebra can be viewed as a functor from the preorder of all comodule structures on a given algebra (with the respect to the relation "finer/coarser") to the category of Hopf algebras. In Section 3.3 we consider comodule Hopf-Galois extensions and show that the corresponding universal Hopf algebra is the original coacting Hopf algebra.
In Section 4.1 we give a definition of support equivalence of module structures. We introduce universal Hopf algebras of module structures and prove their existence in Section 4.2. In Section 4.3 we consider module Hopf-Galois extensions and show that the corresponding universal Hopf algebra is the original acting Hopf algebra.
In Section 5.1 we consider the classical correspondence between connected affine algebraic groups G over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 and their Lie algebras g. Namely, we prove that F G-actions and U(g)-actions are support equivalent (Theorem 5.2). Section 5.2 deals with universal cocommutative Hopf algebras. The notion of a universal cocommutative Hopf algebra is then used to calculate the universal Hopf algebra (Proposition 5.6). In Section 5.4 we show how support equivalences of module structures can be applied to classify module structures on a given algebra and to polynomial H-identities.

Preliminaries
Throughout this paper, F denotes a field and unless specified otherwise, all vector spaces, tensor products, homomorphisms, (co)algebras, Hopf algebras are over F . For a coalgebra C, we use the Sweedler Σ-notation: ∆(c) = c (1) ⊗ c (2) , for all c ∈ C, with suppressed summation sign.
Our notation for the standard categories is as follows: Alg F (algebras over F ), Coalg F (coalgebras over F ), Hopf F (Hopf algebras over F ). Recall that there exists a left adjoint functor L : Coalg F → Hopf F for the forgetful functor U : Hopf F → Coalg F (see [38]) and we denote by η : id Coalg F ⇒ UL the unit of this adjunction. Moreover, there exists a right adjoint functor R : Alg F → Hopf F for the forgetful functor U : Hopf F → Alg F (see [2], [11]). The counit of this adjunction will be denoted by µ : UR ⇒ id Alg F . Remark that although we use the same character U for both forgetful functors, it will be clear from the context which forgetful functor is meant. Given a bialgebra (or a Hopf algebra) H, a (not necessarily associative) algebra A is called an H-comodule algebra if it admits a right H-comodule structure ρ : A → A ⊗ H which is an algebra homomorphism (A ⊗ H has the usual tensor product algebra structure). Furthermore, A is called a unital H-comodule algebra if there exists an identity element 1 A ∈ A such that ρ(1 A ) = 1 A ⊗ 1 H . The map ρ is called a comodule algebra structure on A and will be written in Sweedler notation as ρ(a) = a (0) ⊗ a (1) , for all a ∈ A, again with suppressed summation sign. Explicitly, the fact that ρ is an algebra homomorphism reads, for all a, b ∈ A, as follows: Note that any H-comodule algebra map ρ : A → A ⊗ H gives rise to an algebra homomorphism ζ : H * → End F (A) defined by: ζ(h * )a = h * (a (1) )a (0) for all a ∈ A and h * ∈ H * . Here H * is the vector space dual to H, endowed with the structure of the algebra dual to the coalgebra H. Recall that if H is finite dimensional, then H * is a Hopf algebra too.
A (not necessarily associative) algebra A is called an H-module algebra if it admits a left H-module structure such that: (1.1) We denote by ζ the homomorphism of algebras H → End F (A) defined by ζ(h)a = ha, for all h ∈ H and a ∈ A, and we call it a module algebra structure on A. An H-module algebra A will be called unital if there exists an identity element 2. Equivalences of group gradings and group actions 2.1. Group gradings. When studying graded algebras, one has to determine, when two graded algebras can be considered "the same" or equivalent.
Recall that Γ : Then G is called the grading group of Γ. The algebra A is called graded by G. Let be two gradings where G 1 and G 2 are groups and A 1 and A 2 are algebras. The most restrictive case is when we require that both grading groups coincide: 2 for all g ∈ G 1 . In this case we say that A 1 and A 2 are graded isomorphic. If one studies the graded structure of a graded algebra or its graded polynomial identities [5,6,9,14,18], then it is not really important by elements of which group the graded components are indexed. A replacement of the grading group leaves both graded subspaces and graded ideals graded. In the case of graded polynomial identities reindexing the graded components leads only to renaming the variables. Here we come naturally to the notion of (weak) equivalence of gradings. Definition 2.2. We say that gradings (2.1) are (weakly) equivalent, if there exists an isomorphism ϕ : A 1 → A 2 of algebras such that for every g 1 ∈ G 1 with A Obviously, if gradings are isomorphic, then they are equivalent. It is important to notice that the converse is not true.
However, if gradings (2.1) are equivalent and ϕ : A 1 → A 2 is the corresponding isomorphism of algebras, then Γ 3 : is a G 2 -grading on A 1 isomorphic to Γ 2 and the grading Γ 3 is obtained from Γ 1 just by reindexing the homogeneous components. Therefore, when gradings (2.1) are equivalent, we say that Γ 1 can be regraded by G 2 .
If A 1 = A 2 and ϕ in Definition 2.2 is the identity map, we say that Γ 1 and Γ 2 are realizations of the same grading on A as, respectively, a G 1 -and an G 2 -grading.
Each group grading on an algebra can be realized as a G-grading for many different groups G, however it turns out that there is one distinguished group among them [13,Definition 1.17], [32]. Definition 2.4. Let Γ be a group grading on an algebra A. Suppose that Γ admits a realization as a G Γ -grading for some group G Γ . Denote by κ Γ the corresponding embedding supp Γ ֒→ G Γ . We say that (G Γ , κ Γ ) is the universal group of the grading Γ if for any realization of Γ as a grading by a group G with ψ : supp Γ ֒→ G there exists a unique homomorphism ϕ : G Γ → G such that the following diagram is commutative: Remarks 2.5. a) For each grading Γ one can define a category C Γ where the objects are all pairs (G, ψ) such that G is a group and Γ can be realized as a G-grading with ψ : supp Γ ֒→ G being the embedding of the support. In this category the set of morphisms between (G 1 , ψ 1 ) and (G 2 , ψ 2 ) consists of all group homomorphisms f : G 1 → G 2 such that the diagram below is commutative: b) It is easy to see that if Γ : A = g∈supp Γ A (g) is a group grading, then the universal group G Γ of the grading Γ is isomorphic to c) Of course, from the linguistic point of view, it would be more logic to say in our definition "finer or equivalent" instead of just "finer" and "coarser or equivalent" instead of just "coarser", however throughout this paper we drop the words "or equivalent" for brevity.
