New solution of a problem of Kolmogorov on width asymptotics in holomorphic function spaces

Given a domain $D$ in $\mathbb{C}^n$ and $K$ a compact subset of $D$, the set $\mathcal{A}_K^D$ of all restrictions of functions holomorphic on $D$ the modulus of which is bounded by $1$ is a compact subset of the Banach space $C(K)$ of continuous functions on $K$. The sequence $(d_m(\mathcal{A}_K^D))_{m\in \mathbb{N}}$ of Kolmogorov $m$-widths of $\mathcal{A}_K^D$ provides a measure of the degree of compactness of the set $\mathcal{A}_K^D$ in $C(K)$ and the study of its asymptotics has a long history, essentially going back to Kolmogorov's work on $\epsilon$-entropy of compact sets in the 1950s. In the 1980s Zakharyuta showed that for suitable $D$ and $K$ the asymptotics \begin{equation*} \lim_{m\to \infty}\frac{- \log d_m(\mathcal{A}_K^D)}{m^{1/n}} = 2\pi \left ( \frac{n!}{C(K,D)}\right ) ^{1/n}\,, \end{equation*} where $C(K,D)$ is the Bedford-Taylor relative capacity of $K$ in $D$ is implied by a conjecture, now known as Zakharyuta's Conjecture, concerning the approximability of the regularised relative extremal function of $K$ and $D$ by certain pluricomplex Green functions. Zakharyuta's Conjecture was proved by Nivoche in 2004 thus settling the asymptotics above at the same time. We shall give a new proof of the asymptotics above for $D$ strictly hyperconvex and $K$ of non-zero Lebesgue measure which does not rely on Zakharyuta's Conjecture. Instead we proceed more directly by a two-pronged approach establishing sharp upper and lower bounds for the Kolmogorov widths. The lower bounds follow from concentration results of independent interest for the eigenvalues of a certain family of Toeplitz operators, while the upper bounds follow from an application of the Bergman-Weil formula together with an exhaustion procedure by special holomorphic polyhedra.

, ( where C(K, D) is the Bedford-Taylor relative capacity of K in D is implied by a conjecture, now known as Zakharyuta's Conjecture, concerning the approximability of the regularised relative extremal function of K and D by certain pluricomplex Green functions. Zakharyuta's Conjecture was proved by Nivoche in 2004 thus settling (1) at the same time.
We shall give a new proof of the asymptotics (1) for D strictly hyperconvex and K of non-zero Lebesgue measure which does not rely on Zakharyuta's Conjecture. Instead we proceed more directly by a two-pronged approach establishing sharp upper and lower bounds for the Kolmogorov widths. The lower bounds follow from concentration results of independent interest for the eigenvalues of a certain family of Toeplitz operators, while the upper bounds follow from an application of the Bergman-Weil formula together with an exhaustion procedure by special holomorphic polyhedra.
1. Introduction 1.1. Kolmogorov's problem. In the 1930s approximation theory received a new impetus, when Kolmogorov [Kol36] introduced the concept of the width (or diameter) of a compact set: given a normed linear space (X, · ) and C ⊂ X a compact subset, then, for any m ∈ N, the Kolmogorov m-width of C in X is the quantity where the outermost infimum is taken over subspaces L of X. The sequence (d m (C, X)) m∈N provides a measure of how well the compact subset C can be approximated by finite-dimensional subspaces of X.
In the 1950s, Kolmogorov returned to approximation theory through his work on complexity theory, such as his study [Kol58] of Vitushkin's work on Hilbert's 13th problem about the complexity of function spaces, in which he proved that the space of analytic functions of n variables is "larger" than the space of analytic functions of m variables when n > m. Drawing inspiration from Shannon's information theory [Sha48], Kolmogorov [Kol56] introduced the concept of the ǫ-entropy of a compact set C in a metric space X. Given any ǫ > 0, there is a covering of C by subsets of X with diameters not exceeding 2ǫ. Denoting the smallest cardinality of such a covering by N ǫ (C, X), the ǫ-entropy H ǫ (C, X) of C in X is given by 1 H ǫ (C, X) = log N ǫ (C, X) .
The family (H ǫ (C, X)) ǫ>0 thus quantifies the degree of compactness of C.
The determination of entropies and widths of classes of functions has several purposes. Firstly, it can produce new invariants making it possible to distinguish and classify function sets in infinite dimensional spaces. The meaning of the fundamental concept of "number of variables" often manifests itself in this way. Secondly, computations of widths and entropies foster the creation of new methods of approximation. Thirdly, it produces stimuli for computational mathematics by giving directions for the creation of the most expedient algorithms to solve practical problems. A more thorough discussion of this circle of ideas can be found in the original papers [Tik60, KT61,Mit61], in the monograph [Tik90], or in the selected works of Kolmogorov on Information Theory [Kol93], containing a reprint of [KT61].
For a fixed compact set C in X, the computation of the exact value of H ǫ (C, X) for each ǫ > 0 is a rather difficult task. The determination of the corresponding asymptotic order as ǫ tends to zero, however, turns out to be more manageable even in infinite-dimensional spaces. The first results in this direction are due to Kolmogorov and Tikhomirov [KT61], who determined the asymptotic order of the ǫ-entropy of analytic functions of n variables defined on a bounded domain in R n extending analytically to some domain in C n .
More precisely, suppose we are given a domain D in C n containing a compact set K. Write H ∞ (D) for the Banach space of all bounded, holomorphic functions in D endowed with the sup-norm and C(K) for the space of all continuous functions on the compact set K equipped with the sup-norm. By Montel's theorem, the set A D K of restrictions of functions in the unit ball of H ∞ (D) is a compact subset of C(K). Kolmogorov and Tikhomirov [KT61] showed that, under natural assumptions on D and K, the asymptotic order of H ǫ (A D K ) = H ǫ (A D K , C(K)) is log(ǫ −1 ) n+1 , that is, there is a constant M > 1 such that The existence of the limit lim ǫ→0 H ǫ (A D K ) (log(ǫ −1 )) n+1 , and its precise value, however, remained open.
