Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, and Migratory Birds

Keun Hwa Lee; Jolyon M. Medlock; Sang Taek Heo

doi:10.4167/jbv.2013.43.4.235

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Lee, Medlock, and Heo: Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, and Migratory Birds

Review Article

J Bacteriol Virol 2013;43(4):235-243.

Published online: 9 February 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2013.43.4.235

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, and Migratory Birds

Keun Hwa Lee^1,^*, Jolyon M. Medlock², Sang Taek Heo³

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea

²Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Dept., Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK

³Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea

^*Corresponding author: Keun Hwa Lee, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeju National University School of Medicine Jeju, 690-756, Korea. Phone: +82-64-754-8111, Fax: +82-64-705-2687, e-mail: yomust7@ jejunu.ac.kr

^** This research was supported by the 2013 scientific promotion program funded by Jeju National University.

Received 1 November 201315 November 2013 Accepted 20 November 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) and Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) are tick-borne diseases belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Since SFTS was first reported in China in 2009, the virus was isolated and confirmed in 2011, with additional reports of SFTSV expanding its geographic range from China to South Korea and Japan. CCHFV has the widest geographic distribution of any tick-borne virus, encompassing around 30 countries from eastern China through Asia, the Middle East, and southeastern Europe to Africa. During the past decade, CCHFV has emerged in new areas of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia and has increased in endemic areas. Migratory birds are considered to play a role in dispersing CCHFV vectors, and the virus. This review summarises SFTSV and CCHFV, highlighting the role of migratory birds in the transmission of tick-borne disease.

Keywords: Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Migratory Birds

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Figure 1.

Geographic Distribution of SFTS in China. Since March 2010, SFTSV was isolated from patients are shown in red. SFTS has been reported in at least 13 provinces in the central, eastern, and northeastern regions of the People's Republic of China. Most patients are farmers living in wooded, hilly, or mountainous areas, and the epidemic season is from March through November, with the peak incidence usually in June and July (5).

Figure 2.

Phylogenetic tree of S segment of isolates obtained from SFTS patient in Jeu Island in 2013 and phylogenetic tree of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of an isolate obtained from a SFTS patient in South Korea in 2012 (B). The tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method in MEGA4 (19). JNUH-O/2013, JNUH-H1/2013, JNUH-H2/2013, JNUH-K1/2013, JNUH-K2 /2013, and JNUH-J/2013, were isolated from SFTS patient in Jeju Island in 2013 respectively, and Phlebovirus ZN1/China/2011 (GeneBank: HE663216), which were isolated from China in 2011 (A) and phylogenetic tree for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequences of the large segment of an isolate obtained from a SFTS patient in South Korea (black dot) compared with representative SFTSV strains from China and Japan (B) (16).

Figure 3.

Bird species. Typical feeding sites of Hyalomma marginatum nymphs on an Oenanthe oenanthe (26).

Figure 4.

Migratory birds Flyway (A), Turdus naumanni (B), and Turdus pallidus (C) distribution map of the world. Recent research has identified eight such pathways: the East Atlantic, the Mediterranean/Black Sea, the East Asia/East Africa, the Central Asia, the East Asia/Australasia, and three flyways in the Americas and the Neotropics (A) (14). Native of T. naumanni are Bangladesh, Bhutan, Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic of Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Province of China, Thailand, and Viet Nam and Vagrant of T. naumanni are Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Montenegro, Netherlands, Northern Mariana Islands, Norway, Oman, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Northern Mariana Islands, Norway, Oman, Poland, Saudi Arabia Serbia (Serbia), Slovenia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and United States (B) (12). Native of Turdus pallidus are Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic of Philippines Taiwan, and Province of China and Vagrant of T. pallidus are China and Germany (C) (12).

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