Let Γ 1 : A = g∈G A (g) and Γ 2 : A = h∈H A (h) be two gradings on the same algebra A. If for every g ∈ G there exists h ∈ H such that A (g) ⊆ A (h) , then we say that Γ 1 is finer than Γ 2 and Γ 2 is coarser than Γ 1 . It is easy to see that this relation is a preorder and Γ 1 is both finer and coarser than Γ 2 if and only if id A is an equivalence of Γ 1 and Γ 2 . Moreover, the universal group of the grading is the functor from this preorder to the category of groups: if Γ 1 is finer than Γ 2 , the functor assigns the homomorphism Now, in order to make it possible to transfer the relation of support equivalence and the relation "coarser/finer" to (co)module algebra structures, we translate these relations into the language of linear operators.
If an algebra A = g∈G A (g) is graded by a group G, then we have an (F G) * -action on A where (F G) * is the algebra dual to the group coalgebra F G, i.e. (F G) * is the algebra of all functions G → F with pointwise operations: ha = h(g)a if g ∈ G, a ∈ A (g) , h ∈ (F G) * . Lemma 2.6. Let (2.1) be two group gradings and let ϕ : A 1 → A 2 be an isomorphism of algebras. Denote by ζ i : (F G i ) * → End F (A i ) the homomorphism from (F G i ) * to the algebra End F (A i ) of F -linear operators on A i induced by the (F G i ) * -action, i = 1, 2, and byφ the isomorphism End F (A 1 ) → End F (A 2 ) defined byφ(ψ)(a) = ϕ ψ ϕ −1 (a) for ψ ∈ End F (A 1 ) and a ∈ A 2 . Then the inclusionφ holds if and only if for every g 1 ∈ G 1 there exists g 2 ∈ G 2 such that ϕ A Proof. If for every g 1 ∈ G 1 there exists g 2 ∈ G 2 such that ϕ A is a direct sum of some of ϕ A Note that the set ζ i (F G i ) * consists of all the linear operators that act by a scalar operator on each homogeneous component A consists of all the linear operators on A 2 that act on each ϕ ζ 1 A by a scalar operator. Since each is a direct sum of some of ϕ A , all the operators from ζ 2 (F G 2 ) * act by a scalar operator on each of ϕ A (g 1 ) 1 too. Therefore (2.2) holds.
Conversely, suppose (2.2) holds. Denote by p g 2 , where g 2 ∈ supp Γ 2 , the projection on A and p g 2 a := 0 for all a ∈ Then (2.2) implies that p g 2 ∈φ ζ 1 (F G 1 ) * for all g 2 ∈ supp Γ 2 . In particular, p g 2 is acting as a scalar operator on all the components ϕ A where g ∈ supp Γ 1 . Since for every g 1 ∈ G 1 there exists g 2 ∈ G 2 such that ϕ A From Lemma 2.6 we immediately deduce the criteria that are crucial to transfer the notion of equivalence and the relation "finer/coarser" from gradings to (co)module structures: Theorem 2.7. Let (2.1) be two group gradings. Then an isomorphism ϕ : A 1 → A 2 of algebras defines an equivalence of gradings if and only if Proof. We apply Lemma 2.6 to ϕ and ϕ −1 .
Theorem 2.8. Let Γ 1 : A = g∈G 1 A (g) and Γ 2 : A = g∈G 2 A (g) be two gradings on the same algebra A and let ζ i : (F G i ) * → End F (A) be the corresponding homomorphisms. Then Γ 1 is finer than Γ 2 if and only if ζ 1 (F G 1 ) * ⊇ ζ 2 (F G 2 ) * .
Proof. We apply Lemma 2.6 to A = A 1 = A 2 and ϕ = id A .
2.2. Group actions. Suppose we have a dual situation: for i = 1, 2 a group G i is acting on an algebra A i by automorphisms where ζ i : G i → Aut(A i ) are the corresponding group homomorphisms. Inspired by Theorem 2.7, we introduce the following definition: Definition 2.9. We say that actions ζ 1 and ζ 2 are equivalent via an isomorphism ϕ if ϕ : A 1 → A 2 is an isomorphism of algebras such that where the F -linear span · F is taken in the corresponding End(A i ) and the isomorphism ϕ : If Γ : A = g∈G A (g) is a grading on an algebra A by a group G, there exists a standard Hom(G, F × )-action on A by automorphisms: (2.3) Extend each χ ∈ Hom(G, F × ) by linearity to a map F G → F . Then this Hom(G, F × )-action becomes just the restriction of the map ζ : (F G) * → End F (A) corresponding to Γ.
In the case when F is algebraically closed of characteristic 0 and G is finite abelian, the group Hom(G, F × ) is usually denoted by G and called the Pontryagin dual group. The classical theorem on the structure of finitely generated abelian groups implies then G ∼ = G. Moreover, (2.3) defines a one-to-one correspondence between G-gradings and G-actions. (See the details e.g. in [15,Section 3.2].) The proposition below shows that in this case equivalent G-gradings correspond to equivalent G-actions. Proposition 2.10. Let (2.1) be two group gradings by finite abelian groups G 1 and G 2 and let ζ i be the corresponding (F G i ) * -actions, i = 1, 2. Suppose that the base field F is algebraically closed of characteristic 0. Then Γ 1 and Γ 2 are equivalent as group gradings if and only if ζ 1 G 1 and ζ 2 G 2 are equivalent as group actions.
Proof. The orthogonality relations for characters imply that the elements of G i form a basis in (F G i ) * . Hence ζ i ((F G i ) * ) = ζ i ( G i ) for i = 1, 2 and the proposition follows from Theorem 2.7.
Return now to the case of arbitrary groups G 1 and G 2 and an arbitrary field F . As in the case of gradings, we can identify A 1 and A 2 via ϕ. Then the equivalence of ζ 1 and ζ 2 means that the images of G 1 and G 2 generate the same subalgebra in the algebra of F -linear operators on A 1 = A 2 .
Definition 2.11. Let ζ : G → Aut(A) be an action of a group G on an algebra A and let κ ζ : G ζ → Aut(A) be an action of a group G ζ equivalent to ζ via the identity isomorphism id A . We say that the pair (G ζ , κ ζ ) is a universal group of the action ζ if for any other action ζ 1 : G 1 → Aut(A) equivalent to ζ via id A there exists a unique group homomorphism ϕ : G 1 → G ζ such that the following diagram is commutative: Since for every G 1 as above the image , the universal group of the action ζ is (up to an isomorphism) the couple (G ζ , κ ζ ) where and κ ζ is the natural embedding G ζ ⊆ Aut(A).