In the one-dimensional case, the problem of showing the existence of the limit was raised by Kolmogorov (see [Kol93,p 134]) and solved in the late 1950s, with various generalisations throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The quantity central to this quest turned out to be the capacity C(K, D) of the compact set K relative to the domain D, which we now recall. Suppose that we can solve the Dirichlet problem on D \ K. Let u be the relative extremal function for K in D, that is, the unique harmonic function in D \ K, continuous on the closure of D \ K, equal to 0 in ∂D and equal to −1 on ∂K. With Γ denoting a smooth contour separating K from ∂D, and n the normal to Γ directed from K to ∂D, the relative capacity C(K, D) is given by The solution of Kolmogorov's problem in dimension one can now be formulated as follows (see [Ero58,Bab58,LT68,Wid72]): Let ∂D have positive logarithmic capacity (that is, ∂D is non-polar) and let C \ D have a countable set of connected components. Then 2π .
The solution of Kolmogorov's problem for functions of several variables remained elusive, although the solution for one variable makes it possible to solve it for several variables in special cases, for instance when K and D are Cartesian products of one-dimensional sets (see [Zak85,Zah94]).
In the 1980s, with the development of pluripotential theory, in particular with the introduction of different types of extremal plurisubharmonic functions with respect to the complex Monge-Ampère operator, the setting of the problem could be formulated precisely. For this we need to recall some definitions and properties relating to relative extremal functions and relative capacity.
If D is an open set in C n and E a subset of D, the relative extremal function for E in D (see [Zah77,Bed80a,Kli81,Kli82,Sic81,Sad81,BT82]) is defined as Here and in the following, we write 'psh' for 'plurisubharmonic', a notion that replaces the notion of subharmonicity in one variable. It turns out that the upper semicontinuous regularisation u * E,D of u E,D is psh on D. In one variable, u * E,D is closely related to harmonic measure. In several variables, the natural context for the study of this function is provided by hyperconvex domains: a domain D in C n is said to be hyperconvex if there exists a continuous plurisubharmonic exhaustion function ̺ : D → (−∞, 0). In one dimension, a domain D is hyperconvex if and only if we are able to solve the Dirichlet problem on D. In several variables, every hyperconvex domain is pseudoconvex (or holomorphically convex) and every pseudoconvex domain is the union of an increasing sequence of hyperconvex domains. Note that if D is an open set and E a non-pluripolar relatively compact subset of D, then D is hyperconvex if and only if for any point w ∈ ∂D we have lim z→w u E,D (z) = 0.
For later use, we note that if D is a bounded hyperconvex open set and K ⊂ D is a compact set, then we say that K is regular in D if u * K,D is a continuous function. In one complex variable, u K,D is harmonic in D \ K and ∆u K,D is a positive measure supported on K. In several variables, the Laplace operator is replaced by the complex Monge-Ampère operator (dd c ) n , defined as the nth exterior power of dd c = 2i∂∂, that is, Here, d = ∂ +∂ and d c = i(∂ − ∂).
In one variable the complex Monge-Ampère operator is equal to the Laplace operator ∆, since dd c = ∆ dx ∧ dy in R 2 or C. In several variables, if D is a hyperconvex domain in C n containing a compact subset K, then u * K,D is maximal on D \K and (dd c u * K,D ) n = 0 on D \K. In this case, the complex Monge-Ampère operator (dd c u * K,D ) n is well defined and turns out to be a positive measure supported on K [Kli91, Section 4.5].
The relative capacity of K in D (see [Bed80b,BT82]) is defined as where P SH(Ω, I) denotes the set of all psh functions on a domain Ω in C n with values in an interval I ⊂ R. It turns out that for D a hyperconvex domain in C n and K a compact subset of D, the relative extremal function and the relative capacity are related as follows [Kli91, Section 4.6]: Note that C(K, D) < ∞ by the Chern-Levine-Nirenberg estimate (see, for example, [Kli91, Proposition 3.4.2]). Note also that the previous definition of C(K, D) in dimension one coincides with the more general one given above, since by Green's formula.
For later use, we also note that u K D ,D = u K,D , where K D is the holomorphically convex hull of the compact subset K in the holomorphically convex open set D. Thus, we can suppose without any restriction that K is holomorphically convex in D, that is K = K D .
In the 1980s, using the generalisation of the notion of relative capacity to higher dimensions given above, Zakharyuta [Zak85] formulated a more precise version of Kolmogorov's problem.
Kolmogorov's Problem for the ǫ-entropy. For D a domain in C n and K a compact subset of D show that In [Zak85] Zakharyuta provided a sketch that Kolmogorov's problem could be solved provided that a certain conjecture, now known as Zakharyuta's Conjecture, could be established. More detailed accounts of this reduction were provided in [Zah94,Zak09,Zak11a]. Zakharyuta's Conjecture concerns the approximability of the regularised relative extremal function of K and D by pluricomplex Green functions in D with logarithmic poles in K. The precise setting of this conjecture as well as the definitions and properties of these functions can be found in [Niv01,Niv04].
This conjecture was proved in the one-dimensional case by Skiba and Zakharyuta [SZ76] and in the multi-dimensional case by Nivoche [Niv01,Niv04] under the hypothesis that the domain D be bounded and hyperconvex and that the compact set K be regular in D, a rather natural setting, since in this case, the relative extremal function and the pluricomplex Green function are continuous psh functions tending to zero on the boundary of the domain.
