Flare up of choroiditis and choroidal neovasculazation associated with punctate inner choroidopathy during early pregnancy

A 28-year-old, healthy female, who had a recent repeated history of miscarriage, presented with bilateral choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM), for which she received photodynamic therapy with three doses of lucentis, at intervals of one month each, to which she responded. After five months, the patient again presented with complaints of diminution of vision since 15 days. She had a history of miscarriage two days before presenting to our clinic. CNVM was scarred at this time and the fundus picture showed multiple small punctate spots around the fovea at the level of the choroid, which showed early hyperfluroscence on fundus fluorescein angiography, suggestive of punctate inner choroidopathy. She was advised systemic steroids, to which she responded dramatically. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a rare complication associated with coloboma of the choroid. We describe three cases of coloboma choroid where there was loss of vision due to CNV development at the edge of the coloboma. One was managed by photodynamic therapy alone and two were managed by a combination of reduced fluence PDT and intravitreal bevacizumab. Significantly we noted that one treatment session was sufficient to achieve regression of the CNV and improvement in visual acuity.

of the patients required oral analgesics in the postoperative period. Intraocular pressures recorded (all cases) at Day one, at Week one, and at Month one follow-up were normal (mean 18 + 2.4 mm Hg, range14 to 20 mm Hg). There was minimal intraocular inflammation in all cases [Fig. 4]. The operated eye was quiet at one month follow-up [ Fig. 5].

Discussion
Conventional 20-gauge vitrectomies have been successfully performed under topical anesthesia with sedation. [4] Most of these reports have recorded Grade 2 level of pain and discomfort during cauterization of scleral bed, during incision of sclerotomy, suturing of sclerotomy and conjunctiva. 25-gauge vitrectomies have been successfully done under topical anesthesia without sedation using anesthetic-soaked pledget at the site of sclerotomies. [5] The pledget delivery of anesthetic has the added advantage of prolonged delivery of the anesthetic to the areas where the sclerotomies are planned thereby contributing to reduced pain and discomfort during the procedure. [6] Theocharis et al., indicate that topical anesthesia could be considered an alternative to other anesthetic procedures in 25-g and 23-g vitrectomies. [7] The 23-gauge vitrectomy system relies on the trocar and cannula system for the sclerotomies. Conjunctival peritomy is not required and there is no contact of instruments with sclera or pars plana. 23-gauge vitrectomy is ideal for topical vitreoretinal surgeries in selected cases. The added advantage of topical anesthesia was that patients could be instructed to move the eye in the required direction intraoperatively whenever necessary as there was no akinesia. All complications related to local anesthesia can be averted. [8] All patients had favorable visual and surgical outcome. Postoperative ocular inflammation was minimal and none of the patients complained of pain in the immediate postoperative period. 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy under topical anesthesia is safe and effective in selected cases only. Further study is recommended to validate the outcome of this study.

Vinita G Rao, Girish S Rao 1 , Nilesh S Narkhede
A 28-year-old, healthy female, who had a recent repeated history of miscarriage, presented with bilateral choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM), for which she received photodynamic therapy with three doses of lucentis, at intervals of one month each, to which she responded. After five months, the patient again presented with complaints of diminution of vision since 15 days. She had a history of miscarriage two days before presenting to our clinic. CNVM was scarred at this time and the fundus picture showed multiple small punctate spots around the fovea at the level of the choroid, which showed early hyperfluroscence on fundus fluorescein angiography, suggestive of punctate inner choroidopathy. She was advised systemic steroids, to which she responded dramatically.

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
Vol. 59 No. 2 disorder of the choroid that typically affects myopic women of 13 -45 years. [2] It is a bilateral disease, which may be asymmetric. [2] Patients present with complaints of flashes of light, floaters, scotoma or decrease in central visual acuity. [1] The anterior chamber and vitreous is usually quiet. Small (100 -300 μ) punctate, yellowish-white lesions, confined to the inner choroids and retinal pigment epithelium are seen at the posterior pole. [2] Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) shows early hyperfluroscent dots that stain in the late pictures. With time, the lesions evolve and coalesce into atrophic scars that later on become pigmented. Most of the patients have an excellent prognosis with spontaneous recovery over a period of four to six weeks. [2] About 10 -40% of the patients present with choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) as a late complication, which is a cause for decrease in visual acuity. [2] Usually non-infectious uveitis entities such as idiopathic punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) are known to be suppressed during pregnancy and aggravate in the postpartum period. [3] We report a case of PIC with CNVM developing during pregnancy and the exacerbation of choroiditis in the first trimester.