Let ζ i : G i → Aut(A), i = 1, 2, be two group actions on A by automorphisms. We say that ζ 1 is finer than ζ 2 and ζ 2 is coarser than ζ 1 if ζ 2 (G) F ⊆ ζ 1 (G) F . Again, it is easy to see that this relation is a preorder and ζ 1 is both finer and coarser than ζ 2 if and only if id A is an equivalence of ζ 1 and ζ 2 . Moreover, the universal group of the action is the functor from this preorder to the category of groups: if ζ 1 is finer than ζ 2 , the functor assigns the Proposition 2.13. Let (2.1) be two group gradings by finite abelian groups G 1 and G 2 and let ζ i be the corresponding (F G i ) * -actions, i = 1, 2. Suppose that the base field F is algebraically closed of characteristic 0. Then Γ 1 is finer than Γ 2 if and only if ζ 1 G 1 is finer than ζ 2 G 2 .
Proof. Again, the orthogonality relations for characters imply that the elements of G i form a basis in (F G i ) * . Hence ζ i ((F G i ) * ) = ζ i ( G i ) for i = 1, 2 and the proposition follows from Theorem 2.8.

Comodule algebras
3.1. Support equivalence of comodule structures on algebras. Inspired by Theorem 2.7, we give the following definition: We say that comodule structures on A 1 and A 2 are support equivalent via the algebra isomorphism ϕ : where ζ i is the algebra homomorphism H * i → End F (A i ) induced by the comodule algebra structure on A i and the isomorphismφ : As the only equivalences we will consider in the sequel are support equivalences, we will use the term just equivalence.
It is easy to see that each support equivalence of comodule algebras maps H 1 -subcomodules to H 2 -subcomodules.
As in the case of gradings, we can restrict our consideration to the case when A 1 = A 2 and ϕ is an identity map.
Let A be an H-comodule algebra with a comodule map ρ : A → A ⊗ H and the corresponding homomorphism of algebras ζ : In particular, C(ρ) is a subcoalgebra of H. It is easy to see that Definition 3.2. Given an H-comodule algebra A with coaction ρ : A → A ⊗ H, call the coalgebra C(ρ) constructed above the support coalgebra of the coaction ρ.
Remark 3.3. The support coalgebra was introduced by J. A. Green in [25] under the name coefficient space. We prefer to use here the name "support coalgebra" as in the case of a grading it is exactly the linear span of the support of the grading.
Then an isomorphism ϕ : A 1 → A 2 of algebras is an equivalence of comodule algebra structures if and only if there exists an isomorphism τ : C(ρ 1 ) → C(ρ 2 ) of coalgebras such that the following diagram is commutative: i.e. two comodule algebras are support equivalent if and only if they have isomorphic support coalgebras and they are isomorphic as comodules over their support coalgebra.
Proof. Suppose ϕ is a support equivalence of ρ 1 and ρ 2 . Choose as above some basis (a α ) α in As a consequence, α,β t βα h ′ βα = 0. Applying the same argument for ϕ −1 , we obtain that if α,β t βα h ′ βα = 0 for some t βα ∈ F , then α,β t βα h βα = 0. Hence there are the same linear dependencies among h αβ and among h ′ αβ . Taking into account that C( In particular, the map τ is a bijection. By

3.2.
Universal Hopf algebra of a comodule algebra structure. Analogously to the universal group of a grading, we would like to introduce the universal Hopf algebra of a given comodule algebra structure. It will be the initial object of the category C H A defined below. Let A be an H-comodule algebra for a Hopf algebra H and let ζ : H * → End F (A) be the corresponding algebra homomorphism. Consider the category C H A where (1) the objects are H 1 -comodule algebra structures on the algebra A for arbitrary Hopf algebras is the algebra homomorphism corresponding to the H 1 -comodule algebra structure on A; (2) the morphisms from an H 1 -comodule algebra structure on A with the corresponding homomorphism ζ 1 to an H 2 -comodule algebra structure with the corresponding homomorphism ζ 2 are all Hopf algebra homomorphisms τ : H 1 → H 2 such that the following diagram is commutative: Remark 3.6. The commutative diagram (3.4) means that [1] are the H 1 -and H 2 -comodule maps on A, respectively. Hence for all a ∈ A and (3.4) is equivalent to the diagram below: Now we are going to show that C H A possesses an initial object (which is always unique up to an isomorphism).
Recall that by L we denote the left adjoint functor to the forgetful functor U : is an embedding too. Hence for our choice of C(ρ) the algebra A is a right C(ρ)-comodule and therefore a right L(C(ρ))comodule. Now we will factor L(C(ρ)) by a specific Hopf ideal I to turn A into an L(C(ρ))/Icomodule algebra.
Choose a basis (a α ) α in A and h αβ as in the previous section.
Lemma 3.7. Let a α a β = v k v αβ a v for some structure constants k v αβ ∈ F and denote by I 0 the ideal of L(C(ρ)) generated by for all possible choices of indices α, β, γ. Then I 0 is a coideal.
Proof. First of all, note that for every α, β, γ we have and therefore ε(I 0 ) = 0. Moreover, a direct computation using (3.2) gives and obviously the underlined terms belong to I 0 , as desired.
Now define I to be the ideal generated by spaces S n I 0 for all n ∈ N where S is the antipode of L(C(ρ)). Obviously, I is a Hopf ideal and H ρ := L(C(ρ))/I is a Hopf algebra.
Denote byη : C(ρ) → L(C(ρ))/I the map induced by η C(ρ) and define an H ρ -comodule algebra structure κ ρ on A by κ ρ (a α ) := β a β ⊗η(h βα ). The relations (3.5) ensure that A indeed becomes an H ρ -comodule algebra. Proof. We first notice that the embedding C(ρ) ֒→ H induces a homomorphism of Hopf algebras ϕ : L(C(ρ)) → H such that the diagram is commutative. Since A is an H-comodule algebra, the generators (3.5) of I belong to the kernel of ϕ and there exists a homomorphism of Hopf algebrasφ : L(C(ρ))/I → H such that the diagram Hence the mapη is injective and thereforeη : C(ρ) →η(C(ρ)) is a coalgebra isomorphism. Sinceη(C(ρ)) is the support coalgebra of κ ρ , Proposition 3.4 implies that the structure of an H ρ -comodule algebra on A defined by κ ρ belongs to C H A . Suppose now that A is an H 1 -comodule algebra for some other Hopf algebra H 1 and the corresponding comodule structure ρ 1 : A 1 → A 1 ⊗ H 1 is equivalent to ρ. Then by Proposition 3.4 there exists an isomorphism τ 0 : C(ρ) → C(ρ 1 ) such that the following diagram is for a unique homomorphism of Hopf algebras τ 1 : L(C(ρ)) → H 1 . Note that since A is an H 1 -comodule algebra, again all generators (3.5) of the ideal I are in the kernel. Hence we get a homomorphism of Hopf algebras τ : L(C(ρ))/I → H 1 providing the desired arrow in C H A . This arrow is unique since, by Takeuchi's construction of the functor L (see [38]), L(C(ρ))/I is generated as an algebra byη(h αβ ) and their images under S.