As mentioned earlier, there is a close connection between Zakharyuta's Conjecture and Kolmogorov's problem. Indeed, in order to solve Kolmogorov's problem, it is sufficient to prove that Zakharyuta's Conjecture is true, as was shown in [SZ76] for n = 1 and in [Zak85] (see also [Zak09,Zak11a]) for n > 1, provided that K be regular in D with non-zero Lebesgue measure, and that the domain D be strictly hyperconvex, a rather natural notion that is defined as follows.
A domain D ∈ C n is said to be strictly hyperconvex if there exists a bounded domain Ω and a continuous exhaustion function ̺ ∈ P SH(Ω, (−∞, 1)) such that D = { z ∈ Ω : ̺(z) < 0 }. Note that any strictly pseudoconvex domain is strictly hyperconvex.
All in all, it follows from [Zak85] and [Niv04] that Kolmogorov's Problem for the ǫ-entropy is solved, for D strictly hyperconvex and K regular in D with positive Lebesgue measure.

1.2.
A new solution of Kolmogorov's problem. In this paper we will provide a new self-contained solution of Kolmogorov's problem, which does not rely on Zakharyuta's Conjecture, but instead proceeds more directly, and, at the same time, makes the required assumptions explicit and transparent.
It turns out that Kolmogorov's Problem on the asymptotics of H ǫ (A D K ) as ǫ tends to zero is in fact equivalent to the following problem on the asymptotics of the Kolmogorov widths d m (A D K ) = d m (A D K , C(K)) as m tends to infinity.
Kolmogorov's Problem for m-widths. For D a domain in C n and K a compact subset of D show that The two problems of Kolmogorov are equivalent in the sense that if the limit (2) exists then so does the limit (3) and vice versa. For a complete proof of this fact, see [Zak11b], which uses ideas from [Mit61] and [LT68].
Our approach to solve Kolmogorov's Problem for m-widths, and hence for the ǫ-entropy, will proceed as follows. In Section 2, we will establish sharp lower bounds for the Kolmogorov widths by studying the eigenvalue distribution of a family of Toeplitz operators defined on a family of Bergman spaces. Unfortunately this method does not appear to provide sharp upper bounds. As a result, another method will be used in Section 3 to establish sharp upper bounds for the Kolmogorov widths, first in the special case where D and K are special holomorphic polyhedra using the Bergman-Weil formula, then in the general case exploiting refinements of approximation arguments from [Niv04]. Curiously enough, this method does not seem to provide sharp lower bounds.
All in all, we shall establish the following result.
Theorem 1.1. Let D be a domain in C n and K a compact subset of D.
(i) If D is strictly hyperconvex and K has positive Lebesgue measure, then In particular, if D is strictly hyperconvex and K has positive Lebesgue measure, then  For the derivation of our bounds on the Kolmogorov widths d m (A D K ) in Sections 2 and 3 it will be convenient to introduce the following generalisation of the Kolmogorov widths to bounded operators on a Banach space.
For T : X → Y a bounded operator with X and Y Banach spaces, we associate with it the sequence (d m (T )) m∈N of Kolmogorov m-widths given by inf In order to link the two notions of widths observe that if we define the canonical mapping so in order to investigate Kolmogorov's Problem on m-widths it suffices to study the asymptotics of the Kolmogorov m-widths of the canonical mapping J : H ∞ (D) → A(K). Note that the canonical mapping is in fact an embedding if D is a domain.
For later use we note that the Kolmogorov m-widths enjoy the following submultiplicativity property (see, for example, [Pie87, Theorem 2.5.3]). If W and Z are Banach spaces and S : W → X and R : Y → Z are bounded operators, then where R Y →Z and S W →X denote the operator norms of R and S, respectively. In Section 3 it will be convenient to use the related sequence (s m (T )) m∈N of approximation numbers given by which quantifies the degree of approximability of T by operators of finite rank. It is not difficult to see that the approximation numbers also enjoy the submultiplicativity property (4). Deeper is the fact that (see, for example, [CS90, Equation (2.2.12) and Proposition 2.4.6]) which implies that if the Kolmogorov widths decay at a certain stretched exponential speed, then so do the approximation numbers and vice versa, the speeds being the same in both cases. Finally, we note that in the particular case where X and Y are Hilbert spaces, then the approximation numbers and the Kolmogorov numbers coincide (see, for example, [Pie87, Theorem 2.11.9]).

Lower bound for the Kolmogorov widths
In the original formulation of Kolmogorov's problem of the asymptotics of the m-widths d m (A D K ), all spaces arise from L ∞ -topologies. In the case where D is a strictly hyperconvex domain containing a holomorphically convex and regular compact subset K of positive Lebesgue measure, Zakharyuta [Zak85,Zah94] (see also [Zak09,Zak11a], for a more recent exposition) and Aytuna [Ayt89] have developed a rather sophisticated theory which guarantees that the asymptotics of Kolmogorov widths of natural spaces of holomorphic functions associated with D and K coincide, in particular for L ∞ and L 2 ϕ -topologies, where ϕ is any bounded psh function on D. Indeed, in this case, there exist pairs (H 0 , H 1 ) of Hilbert spaces which are adherent to the pair (A(K), H ∞ (D)) with norms weaker than the uniform norm (see for instance Lemma 4.12 and Corollary 4.13 in [Zak11a]).
In Sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, we will develop an L 2 -approach for the asymptotics of Kolmogorov m-widths, which relies on studying the eigenvalue asymptotics of a sequence of compact Toeplitz operators on certain Bergman spaces, which in turn relies on asymptotic bounds for Bergman kernels.