Case Report
A 28-year-old, healthy female patient, who had a recent repeated history of miscarriage, presented with complaints of blurring of vision in both eyes. There was no antecedent history of viral illness. Her best corrected visual acuity was 20 / 400 (< N36) and 20 / 50 (N6) in the right and left eyes, respectively. She was a myope with -2.75 diopter (D) and -3.50D in the right and left eyes, respectively. On examination, the anterior chamber and vitreous were quiet. Fundus examination of the right eye showed a scarred CNVM, while that of the left eye showed an active CNVM [ Fig. 1]. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the left eye showed the presence of type II CNVM (i.e., between the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina, Fig. 2), which was confirmed to be active on FFA, with a branched out configuration [ Fig. 3]. The patient received PDT with three doses of lucentis at intervals of one month each and the visual acuity in the left eye improved from 20 / 50 to 20 / 30. indirectly indicating no signs of choroiditis. Five months later, the patient came with complaints of diminution of vision again. During this period she had been under bed rest for a threatened abortion. When she presented to us, she had a history of miscarriage two days back and had complaints of diminution of vision for two weeks. Her visual acuity in the left eye was 20 / 50, with the fundus revealing multiple yellowish lesions about 50 -100 μ, at the level of the choroids around the scarred CNVM [ Fig. 4]. FFA of the left eye showed scarred CNVM, with no leakage and small punctuate early hyperfluroscent spots corresponding to clinical lesions, with late leakage [Fig. 5]. On the basis of the present clinical features and the FFA picture, she was now diagnosed with PIC and was advised intravenous (IV) methyl prednisolone 1 gm/day for three days followed by oral steroids (Prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day) in tapering doses. Her visual acuity had improved to 20 / 30 (N6) at the one-week follow-up, with resolving choroiditis [Fig. 6].

Discussion
Punctate inner choroidopathy is an idiopathic, inflammatory, multifocal choroidopathy of unknown etiology. Most of the patients with PIC have excellent prognosis, with spontaneous recovery. [ ¹ ] CNVM is a known complication. In our patient CNVM had already scarred in one eye and was active in the other eye when she presented to us. As most of the cases of PIC resolve spontaneously, we presumed that previous attacks may have been unnoticed. Her pregnancy had been eventful with a stillbirth, and hence, we believed that the decrease in vision in the right eye also went unnoticed. The CNVM in our patient is typical of that seen in PIC. The FFA showed the typical branched out configuration of the CNVM, which is characteristic of PIC, as it is formed by numerous small punctuate lesions. [2] Our patient had developed CNVM for the first time during pregnancy. Although there are no reports of CNVM developing for the first time in PIC during pregnancy, recurrences in pregnancy have been reported. This may be due to hormonal and hemodynamic changes. Excess levels of corticosteroids alter retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillary permeability. Also, the surplus level of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PGF), which control the growth of the placenta, also help in the growth of CNVM. [4,5] The physiological changes during pregnancy such as increase in blood volume and cardiac output may exacerbate choroidal vessels and retinal pigment epithelium damage. [4] As with other non-infectious uveitic conditions, the activity of PIC is also suppressed during pregnancy and exacerbated in the postpartum period. [3] However, in our patient there was a flare up of choroiditis in the first trimester. There are few reports showing flare up of choroiditis during early pregnancy, which resolves as the duration of pregnancy increases. [3,6,7] The mechanism by which pregnancy influences the activity of autoimmune diseases is not understood completely. The progressive increase in serum cortisol level during pregnancy and decrease in the postpartum period might be an attractive explanation. [3] This could also be explained by the fact that normal pregnancy is a state associated with a shift from T helper cell type1 (TH1) cell-mediated immunity toward T helper cell type2 (TH2) humoral immunity. Maternal TH1 is proinflammatory, while TH2 secreted by the fetoplacental unit inhibits the TH1 response. This overall TH2 / TH1 bias during pregnancy not only explains the tolerance of the fetus by the mother, but also amelioration of autoimmune diseases during pregnancy. The postpartum reversal to the TH1 / TH2 bias could explain the postpartum flare up of autoimmune diseases. [3] Therefore, we presume that the flare up of PIC, which was noticed by our patient would probably have subsided had her pregnancy continued, although it worsened due to the miscarriage.
Treatment of the choroiditis and CNVM may pose a problem in such patients, especially in an already eventful pregnancy or in a precious pregnancy. Our patient already had a miscarriage; and then we treated her with systemic steroids. [8] However, in case systemic steroids were contraindicated in future pregnancies, we might need to consider intravitreal triamcinolone.
This report highlights the fact that CNVM may be the first sign of PIC and the possibility of worsening of choroiditis or CNVM during pregnancy must be explained to the patients.