We call the pair H ρ , κ ρ the universal Hopf algebra of ρ.
is a pointed coalgebra then the corresponding universal Hopf algebra of ρ is pointed as well. Indeed, it follows from [40,Proposition 3.3] that L(C(ρ)) is pointed and its coradical is given by L(C(ρ)) 0 = F T where T = F G(C(ρ)) is the free group generated by the set G(C(ρ)) of group-like elements of C(ρ). Now since the canonical projection π : L(C(ρ)) → L(C(ρ))/I is a surjective coalgebra homomorphism it follows from [12,Exercise 5.5.2] or [30,Corollary 5.3.5] that L(C(ρ))/I is pointed and its coradical is π F T . Theorem 3.10. Suppose A is a unital H-comodule algebra. Then A is a unital H ρ -comodule coalgebra too. As a consequence, unital comodule structures can be equivalent only to unital comodule structures.
Proof. We can include 1 A into a basis, say, a 1 := 1 A . We have Using induction on k (the base k = 0 has been already proven), we get The equalityη(h 11 )S k (η(h γβ )) = S k (η(h γβ )) is proven analogously. In other words,η(h 11 ) is the identity element of H ρ and A is a unital H ρ -comodule algebra.
Theorem 3.11 below shows that in the case of gradings the construction above yields the group algebra of the universal group of the corresponding grading.
Theorem 3.11. Let Γ : A = g∈G A (g) be a grading on an algebra A by a group G. Denote by ρ : A → A ⊗ F G the corresponding comodule map. Let G Γ be the universal group of Γ and let ρ Γ : A → A ⊗ F G Γ be the corresponding comodule map. Then (F G Γ , ρ Γ ) is the universal Hopf algebra of the comodule structure ρ.
Proof. If H is the group algebra F G for some group G, i.e. A is G-graded, then we can choose (a α ) α to be a homogeneous basis in A. In this case h αβ = 0 for α = β and each h αα is the group element corresponding to the homogeneous component of a α . The generators (3.5) defining I now correspond to the relations defining the universal group of the grading. From Takeuchi's construction [38] it follows that L(C(ρ)) is the group algebra of the free group generated by the support of the grading and H ρ = L(C(ρ))/I is the group algebra of the universal group of the grading.
Theorem 3.12. If ρ : A → A ⊗ H is an H-comodule structure equivalent to a group grading, then there exists a Hopf subalgebra H 1 ⊆ H, isomorphic to a group Hopf algebra, such that Proof. In order to deduce this from Theorem 3.11, it is sufficient to consider the homomorphic image H 1 of L(C(ρ))/I and use the fact that any homomorphism of Hopf algebras maps group-like elements to group-like elements.
Remark 3.15. At this point we should recall that there is another construction in the literature related to the universal Hopf algebra of a comodule algebra, namely Manin's universal coacting Hopf algebra (see for instance [31, Proposition 1.3.8, Remark 2.6.4]). However, the latter construction is different from the one introduced in the present paper as, roughly speaking, it involves all possible coactions on a certain algebra not only those equivalent to a given one. More precisely, if A is a given algebra, it can be easily seen that the universal coacting Hopf algebra of A is precisely the initial object in the category whose objects are all comodule algebra structures on A and the morphisms between two such objects (H 1 , ρ 1 ) and (H 2 , ρ 2 ) are Hopf algebra homomorphisms f : H 1 → H 2 such that the following diagram commutes: A In other words, our construction can be considered as a refinement of Manin's as we get more information on each class of equivalent coactions. Furthermore, note that Manin's universal coacting Hopf algebra was shown to exist only for finite dimensional algebras while our construction can be performed for any arbitrary algebra.  Proof. Note that the surjectivity of can implies C(ρ) = H. Hence for every Hopf algebra H 1 and every H 1 -comodule structure ρ 1 on A equivalent to ρ, there exists a unique coalgebra homomorphism τ : H → H 1 such that

H-comodule
The only thing left to prove now is that τ is a Hopf algebra homomorphism. First, since by Theorem 3.10 unital comodule structures can be equivalent only to unital comodule structures, Second, for every a, b ∈ A we have (3.14) We claim that Choose a basis (h α ) α in H and fix some basis element h β . The surjectivity of can implies that there exist Thus In other words, we have proved (3.15) in the case h = h β . Since β was an arbitrary index and both sides of (3.15) are linear in h, (3.15) is proved for arbitrary h. Fix now arbitrary h ∈ H and some basis element h γ . Again the surjectivity of can implies that there exists c Hence τ (hh γ ) = τ (h)τ (h γ ). Since γ was an arbitrary index, τ is a bialgebra homomorphism and therefore a Hopf algebra homomorphism. Thus (H, ρ) is the universal Hopf algebra of ρ.
Remark 3.17. In the proof of Theorem 3.16 we have used only the surjectivity of can.
If we consider the standard G-grading on the group algebra F G of a group G, then the universal group of this grading is isomorphic to G. In the case of a comodule structure we can obtain a similar result:  Let H be a Hopf algebra and let A be a unital H-module algebra. We denote by A#H the corresponding smash product, i.e. A#H = A ⊗ H as a vector space with multiplication given as follows: where we denote the element a ⊗ h ∈ A ⊗ H by a#h. Then, we have an H-comodule algebra structure on A#H given by: ρ : A#H → (A#H) ⊗ H, ρ(a#h) = a#h (1) ⊗ h (2) Then (A#H) coH ∼ = A and A#H/A is a Hopf-Galois extension by [12,Examples 6.4.8,2)]. Now Theorem 3.16 implies that the universal Hopf algebra of ρ is (H, id A ⊗∆).

Module structures on algebras
4.1. Support equivalence of module structures on algebras. Analogously, we can introduce the notion of equivalence of module structures on algebras.
Definition 4.1. Let A i be H i -module algebras for Hopf algebras H i , i = 1, 2. We say that an isomorphism ϕ : A 1 → A 2 of algebras is a support equivalence of module algebra structures on A 1 and A 2 ifφ where ζ i is the module algebra structure on A i and the isomorphismφ : is defined by the conjugation by ϕ. In this case we call module algebra structures on A 1 and A 2 support equivalent via the isomorphism ϕ and, as in the comodule algebra case, we will say just equivalent for short.
It is easy to see that each equivalence of module algebra structures maps H 1 -submodules to H 2 -submodules. In Lemma 5.11 below we show that one can identify the corresponding relatively free H 1 -and H 2 -module algebras and codimensions of polynomial H-identities for equivalent algebras coincide.
Note that if an H-module algebra A is unital then the identity element 1 A is a common eigenvector for all operators from H and it retains this property for all equivalent module algebra structures. The proposition below implies that if the original module algebra structure is unital, then all module algebra structures equivalent to it are unital too. Proposition 4.3. Let A be an H-module algebra for some Hopf algebra H. Suppose there exists the identity element 1 A ∈ A such that 1 A is a common eigenvector for all operators from H. Then A is a unital H-module algebra.