In Section 2.4, we shall connect the L 2 -bounds with the usual L ∞bounds in the original formulation of Kolmogorov's problem. We will not rely on the theory developed by Zakharyuta and Aytuna, preferring instead to use simple bounds for Kolmogorov widths coupled with approximation arguments to obtain sharp lower bounds for the m-widths d m (A D K ). 2.1. Spectral asymptotics of Toeplitz operators. Let D be a domain in C n and let L ∞ (D) denote the Banach space of complex-valued essentially bounded functions on D equipped with the essential supremum norm · ∞ . For ϕ : D → R a bounded measurable function, we write L 2 ϕ (D) for the weighted L 2 -space of Lebesgue measurable functions on D equipped with the norm where m denotes 2n-dimensional Lebesgue measure on C n , and dm ϕ = e −2ϕ dm.
The corresponding weighted Bergman space will be denoted by H 2 ϕ (D), that is, Note that since ϕ is bounded, the weighted Bergman space H 2 ϕ (D) and the (unweighted) standard Bergman space H 2 0 (D), or simply H 2 (D), are isomorphic as Banach spaces. Thus, point-evaluation f → f (z) is continuous on H 2 ϕ (D) for every z ∈ D and H 2 ϕ (D) is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, the kernel of which we denote by B D,ϕ or simply In particular, for each ζ ∈ D, the function z → B ϕ (z, ζ) is holomorphic and B ϕ (z, ζ) = B ϕ (ζ, z). Moreover, the reproducing kernel can be written where (e m ) is an orthonormal basis of H 2 ϕ (D) and the sum converges uniformly on compact subsets of D × D.
Using the Bergman kernel B ϕ , the orthogonal projection , known as Bergman projection in this context, can be written Note that if J ϕ denotes the natural embedding of H 2 ϕ (D) in L 2 ϕ (D) then P ϕ is the adjoint of J ϕ , that is, Note that M χ is bounded with operator norm M χ = χ ∞ and that M χ is the zero operator precisely when the support of χ is a Lebesgue null set. Ultimately, this is the reason why we require K to have non-zero Lebesgue measure for the first part of our main theorem.
The compression of M χ to H 2 ϕ (D), denoted by T χ,ϕ , is known as Toeplitz operator with symbol χ in this context, that is, We shall now collect some properties of Toeplitz operators on H 2 ϕ (D) which are fairly standard but difficult to find in the literature in the stated generality. We start with positivity.
Proof. Since M χ is bounded, the operator T χ,ϕ is also bounded. Moreover, as χ is real-valued and non-negative, there is a real-valued ψ ∈ L ∞ (D) with χ = ψ 2 . Thus M ψ = M * ψ , and we have Hence T χ,ϕ is self-adjoint and positive, and its spectrum is contained in [0, ∞). Moreover, as T χ,ϕ ≤ M χ = χ ∞ the remaining assertion follows.
Next we turn to compactness properties of T χ,ϕ .
Lemma 2.2. If χ ∈ L ∞ (D) has compact support in the open set D ⊂ C n , then there are positive constants c 1 and c 2 , such that In particular, T χ,ϕ is trace class with and Proof. Since χ has compact support we can choose a domain U containing the support of χ such that the closure of U is a compact subset of D. We can now write where denote the canonical embeddings and M χ denotes the operator of multiplication by χ, albeit considered as an operator from L 2 ϕ (U) to L 2 ϕ (D). Note that M χ is well defined and bounded since the support of χ is contained in U.
Now, since U is compactly contained in D standard arguments (see, for example, [BJ08, Theorem 4.7]), show that the Kolmogorov widths of J D,U enjoy a stretched exponential bound, that is, there are positive constantsc 1 andc 2 such that Moreover, using the factorisation (8) and the fact that which, together with (9), yields (5). In particular, the operator T χ,ϕ is trace class, since its Kolmogorov widths, and hence its singular values are summable. Given an orthonormal basis (e m ) of H 2 ϕ (D) we then have, using properties of the reproducing kernel stated earlier, and (6) is proven. For the proof of the second trace formula we observe that we can also write T 2 χ,ϕ as an integral operator so using the same arguments as before, we have and (7) follows by using the symmetry of the reproducing kernel.
Suppose now that the symbol χ is non negative with compact support in D. By the preceding two lemmas, the associated Toeplitz operator T χ,ϕ is positive and compact. If f is an eigenfunction of T χ,ϕ with positive eigenvalue λ, then Thus, if χ is the characteristic function of a compact subset K of D, the eigenvalue λ measures the concentration of the mass of the corresponding eigenfunction f to K.
In order to investigate this further we shall write (λ m (T χ,ϕ )) m∈N for the corresponding eigenvalue sequence arranged in non-increasing order, so that with each eigenvalue repeated according to its algebraic multiplicity.
In the following we shall be interested in the behaviour of the eigenvalue sequence of T χ,kϕ when k tends to infinity. Of fundamental importance for this study is the following result, essentially due to Engliš (see [Eng02, Theorem 1]), which gives an asymptotic expansion for the Bergman kernels B kϕ as k tends to infinity, provided that ϕ is smooth and strictly psh.
Theorem 2.3. Let D be a bounded pseudoconvex domain in C n and ϕ be a strictly psh and C ∞ function on D. Then the following holds.
(i) We have pointwise in D, with the left hand side being locally uniformly bounded in D for every k.

13
(ii) We have width Remark 2.4. Assertion (i) is due to Engliš. Its proof in [Eng02] is based on Fefferman's asymptotic expansion of the Bergman kernel of a Forelli-Rudin domain over D.