Proof. Denote by λ ∈ H * the linear function such that h1 and A is a unital H-module algebra.
It is well known that if H is a finite dimensional Hopf algebra, then H * is a Hopf algebra too and the notions of an H-module and H * -comodule algebras coincide ([12, Proposition 6.2.4]). Proof. Follows directly from the definitions.

4.2.
Universal Hopf algebra of a module algebra structure. Analogously to the case of comodule algebras, if A is an H-module algebra for a Hopf algebra H and ζ : H → End F (A) is the corresponding algebra homomorphism, one can consider the category H C A where (1) the objects are H 1 -module algebra structures on the algebra A for arbitrary Hopf algebras H 1 over F such that ζ 1 (H 1 ) = ζ(H) where ζ 1 : H 1 → End F (A) is the algebra homomorphism corresponding to the H 1 -module algebra structure on A; (2) the morphisms from an H 1 -module algebra structure on A with the corresponding homomorphism ζ 1 to an H 2 -module algebra structure with the corresponding homomorphism ζ 2 are all Hopf algebra homomorphisms τ : H 1 → H 2 such that the following diagram is commutative: Recall that by R : Alg F → Hopf F we denote the right adjoint functor for the forgetful functor U : Hopf F → Alg F . The counit of this adjunction is denoted by µ : UR ⇒ id Alg F . Suppose ζ 1 : H 1 → End F (A) is a structure of an H 1 -module algebra on A that is equivalent to ζ. Then ζ 1 (H 1 ) = ζ(H) and there exists a unique Hopf algebra homomorphism ϕ 1 : H 1 → R(ζ(H)) such that the following diagram commutes: where we denoteμ = µ ζ(H) . Now consider a subalgebra H ζ of R(ζ(H)) generated by ϕ 1 (H 1 ) for all such structures ζ 1 . Obviously, H ζ is a Hopf algebra. Let ψ ζ :=μ H ζ .
Theorem 4.5. The homomorphism ψ ζ defines on A a structure of an H ζ -module algebra which is the terminal object in H C A .
Proof. An arbitrary element h 0 of H ζ can be presented as a linear combination of elements H)) are homomorphisms of Hopf algebras, and each homomorphismμϕ i defines on A a structure of an H i -module algebra equivalent to ζ. Hence Note that the comultiplication in the middle is calculated each time in the corresponding Hopf algebra H i . Also we have used that each ϕ i is, in particular, a homomorphism of coalgebras. Therefore A is an H ζ -module algebra. Now the choice of H ζ ⊆ R(ζ(H)) implies that (H ζ , ψ ζ ) is the terminal object of H C A .
If ζ 1 and ζ 2 are two module structures on A and ζ 2 (H 2 ) ⊆ ζ 1 (H 1 ), we say that ζ 1 is finer than ζ 2 and ζ 2 is coarser than ζ 1 . Again, id A is an equivalence of ζ 1 and ζ 2 if and only if ζ 1 is both finer and coarser than ζ 2 . Note that we could define H ζ as a subalgebra of R(ζ(H)) generated by the images of all Hopf algebras whose action is coarser than ζ. Then the action of H ζ would still be equivalent to ζ, but the proof of Theorem 4.5 would imply that H ζ is universal not only among module structures equivalent to ζ, but also among all the module structures coarser than ζ. The uniqueness of H ζ implies that the original H ζ satisfies this property too, i.e. H ζ is universal among all the module structures coarser than ζ.
As in the case of comodule algebra structures, we will see that taking the universal Hopf algebra of a module algebra yields a functor. Indeed, given an algebra A we define the category A C as follows: (1) the objects are pairs (H, ζ) where H is a Hopf algebra and ζ : H → End F (A) is a left H-module algebra structure on A; (2) the morphisms between two objects (H, ζ) and (H ′ , ζ ′ ) are algebra homomorphisms λ : ζ(H) → ζ ′ (H ′ ) such that the following diagram is commutative: (Hereζ andζ ′ are natural embeddings.) Note that the existence of an arrow from (H, ζ) to (H ′ , ζ ′ ) just means that ζ is coarser than ζ ′ and A C is just the preorder of all module structures on A with respect to the relation "coarser/finer".
Moreover, any morphism λ : ζ(H) → ζ ′ (H ′ ) in A C induces a unique Hopf algebra homomorphism λ : R(ζ(H)) → R(ζ ′ (H ′ )) such that the following diagram commutes: Indeed, the existence of the arrow λ implies that ζ ′ is coarser than ζ. Hence, if an H 1 -module structure ζ 1 is coarser than ζ, then ζ 1 is coarser than ζ ′ too andλ maps the image of H 1 in R(ζ(H)) to H ′ ζ ′ . We can now define the desired functor: Theorem 4.6. There exists a functor G : A C → Hopf F given as follows: Proof. We only need to prove that G respects composition of morphisms. To this end, let (H, ζ), (H ′ , ζ ′ ) and (H ′′ , ζ ′′ ) be objects in A C and λ 1 : where λ 1 and λ 2 are the unique Hopf algebra homomorphisms such that the following diagrams commute: Moreover, G(λ 2 λ 1 ) = λ 2 λ 1 H ζ where λ 2 λ 1 is the unique Hopf algebra homomorphism which makes the following diagram commutative: Using (4.3) one can easily check that λ 2 λ 1 makes the above diagram commutative as well and therefore we obtain G(λ 2 λ 1 ) = G(λ 2 )G(λ 1 ). This finishes the proof.
Thus (H * (M(A, A)), θ (β ⊗ 1 A )) is the terminal object in the category whose objects are all module algebra structures on A and the morphisms between two such objects (H 1 , ψ 1 ) and (H 2 , ψ 2 ) are Hopf algebra homomorphisms f : H 1 → H 2 such that the following diagram is commutative: We call (H * (M(A, A)), θ (β ⊗ 1 A )) the universal acting Hopf algebra of the algebra A. For further details as well as the construction of the (co)universal acting Hopf algebra of a coalgebra we refer to [3].  Proof. Indeed, if λ, µ ∈ H * , we have for all h, t ∈ H and hε = ε(h)ε. Hence ζ is a unital H-module structure on the algebra H * . Consider a H 1 -module structure ζ 1 : H 1 → End F (H * ) such that ζ 1 (H 1 ) = ζ(H). Then Proposition 4.3 implies that ζ 1 is a unital module structure. Note that ζ is an embedding. Hence if we restrict the codomain End F (H * ) of ζ and ζ 1 to ζ 1 (H 1 ) = ζ(H), the map ζ becomes an isomorphism between H and ζ(H) and there exists exactly one unital homomorphism τ : H 1 → H of algebras such that the diagram below is commutative: This map τ satisfies the following equality: for all h ∈ H 1 , t ∈ H, λ ∈ H * . In order to show that τ is a homomorphism of Hopf algebras, it is enough to show that τ is a homomorphism of coalgebras. Substituting in (4. Considering arbitrary λ 1 , λ 2 ∈ H * and using (4.4) once again, we obtain (2) ).