Analogues of assertions (i) and (ii) can be found in the paper [Lin01] of Lindholm (Theorems 10 and 11) for Toeplitz operators on Fock spaces over C n . The method of proving these results is inspired by an approach of Landau [Lan67], based on studying functions concentrated on compact sets, and using L 2 -techniques to obtain precise size estimates of the Bergman kernel both on and off the diagonal. Lindholm's proof of the analogue of (ii) in [Lin01, Theorem 11] is easily adapted to the case of bounded pseudoconvex domains in C n .
Using the previous theorem we are now able to prove a crucial result concerning the asymptotics of the number of eigenvalues of T χ,kϕ greater than a fixed threshold as k tends to infinity. The proposition and the main idea of its proof are inspired by an analogous result of Lindholm [Lin01, Theorem 13].
Proposition 2.5. Let D be a bounded pseudoconvex domain in C n and ϕ be a strictly psh and C ∞ function on D. Let χ ∈ L ∞ (D) be non-zero, non-negative and have compact support in D. Then, for any γ ∈ (0, 1), we have Proof. We start by noting that it suffices to show the result under the additional assumption that χ ∞ = 1. The general case then follows by observing that λ m (T cχ,ϕ ) = cλ m (T χ,ϕ ) for any c ≥ 0 and any m ∈ N. Suppose now that χ ∞ = 1. Fix γ ∈ (0, 1). We need to show that This will follow from the remarkable fact that both Tr(T χ,kϕ ) and Tr(T 2 χ,kϕ ) have the same asymptotics as k tends to infinity. More precisely, by combining Theorem 2.3 and Lemma 2.2, we have In order to simplify notation we shall use the shorthand so that Tr(T χ,kϕ ) = m λ m (k) and Tr(T 2 χ,kϕ ) = m λ 2 m (k). Before proceeding we note that by Lemma 2.1 we have λ m (k) ≤ χ ∞ = 1 for all m and k. Moreover we have Thus, for all k we have Combining the above with the equality of the limits (11) and (12) we see that for any δ > 0 there exists k δ ∈ N such that for any k ≥ k δ we have We shall now establish the following two bounds: for every k ≥ k δ and for every k ≥ k δ and every γ ′ ∈ (γ, 1) In order to see this fix k ≥ k δ and define, for every β ∈ (0, 1), .

Lower bounds for Kolmogorov widths.
We shall now use the results of the previous subsection to study the asymptotics of the Kolmogorov widths of certain embedding operators. To be precise, let D be a domain in C n and let K be a compact subset of D with positive 2n-dimensional Lebesgue measure m. For ϕ ∈ L ∞ (D) we write L 2 ϕ (K) for the weighted L 2 -space of Lebesgue measurable functions on K equipped with the norm Clearly, the natural embedding J ϕ,K,D : H 2 ϕ (D) ֒→ L 2 ϕ (K) given by restricting functions in H 2 ϕ (D) to K is continuous. Moreover, this embedding is closely related to a Toeplitz operator on H 2 ϕ (D), provided that its symbol is the indicator function of K, as the following lemma shows.
Lemma 2.6. Let D ⊂ C n be a domain, K a compact subset of D with positive Lebesgue measure and ϕ ∈ L ∞ (D). If χ is the indicator function of K, then T χ,ϕ = J * ϕ,K,D J ϕ,K,D . In particular, we have Proof. Let f, g ∈ H 2 ϕ (D). Then so T χ,ϕ = J * ϕ,K,D J ϕ,K,D as claimed. Recalling that, by definition, the m-th singular value of the compact operator J ϕ,K,D is equal to λ m (J * ϕ,K,D J ϕ,K,D ) 1/2 , the remaining assertion now follows from the fact that for compact operators on a Hilbert space the singular values and Kolmogorov widths coincide (see, for example, [Pie87, Theorem 2.11.9]).
In order to apply the results of the previous subsection we also require the following simple relationship between the Kolmogorov widths of J kϕ,K,D and J 0,K,D , that is, the natural embedding of the standard, unweighted Bergman space H 2 (D) in the unweighted Lebesgue space L 2 (K). Note now that I k,K ≤ e k , since, using ϕ ≥ −1 on K, we have Furthermore, I −1 k,D ≤ 1, since, using ϕ ≤ 0 on D, we have , and the assertion follows.
Combining the previous two lemmas with Proposition 2.5 we obtain the following result.

Proof.
We start by observing that K (dd c ϕ) n > 0. Let now χ be the indicator function of K and fix γ ∈ (0, 1). Using Lemma 2.6 and Lemma 2.7 it follows that Applying Proposition 2.5 to the above we see that where C = 1 (2π) n n! K (dd c ϕ) n .
Write d m for d m (J 0,K,D ) and fix C ′ ∈ (0, C). Using (18) it follows that there is k ′ ∈ N such that where ⌊·⌋ denotes the floor function. After possibly enlarging k ′ we shall assume that (k ′ ) n C ′ ≥ 1. Now, for any m ≥ ⌊(k ′ ) n C ′ ⌋ choose k m ≥ k ′ to be the largest k ∈ N such that ⌊k n C ′ ⌋ ≤ m < ⌊(k + 1) n C ′ ⌋ .
Then lim m→∞ k m = ∞ and we have, for every m ≥ ⌊(k ′ ) n C ′ ⌋, which follows from (19) together with the observation that k m ≥ k ′ , and m ≥ ⌊k n m C ′ ⌋ > k n m C ′ − 1 , and so − log d m m 1/n ≤ k m + 1 − log γ (k n m C ′ − 1) 1/n . This implies lim sup m→∞ − log d m m 1/n ≤ 1 (C ′ ) 1/n . But since C ′ < C was arbitrary, the assertion follows.