Since λ 1 , λ 2 ∈ H * were arbitrary, we get τ (h (1) ) ⊗τ (h (2) ) = τ (h) (1) ⊗τ (h) (2) for all h ∈ H and τ is indeed a homomorphism of coalgebras. Therefore, (H, ζ) is the universal Hopf algebra of ζ.  Proof. The density of the image of can implies that for every h = 0 there exist a, b ∈ A such that a(hb) = 0. In other words, ker ζ = 0. Hence for every Hopf algebra H 1 and every H 1 -module structure ζ 1 on A equivalent to ζ via id A , there exists a unique algebra homomorphism τ : H 1 → H such that the diagram below is commutative:

H-module
The only thing we need to prove now is that τ is a Hopf algebra homomorphism. First, since A is a unital H-module algebra, by Proposition 4.3, A is a unital H 1 -module algebra too. Hence ε(h)1 A = h1 A = τ (h)1 A = ε(τ (h))1 A for all h ∈ H 1 . Therefore ε(h) = ε(τ (h)).
Let (h α ) α be a basis in H. We claim that for every λ αβ ∈ F such that only a finite number of them is nonzero, the condition α,β λ αβ (h α a)(h β b) = 0 for all a, b ∈ A (4.5) implies λ αβ = 0 for all α, β. Indeed, suppose (4.5) holds. Let Λ be a finite set of indices such that λ αβ = 0 unless α, β ∈ Λ. The density of the image of can implies that for every γ there exist Then by (4.5) for every b ∈ A and every γ we have Now ker ζ = 0 implies β λ γβ h β = 0 and λ γβ = 0 for all β, γ.
Remark 4.10. In the proof of Theorem 4.9 we have used only the density of the image of can.

5.1.
Rational actions of affine algebraic groups. Let G be an affine algebraic group over an algebraically closed field F and let O(G) be the algebra of regular functions on G.
Then O(G) is a Hopf algebra where the comultiplication ∆ and the antipode S are induced by, respectively, the multiplication and taking the inverse element in G, and the counit ε of O(G) is just the calculation of the value at 1 G . (See the details e.g. in [1,Chapter 4].) Suppose G is acting rationally by automorphisms on a finite dimensional algebra A, i.e. for a given basis a 1 , . . . , a n in A there exist ω ij ∈ O(G), where 1 i, j n, such that ga j = n i=1 ω ij (g)a i for all 1 j n and g ∈ G. This implies that A is an Hence three Hopf algebras are acting on A: O(G) • , F G and U(g) (the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra g). In Theorem 5.2 below we prove that all three actions are equivalent in the case when G is connected. In order to show this, we need an auxiliary lemma, that is a generalization of [22, Lemma 3].
Lemma 5.1. Let V be a comodule over a coalgebra C with coaction map ρ : V → V ⊗ C. Suppose that there exists a finite dimensional subcoalgebra D ⊆ C such that ρ(V ) ⊆ V ⊗ D (e.g. V is finite dimensional itself ). Let ζ : C * → End F (V ) be the corresponding action of the algebra C * on V defined by c * v := c * (v (1) )v (0) for c * ∈ C * and v ∈ V . Let A ⊆ C * be a dense subalgebra, i.e. A ⊥ := {c ∈ C | a(c) = 0 for all a ∈ A} = 0. Then ζ(A) = ζ(C * ).
Proof. It is sufficient to show that the restriction of both C * and A to D coincides with D * . The first one is obvious since every linear function on D can be extended to a linear function on the whole C. The second is proved as follows. The elements of A viewed as linear functions on D form a subspace W in D * . If W = D * , the finite dimensionality of D implies that there exists d ∈ D, d = 0, such that w(d) = 0 for all w ∈ W . As a consequence, d ∈ A ⊥ and we get a contradiction to the density of A in C * . Therefore, the restriction of A to D coincides with D * , we have ζ(c * ) = ζ(a) for any a ∈ A, c * ∈ C * such that c * D = a D which finally implies ζ(A) = ζ(C * ). Now we are ready to prove the theorem.

5.2.
Actions of cocommutative Hopf algebras. If we restrict our consideration to actions of cocommutative Hopf algebras, we can define the notion of a universal cocommutative Hopf algebra of a given action, i.e. such a Hopf algebra whose action is universal among all actions of cocommutative Hopf algebras equivalent to a given one. Besides its own interest, the universal cocommutative Hopf algebra can help calculating the Hopf algebra H that is universal among equivalent actions of all Hopf algebras, not necessarily cocommutative ones, if one manages to prove that H is cocommutative too, as we do in Proposition 5.6 below.
Analogously to the case of arbitrary Hopf algebras, if A is an H-module algebra for a cocommutative Hopf algebra H and ζ : H → End F (A) is the corresponding algebra homomorphism, one can consider the category H C coc A where (1) the objects are H 1 -module algebra structures on the algebra A for cocommutative Hopf algebras H 1 over F such that ζ 1 (H 1 ) = ζ(H) where ζ 1 : H 1 → End F (A) is the algebra homomorphism corresponding to the H 1 -module algebra structure on A; (2) the morphisms from an H 1 -module algebra structure on A with the corresponding homomorphism ζ 1 to an H 2 -module algebra structure with the corresponding homomorphism ζ 2 are all Hopf algebra homomorphisms τ : H 1 → H 2 such that the following diagram is commutative: is a structure of an H 1 -module algebra on A that is equivalent to ζ. Then ζ 1 (H 1 ) = ζ(H) and there exists a unique Hopf algebra homomorphism ϕ 1 : H 1 → R(ζ(H)) such that the following diagram commutes: The same argument as in Theorem 4.5 shows that (H coc ζ , ψ coc ζ ) is a terminal object in H C coc A . We call this terminal object the universal cocommutative Hopf algebra of ζ.
In the case of an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, the Cartier-Gabriel-Kostant theorem (see e.g. [30,Corollary 5.6.4 and Theorem 5.6.5]) allows us to give a concrete description of the universal cocommutative Hopf algebra, using a similar technique as in [24].  where U(ζ(H)) is the group of invertible elements of the algebra ζ(H) and Der(A) is the Lie algebra of derivations of A viewed as a subspace of End F (A). Define H 0 to be the Hopf algebra which as a coalgebra is just U(L 0 ) ⊗ F G 0 , as an algebra is the smash product U(L 0 ) # F G 0 (the G 0 -action on L 0 is the standard one by conjugations) and the antipode is defined by for all w ∈ U(L 0 ) and g ∈ G 0 . Then (H 0 , ζ 0 ) is the terminal object in H C coc It is not difficult to see (using, say, the techniques of [30,Proposition 5.5.3,2)]) that the Lie algebra of primitive elements of H 0 = U(L 0 ) # F G 0 coincides with L 0 ⊗ 1, which we identify with L 0 , while the group of group-like elements of H 0 coincides with 1 ⊗ G 0 , which we identify with G 0 . Since τ (if it indeed exists) maps group-like elements to group-like ones and primitive elements to primitive ones, we must have τ (G 1 ) ⊆ G 0 and τ (L 1 ) ⊆ L 0 . Note that ζ 0 G 0 = id G 0 and ζ 0 L 0 = id L 0 . Hence τ G 1 and τ L 1 are uniquely determined by ζ 1 G 1 : G 1 → G 0 and ζ 1 L 1 : L 1 → L 0 . Since H 1 is generated as an algebra by G 1 and L 1 , there exists at most one Hopf algebra homomorphism τ : H 1 → H 0 such that ζ 0 τ = ζ 1 . Now we define τ to be the Hopf algebra homomorphism induced by ζ 1 G 1 and ζ 1 L 1 .
Below we provide a criterion for universal cocommutative and universal Hopf algebras to coincide: Theorem 5.4. Let A be an H-module algebra for a cocommutative Hopf algebra H over an algebraically closed field F of characteristic 0 and let ζ : H → End F (A) be the corresponding algebra homomorphism. Then the universal cocommutative Hopf algebra (H coc ζ , ψ coc ζ ) of ζ is its universal Hopf algebra if and only if every Hopf algebra action ζ 1 : H 1 → End F (A) equivalent to ζ factors through some cocommutative Hopf algebra H 2 , i.e. there exists a Hopf algebra action ζ 2 : H 2 → End F (A) and a Hopf algebra homomorphism θ making the diagram below commutative: Proof. The "only if" part follows immediately from the definition of the universal Hopf algebra of an action.
Suppose that every Hopf algebra action equivalent to ζ factors through some cocommutative Hopf algebra H 2 . Without loss of generality we may assume that the corresponding homomorphism θ is surjective and therefore the H 2 -action is equivalent to ζ. Since every such H 2 is cocommutative, this implies that every Hopf algebra action equivalent to ζ factors through ψ coc ζ . Consider now the universal Hopf algebra (H ζ , ψ ζ ) of ζ. The universal property of ψ ζ and the fact that ψ ζ factors through ψ coc ζ too imply that there exist Hopf algebra homomorphisms θ 1 , θ 2 making the diagram below commutative: Now the uniqueness of the comparison maps in the definitions of both ψ ζ and ψ coc ζ imply that θ 1 θ 2 = id H ζ and θ 2 θ 1 = id H coc ζ . In particular, we may identify (H ζ , ψ ζ ) with (H coc ζ , ψ coc ζ ). Now we give an example of an action of a cocommutative Hopf algebra with a noncocommutative universal Hopf algebra. This will show that the universal cocommutative Hopf algebra does not always coincide with the universal Hopf algebra. In fact, it is sufficient to present an algebra A with an H-action equivalent to an action of a cocommutative Hopf algebra such that (h (1) a)(h (2) Then such an H-action can never factor through a cocommutative algebra. Let us present an example of this situation. Since the gradings are equivalent, by Theorem 2.7 the corresponding (F S 3 ) * -and (F (Z/4Z)) * -actions are equivalent too, while (F (Z/4Z)) * is commutative cocommutative and (F S 3 ) * is commutative non-cocommutative. In view of the above, to prove that the universal Hopf algebra of these actions is not cocommutative, it suffices to show that there exists an element h ∈ (F S 3 ) * such that (h (1) a)(h (2) Recall that if G is a finite group and (h g ) g∈G is the basis of (F G) * dual to the basis (g) g∈G of F G, the comultiplication on (F G) * is given by ∆h g = st=g h s ⊗ h t . Hence Therefore the dual base element h (123) in (F S 3 ) * satisfies the needed property and hence the universal Hopf algebra is not cocommutative.
Recall that Theorem 3.11 asserts that the universal Hopf algebra of a coaction that corresponds to a group grading is just the group algebra of the universal group of the grading. In Proposition 5.6 below we show that the analogous result for group actions does not hold, i.e. the universal Hopf algebra of a group action is not necessarily a group algebra. In addition, here we demonstrate how the notion of the universal cocommutative Hopf algebra can be used to calculate the universal Hopf algebra.
where F is an algebraically closed field, char F = 0. Consider G be the cyclic group of order 2 with the generator c. Define a G-action on A by cx = −x. Then the universal Hopf algebra of the corresponding F G-action ζ 0 : F G → End F (A) equals (H, ζ) where H = F [y] ⊗ F F × as an algebra and a coalgebra where the coalgebra structure on F [y] is defined by ∆(y) = 1 ⊗ y + y ⊗ 1 and ε(y) = 0. The antipode S of H and the action ζ : H → End F (A) are defined by S(y k ⊗ λ) = (−1) k y k ⊗ λ −1 and ζ(y k ⊗ λ)x = λ for k ∈ Z + and λ ∈ F × . In particular, H is not a group algebra since it contains non-trivial primitive elements.
By Theorem 5.4, in order to show that (H, ζ) is universal as a not necessarily cocommutative Hopf algebra, it is sufficient to show that any other Hopf algebra action ζ 1 : H 1 → End F (A) equivalent to ζ 0 , factors through a cocommutative Hopf algebra. Suppose is an H 1 -module structure on A equivalent to ζ 0 . Then ζ 1 (H 1 ) is the algebra of all diagonal 2 × 2 matrices. In particular,x is a common eigenvector of operators from H 1 . Define ϕ ∈ H * 1 by hx = ϕ(h)x for all h ∈ H 1 . Then ϕ : H 1 → F is a unital algebra homomorphism and therefore a group-like element of the Hopf algebra H • . At the same time Proposition 4.3 implies h1 = ε(h)1 for all h ∈ H 1 .
The powers ϕ k , k ∈ Z, of the element ϕ in the group G(H • ) of the group-like elements of H • are defined by the formula for k = 0, ϕ(Sh (1) ) . . . ϕ(Sh (k) ) for k −1 for every h ∈ H 1 . Let Since all ϕ k : H 1 → F are unital algebra homomorphisms, I is an ideal. Moreover, as we include in the definition of I the negative powers of ϕ too, we have SI ⊆ I.
We claim that I is a coideal too, i.e. ∆(I) ⊆ H 1 ⊗ I + I ⊗ H 1 . We first notice that The inclusion is obvious. In order to prove the converse inclusion, we choose a basis (a α ) α∈Λ 1 ∪Λ 2 in H 1 that contains a basis (a α ) α∈Λ 1 of I. Suppose where only a finite number of coefficients γ αβ ∈ F are nonzero. From the definition of I we obtain α,β∈Λ 1 ∪Λ 2 γ αβ ϕ k (a α )a β ∈ I for every k ∈ Z.