2.3. Sharp lower bounds for Kolmogorov widths with respect to L 2 -topologies. The bounds for the Kolmogorov widths for the natural embedding H 2 (D) ֒→ L 2 (K) for a bounded pseudoconvex domain D in C n and K a compact subset of D with positive Lebesgue measure were obtained under the additional assumption that ϕ be strictly psh and smooth on D. In order to make the connection with the relative capacity C(K, D) we want to choose ϕ in Proposition 2.8 to be the upper semicontinuous regularisation u * K,D of the relative extremal function u K,D . However, even if D is bounded and hyperconvex, and K is regular in D, then u K,D = u * K,D is, in general, merely continuous on the closure D and not necessarily smooth there. Nevertheless, using results of Cegrell [Ceg09], we will be able to approximate u * K,D by smooth functions with the desired properties.
In order to state these results we need some more notation. Let P SH − (D) denote the set of non-positive psh functions on D and E 0 (D) the class of bounded psh functions ψ such that lim z→ξ ψ(z) = 0 for all ξ ∈ ∂D and D (dd c ψ) n < +∞. Note that if a function ϕ ∈ E 0 (D) is continuous in D, then ϕ is actually continuous up to the boundary.  Recall that for any compact subset K in an open set D, the relative capacity C(K, D) is defined as follows (−1, 0)) .
Using the previous results we obtain the following characterisation of the relative capacity C(K, D) in the case where D is a bounded hyperconvex domain. Here, SP SH(D, (−1, 0)) denotes the collection of all strictly psh functions on D with values in (−1, 0).
Proof. First, we approximate u * K,D by a decreasing sequence (ψ j ) j∈N of functions in E 0 ∩ C ∞ (D) such that ψ j → u * K,D pointwise on D as j → ∞ (see Theorem 2.9). Since u * K,D ≥ −1 in D, each function ψ j satisfies ψ j ≥ −1 in D.
Secondly, let ψ be the function of Corollary 2.10 and replace each function ψ j by the function where ǫ > 0 is small and M > 0 is chosen so that −M ≤ ψ ≤ 0 on D, which is possible since ψ is bounded on D. Each ϕ j,ǫ is a strictly psh exhaustion function in E 0 ∩ C ∞ (D) for D and ϕ j,ǫ ≥ −1 in D.
Since, for fixed ǫ, the sequence (ϕ j,ǫ ) j∈N decreases in D to in the sense of weak convergence of measures, and in particular Moreover, since Combining the results of this and the previous subsections we now obtain the following sharp lower bound for the Kolmogorov widths of the natural embedding H 2 (D) ֒→ L 2 (K).
Theorem 2.12. Let D be a bounded hyperconvex domain in C n containing a compact subset K with positive Lebesgue measure. Then Proof. Follows from Proposition 2.8 and Corollary 2.11. 2.4. From L 2 -topology to L ∞ -topology. So far we have obtained lower bounds for the Kolmogorov widths of holomorphic functions with respect to L 2 -topologies. We shall now consider bounds with respect to spaces arising from L ∞ -topologies, as in the original formulation of Kolmogorov's problem. We shall achieve this by using simple bounds for the Kolmogorov widths coupled with approximation arguments.
We are finally able to state and prove the first half of our main theorem (Theorem 1.1), a sharp lower bound for the asymptotics of the Kolmogorov widths d m (H ∞ (D) ֒→ L ∞ (K)) under the hypotheses of Theorem 2.12, except that we require a bit more regularity for D, namely that D be not just bounded and hyperconvex but strictly hyperconvex.
Theorem 2.16. Let D be a strictly hyperconvex domain in C n containing a compact subset K with positive Lebesgue measure. Then Proof. Combining Lemma 2.13 and Lemma 2.14, applied to K ⊂ D ⊂ D j with D j defined in (20), we obtain for any j Applying Theorem 2.12 to bound d m (H 2 (D j ) ֒→ L 2 (K)) from below, we deduce for any j

Upper bound for the Kolmogorov widths
Our strategy for determining sharp upper bounds for the Kolmogorov widths is based on the Bergman-Weil formula coupled with an approximation argument. More precisely, we shall start by letting K and D be special holomorphic polyhedra in C n (a notion we shall recall below), in which case sharp upper bounds for the Kolmogorov widths d n (H ∞ (D) ֒→ L ∞ (K)) can be obtained using the Bergman-Weil integral formula. Next, for any pair (K, D), where K is a regular compact subset of a strictly hyperconvex domain D, we will simultaneously ap-proximateK D externally and D internally by two special holomorphic polyhedra defined by the same holomorphic mapping in such a way that the relative capacity of the approximations will converge to the relative capacity C(K, D). This will allow us to deduce a sharp upper bound for the Kolmogorov widths in the case where K is a regular compact subset in a strictly hyperconvex domain D. From this, we will deduce an upper bound for the Kolmogorov widths of a general pair (K, D), also termed a condenser in this section, where K is any compact subset of a bounded and hyperconvex domain D in C n .
3.1. Upper bounds in case K and D are special holomorphic polyhedra. We start by recalling the notions of holomorphic polyhedron and special holomorphic polyhedron. Let Ω be an open subset of C n and N a positive integer. A holomorphic polyhedron of type N in Ω is a finite union of relatively compact connected components of the subset of Ω of the form Clearly, a holomorphic polyhedron of type N is also of type N +1, so the minimal type of a given polyhedron is of particular interest. Note that if Ω is a holomorphically convex domain in C n and P a holomorphic polyhedron of type N in Ω then N ≥ n. Thus, in this case there is a nontrivial lower bound for the type of a holomorphic polyhedron, and polyhedra of this minimal type play a special role, whence a holomorphic polyhedron of type n in a holomorphically convex domain Ω in C n is called a special holomorphic polyhedron (see Bishop [Bis61]).
For the rest of this section we shall focus on condensers of the form (K, D) = (U b , U a ), where both U a and U b are special holomorphic polyhedra obtained as follows.
Let F = (f 1 , . . . , f n ) : Ω → C n denote a holomorphic mapping on a pseudoconvex open set Ω in C n . For a ∈ (0, ∞) n write P a = { z ∈ Ω : |f k (z)| < a k for all k ∈ {1, . . . , n} } , and assume that the open set P a has relatively compact connected components. We now define the special holomorphic polyhedron U a to be a finite union of such components.
Given b ∈ (0, ∞) n with b k < a k for k ∈ {1, . . . , n} we define a second special holomorphic polyhedron U b as the finite union of connected components of the open set In this case we shall call the condenser (U b , U a ) a special holomorphic polyhedral condenser and F the underlying mapping.
Note that the underlying mapping F is finite and proper from U a onto the polydisc P (O, a) := { z ∈ C n : |z j | < a j , 1 ≤ j ≤ n }. Moreover, F | Ua is an unramified covering over the open set P (O, a). We shall refer to the number of sheets of this covering as the multiplicity of F .
It turns out that for special holomorphic polyhedral condensers there is a simple formula for the corresponding relative capacity.
Proposition 3.1. Let (U b , U a ) be a special holomorphic polyhedral condenser with underlying mapping F = (f 1 , . . . , f n ) in C n . Then the corresponding relative extremal function is given explicitly by and its relative capacity is where m 0 is the multiplicity of F .
Proof. This result is an easy consequence of Proposition 4.5.14 in [Kli91] and Lemma 4.1 in [Niv04], since the holomorphic mapping As detailed in Section 1.3, this follows since N) . Specialising to the case where (K, D) = (U b , U a ) is a special holomorphic polyhedral condenser we shall now construct a sequence of finite rank operators J m : H ∞ (D) → A(K) which approximate J at a certain stretched exponential speed. The main tool will be the Bergman-Weil integral formula originally due to Weil [Wei35] and Bergman [Ber36], which we turn to shortly.
Before doing so, we briefly recall multi-index notation. For z ∈ C n and ν ∈ Z n with z = (z 1 , . . . , z n ) and ν = (ν 1 , . . . , ν n ) we write z ν = n k=1 z ν k k . We use the symbol I to mean I = (1, . . . , 1), so that z I = n k=1 z k . Suppose now that F = (f 1 , . . . , f n ) is the underlying mapping of the special holomorphic polyhedral condenser (U b , U a ), that is, F : Ω → C n is a holomorphic mapping on a pseudoconvex open set Ω in C n containing U a and U b . It turns out that there is a holomorphic function G : Ω × Ω → C n×n such that The existence of G for pseudoconvex Ω is a non-trivial matter and is originally due to Hefer [Hef50] (see also [Sha92], Paragraphs 30 and 50).
If ∂ * U a denotes the distinguished boundary of U a , that is ∂ * U a = { z ∈ Ω : |f k (z)| = a k for all k ∈ {1, . . . , n} } , 25 considered as an n-dimensional surface with a suitable orientation, then the Bergman-Weil integral formula on U a can be stated as follows (see [Sha92,Paragraph 30]): for any g ∈ H ∞ (U a ) and any z ∈ U a we have where dζ is the n-form dζ 1 ∧ . . . ∧ dζ n . Here, the star at the top of the integral sign indicates that integration is to be taken over any ∂ * U a ′ where a ′ ∈ (0, ∞) n with a ′ k < a k for any k, and a ′ is chosen such that z ∈ U a ′ . It is not difficult to see that the integral * ∂ * Ua does not depend on this choice. Note that in the case where g ∈ A(U a ) then * ∂ * Ua is in fact the classical integration over ∂ * U a .
An important property of the Bergman-Weil integral representation is that its kernel is holomorphic in z. This implies that we can write the canonical identification J : H ∞ (U a ) → A(U b ) as an infinite series of operators, all of which, as we shall see later, are finite rank. More precisely, the following holds. For g ∈ H ∞ (U a ) and z ∈ U b , we have where ν : N → N n 0 could, in principle, be any bijection, but we shall fix it so as to facilitate obtaining effective bounds for the approximation numbers of J : In order to achieve this, let α ∈ (0, 1) n be given by α k = b k /a k for k ∈ {1, . . . , n}. Now choose ν : N → N n 0 so that m → γ m := α ν(m) is monotonically decreasing. In other words, the bijection ν is chosen to provide a non-increasing rearrangement (γ m ) m∈N of the set {α ν : ν ∈ N n 0 }. As a first step towards bounding the approximation numbers s m (J) we need to bound the rate of decay of (γ m ) m∈N . For this we require the following auxiliary result.
Proof. We shall use induction over the dimension n. The inductive step relies on an inequality we shall establish first. Forβ > 0 and n ∈ N we have where ⌊·⌋ denotes the floor function. In order to prove the inequality on the right observe that For the other inequality we note that We now turn to the proof of (22) using induction over n.
Remark 3.3. The lemma above implies that This asymptotic also follows easily from Karamata's Tauberian theorem (see, for example, Lemma 6.1 in [LQR17]). The lemma above, however, provides completely explicit bounds valid for all r ≥ 0.
We now have the following upper bound for (γ n ) n∈N .
Proof. We start by observing that where N β is the counting function from Lemma 3.2 with β ∈ (0, +∞) n given by β k = log α −1 k for 1 ≤ k ≤ n. The first bound now follows from the upper bound in Lemma 3.2.
For the second bound we use the first bound together with a majorisation of the sum by an integral to obtain and we are done.
We are now ready to define the sequence of finite rank operators Clearly, J m is a well-defined operator from H ∞ (U a ) to A(U b ). Moreover, we have the following upper bound for the rate at which the sequence (J m ) m∈N approximates J.