The properties of a α imply that for all β ∈ Λ 2 Hence γ αβ = 0 for all α, β ∈ Λ 2 . Therefore w ∈ H 1 ⊗ I + I ⊗ H 1 and (5.1) follows. Since for every k, ℓ ∈ Z and h ∈ I we have the S-invariant ideal I is a coideal and therefore a Hopf ideal.
Recall that I ⊆ ker ε ∩ ker ϕ. Hence the homomorphism ζ 1 factors through the Hopf algebra H 1 /I, i.e. the following diagram is commutative: where π : H 1 ։ H 1 /I is the natural surjective homomorphism.
In order to show that H 1 /I is cocommutative, it is sufficient to prove that By (5.1) it is sufficient to check that Therefore H 1 /I is cocommutative, as desired.

Unital module structures on F [x]
/(x 2 ). In this section we classify all unital module structures on F [x]/(x 2 ). Throughout, H 4 denotes the Sweedler Hopf algebra. Recall that H 4 is generated as an algebra by two elements c and v subject to the relations c 2 = 1, v 2 = 0 and vc = −cv while the coalgebra structure and the antipode are given as follows: where H is a Hopf algebra, char F = 2. Then ζ is equivalent to one of the following module structures on A: (1) the action of F on A by the multiplication by scalars; (2) the F G-action, where G = c 2 , defined by cx = −x; (3) the H 4 -action defined by c1 =1, cx = −x, v1 = 0, vx =1.

5.4.
Polynomial H-identities. In this section we will show that the module algebras classified in the previous section all satisfy the analog of Amitsur's conjecture for polynomial H-identities.
We begin with a quick introduction into the theory of polynomial H-identities (see also [8,10,21]). All algebras in this section are associative, but not necessarily unital.
We denote by F X the free non-unital associative algebra on the countable set X = {x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , . . .}, i.e. the algebra of all polynomials without a constant term in non-commuting variables x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , . . . with coefficients from F . Then F X = ∞ n=1 F X (n) where F X (n) is the linear span of monomials of total degree n.
Let H be a Hopf algebra. Then the free non-unital associative H-module algebra on X is and (v 1 ⊗w 1 )(v 2 ⊗w 2 ) := v 1 v 2 ⊗w 1 ⊗w 2 for v 1 ∈ F X (k) , v 2 ∈ F X (ℓ) , w 1 ∈ H ⊗k , w 2 ∈ H ⊗ℓ , k, ℓ ∈ N. We use the notation x h 1 i 1 . . . x hn in := x i 1 . . . x in ⊗ h 1 ⊗ h 2 ⊗ · · · ⊗ h n . Let (h α ) α∈Λ be a basis in H. Then F X|H is isomorphic as an algebra to the free non-unital associative algebra on the set {x hα n | n ∈ N, α ∈ Λ}. Now we identify X with the subset {x 1 n | n ∈ N} ⊆ F X|H . Denote by ι : X → F X|H the corresponding embedding. Then F X|H satisfies the following universal property: for any map ϕ : X → B where B is an H-module algebra there exists a unique homomorphism of algebras and H-modulesφ : F X|H → B such that the following diagram commutes: On the generatorsφ is defined as follows: . . x hn in = (h 1 ϕ(x i 1 )) . . . (h n ϕ(x in )). Remark 5.8. Note that in a similar way one can define the free H-module algebra on any set. Then F −|H becomes the left adjoint functor to the forgetful functor from the category of not necessarily unital associative H-module algebras to the category of sets. The algebra F X|H / Id H (A) is called the relatively free H-module algebra of the variety of H-module algebras generated by A. Indeed, it is easy to see that F X|H / Id H (A) satisfies the same universal property as F X|H except that we consider only H-module algebras B satisfying Id H (A) ⊆ Id H (B).
The classification of all varieties of algebras with respect to their ideals of polynomial identities seems to be a wild problem. This is the reason why numeric characteristics of polynomial identities are studied. One of the most important numeric characteristics is the codimension sequence.
Let P H n := x h 1 σ(1) x h 2 σ(2) . . . x hn σ(n) | σ ∈ S n , h i ∈ H H ⊂ F X|H where S n is the nth symmetric group and n ∈ N. The elements of P H n are called multilinear H-polynomials and the elements of P H n ∩ Id H (A) are called multilinear polynomial H-identities of A.
Using the linearization process [15, Section 1.3], it is not difficult to see that over a field of characteristic 0 every polynomial H-identity of an H-module algebra A is equivalent to a finite set of multilinear polynomial H-identities of A. Therefore the spaces P In the case when H = F we obtain ordinary polynomial identities and their codimensions. In the case when H = (F G) * for some finite group G, every H-module algebra A is just a G-graded algebra. Here one can introduce graded polynomial identities and their codimensions c G-gr n (A), however it turns out that c G-gr n (A) = c (F G) * n (A) for every n ∈ N [16, Lemma 1].
In the 1980's, a conjecture concerning the asymptotic behaviour of codimensions of ordinary polynomial identities was made by S. A. Amitsur [15,Conjecture 6.1.3]. This conjecture was proved in 1999 by A. Giambruno  Conjecture 5.10 was proved in [16,Theorem 3] for H finite dimensional semisimple (this result was later generalized by Ya. Karasik [27] for the case when A is a not necessarily finite dimensional PI-algebra) and in [17,Theorem 1] for H-module algebras A such that the Jacobson radical J(A) is an H-submodule (the requirement that A/J(A) is a direct sum of H-simple algebras is satisfied by [35,Theorem 1.1], [36,Lemma 4.2]). In the case when J(A) is not an H-submodule, the conjecture was proved only for Hopf algebras H that are iterated Ore extensions of finite dimensional semisimple Hopf algebras [21,Corollary 7.4].
The notion of equivalence of module structures reduces drastically the number of cases one has to consider in order to prove Conjecture 5.10: Lemma 5.11. Let ζ 1 : H 1 → End F (A 1 ) and ζ 2 : H 2 → End F (A 2 ) be equivalent module structures on algebras A 1 and A 2 . Then there exists an algebra isomorphism F X|H 1 / Id H 1 (A 1 ) → F X|H 2 / Id H 2 (A 2 ) that for every n ∈ N restricts to an isomorphism .
Comparing degrees of H-polynomials, we getξ Proof. Lemma 5.11 implies that it is sufficient to prove (5.8) for module structures described in Theorem 5.7. In the first two cases the Jacobson radical of F [x]/(x 2 ), which equals Fx, is H-invariant, i.e. d = 1 and (5.8) follows from [17,Theorem 1]. In the last case F [x]/(x 2 ) is an H 4 -simple algebra (see [19,20]