Lemma 3.5. Let (U b , U a ) be a special holomorphic polyhedral condenser in C n with underlying mapping F . Then and, as before, α k = b k /a k for 1 ≤ k ≤ n.
Proof. Fix z ∈ U b . Recall that the integration * ∂ * Ua in (24) is in fact an integration over any ∂ * U a ′ where a ′ ∈ (0, ∞) n with b k < a ′ k < a k for any 29 k is chosen so that z ∈ U a ′ . Thus, for g ∈ H ∞ (U a ) with g H ∞ (Ua) ≤ 1, we have using the calculation in (21) .
Since there exists δ > 0 such that b k < b k + δ ≤ a ′ k < a k for any k, the power series ∞ converges to ∞ l=m+1 γ l when a ′ tends to a. Consequently we obtain where we have used the fact that is continuous at a. Thus using Lemma 3.4 we have for any m ∈ N as claimed.
3.1.2. Upper bound for the rank of J m . For (U b , U a ) a special holomorphic polyhedral condenser with underlying mapping F we want to use the previous Lemma 3.5 to obtain an upper bound for the approximation numbers of J : H ∞ (U a ) → A(U b ). For this we need to impose an extra assumption on F , and hence on the condenser: we shall call (U b , U a ) non-degenerate if O is a regular value of the underlying proper mapping F from U a onto P (O, a). Since F has finite multiplicity m 0 this implies that F | Ua has exactly m 0 distinct zeros. Note that this is no essential restriction for our purposes, since if O is not a regular value of F , then we can replace F by F − c, where c is a regular value for F , which can be chosen arbitrarily small.
Lemma 3.6. Let (U b , U a ) be a non-degenerate special holomorphic polyhedral condenser with underlying mapping F and J m the operator defined in (24). Then where m 0 is the multiplicity of F .
Proof. Since the condenser is non-degenerate the underlying mapping F has exactly m 0 distinct zeros, call them z (1) , . . . , z (m 0 ) . Next choose c = (c 1 , . . . , c n ) where each c j is a positive real number small enough 30 so that U c has m 0 connected components U k c , the closures of which are pairwise disjoint. Now fix z ∈ U c and let U k 0 c denote the neighbourhood of z (k 0 ) to which z belongs. For any m ∈ N and any g ∈ H ∞ (U a ), we have
But since the right-hand side of this equality is a well defined holomorphic function on all of U a and since J m g is in A(U b ), the analytic continuation principle implies that the equality above holds for every z ∈ U b .
As a result, the collection of values ∂ ν(l) g ∂ζ ν(l) (z (k) ) (1 ≤ k ≤ m 0 , 1 ≤ l ≤ m) completely determine the function J m (g) on U b . Thus, for each m ∈ N, the operator J m has finite rank with its rank bounded above by m 0 m.

Upper bound for
Kolmogorov widths in the case of special holomorphic polyhedra. We are now able to state and prove the main result of this section: explicit and asymptotically sharp upper bounds for the Kolmogorov widths of special holomorphic polyhedral condensers. , the assertion (27) follows.
Remark 3.8. A stronger version of the asymptotics (27) above, with similar hypotheses but with a limit instead of the limit inferior and equality instead of inequality can be found, without proof, as Proposition 5.1 in Zakharyuta's survey article [Zak11a], where it is credited to [Zah74] in which it appears, again without proof, as a consequence of [Zah74, Theorem 4.5].
3.2. Exhaustion of D and K by special holomorphic polyhedra.
We shall now extend the sharp asymptotic upper bound obtained at the end of the previous section for special polyhedral condensers to more general condensers (K, D) where D is strictly hyperconvex and K a regular holomorphically convex compact subset of D.
In this setup, we have the following refinement of Theorem 3 in [Niv04], itself a quantitative version of a lemma of Bishop [Bis61], which provides an external approximation ofK D , the holomorphically convex hull of K in D, and an internal approximation of D by two special holomorphic polyhedra defined simultaneously by the same holomorphic mapping such that the relative capacities of the approximations converge to the relative capacity C(K, D).
Theorem 3.9. Let D be a strictly hyperconvex domain in C n and K a regular compact subset of D. Then, for every j ∈ N, there is a non-degenerate special holomorphic polyhedral condenser (U 1 j , U 2 j ) with Proof. We start by recalling some notation already used in Section 1.1, as well as in Section 2.4, immediately above Lemma 2.15. Since D is strictly hyperconvex there exists a bounded domain Ω and an exhaustion function ̺ ∈ P SH(Ω, (−∞, 1)) ∩ C(Ω) such that D = { z ∈ Ω : ̺(z) < 0 } and, for all real numbers c ∈ [0, 1], the open set { z ∈ Ω : ̺(z) < c } is connected.
Since K is a regular compact subset of D the relative extremal function u K,D is continuous in D. Let now u and u j denote the relative extremal functions u K,D and u K,D j , respectively.
Lemma 2.6 in [Niv04] then implies the following: K is regular for any D j with j ≥ 1, the sequence (u j ) converges uniformly on D to u, and the increasing sequence of capacities (C(K, D j )) j∈N converges to the capacity C(K, D).
For any r ∈ R write D(r) for the set { z ∈ D : u(z) < r }. As u is continuous on D and an exhaustion function for D, each D(r) is open. Moreover, for any −1 < r < 0 sufficiently close to 0, the open sets D(r) are connected, since D is, and provide an internal exhaustion of D. Similarly, for any −1 < r < 0 sufficiently near −1, the open sets D(r) provide an external exhaustion ofK D = { z ∈ D : u K,D (z) = −1 }.
We shall now proceed to the construction of the special holomorphic polyhedra by a five-step process of definitions and assertions, the first two of which, follow from [Niv04, Theorem 3].