Creativity, psychosis and human evolution: The exemplar case of neuregulin 1 gene

gene that further adds to its significance in the context of creativity and psychosis from the perspectives of human evolution.Comparative genomic analyses examine a fundamental measure of the relative importance of selection and genetic drift in causing amino-acid substitutions is the dN/dS ratio (dN is a measure of the degree to which two homologous coding Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences differ at non-synonymous sites, dS is a measure of the degree to which two homologous coding sequences differ with respect to silent nucleotide substitutions). Analyzing dN and dS are among the most direct ways to obtain evidence for positive selection on a protein-coding gene.

Creativity, psychosis and human evolution: The exemplar case of neuregulin 1 gene Sir, The link between creativity and psychosis has derived more support from a recent demonstration of a biologically relevant polymorphism of the promoter region of the neuregulin 1 gene, which is linked with schizophrenia, [1] associated with creativity in people with high intellectual and academic performance. [2] In this letter, we summarize further comparative genomic analyses supporting positive selection of neuregulin 1 gene that further adds to its significance in the context of creativity and psychosis from the perspectives of human evolution.
Comparative genomic analyses examine a fundamental measure of the relative importance of selection and genetic drift in causing amino-acid substitutions is the dN/dS ratio (dN is a measure of the degree to which two homologous coding Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences differ at nonsynonymous sites, dS is a measure of the degree to which two homologous coding sequences differ with respect to silent nucleotide substitutions). Analyzing dN and dS are among the most direct ways to obtain evidence for positive selection on a protein-coding gene. [3] A comparative genomic research using sequences from 23 Eutherian species through phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood demonstrated compelling evidence for positive selection involving neuregulin 1 gene. [4] This observation is in support of a previous comparative genomic analysis examining five species. [5] This adaptive change potentially dates to the evolution of modern humans i.e. five to seven million years ago. [4] The intriguing persistence of schizophrenia (approximately 1% prevalence across all populations), despite adverse fecundity, argues for a balancing advantage conferred by this disorder that is shared by all human populations. Schizophrenia, a heterogeneous construct, is likely to be influenced by various balancing advantages-creativity being one of them. [6] While the recently reported link between neuregulin 1 and creativity [2] offers important evidence in support of this, other works (as summarized above) strengthen the evolutionary significance of neuregulin 1 gene not only for schizophrenia, perhaps, but also for origins of Homo sapiens.
Dobzhansky's statement: "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" emphasizes the need for evolutionarily-informed approaches to understand diseases and disorders. Contemporary medicine focuses predominantly on "proximal-etiology" whereas "distaletiology" based evolutionary approach has mostly been neglected. [7] 'Theoretical' research approaches (similar to Dr. Keri's work) [2] based on evolutionary concept advocating multiple dimensions might facilitate identifying valid homogeneous subtypes that can advance our understanding of schizophrenia. [8] ACKNOWLEDGMENT Mr. Sunil V. Kalmady is supported by the Innovative Young Biotechnologist Award of the Department of Biotechnology (Government of India) awarded to Dr. G. Venkatasubramanian.

Psychological support for fathers of artificial insemination donor children
Sir,

Artificial insemination donor (AID) is pursued by infertile
couples after less investigative procedures have been exhausted. Although the female goes through the stress of pregnancy and delivery of the child, the procedure is equally stressful for the male. [1] A 29-year-old married male came along with his 31-year-old wife and their healthy 14-month-old AID female baby. They had tried for a child by natural means for 5 years but were unsuccessful so they tried IVF (in vitro fertilization) which failed and they had also considered adoption. Finally, they went in for AID, as the male was detected to have a low sperm count.
The wife complained that since the last 3 months, her husband had become worried about the AID child, had lost all interest in sexual activity and had neglected her emotionally. He was irritable and had outbursts of anger. She finally separated from him and they were contemplating a divorce.
On mental status examination, he was depressed and had no suicidal ideas or psychotic symptoms. He admitted that he had lost his sex drive and had erectile problems during sexual activity with his wife. He was worried about the safety of his AID child. He experienced financial stress due to the loan repayment that he took for the IVF and AID treatments. He felt guilty because he was the cause of their infertility due to his low sperm count. He also painfully disclosed that his manhood was hurt as the child was conceived through artificial insemination by an unknown male donor. He complained that no one cared to ask him about his problems. He had no past or family history of any psychiatric disorder.
Successfully treated AID couples show several distinct stages: the couple wanting a child while the woman cannot become pregnant; the investigation of the couple's sterility; the announcement that the husband is sterile; a period during which the couple adapt to this situation; the disappearance of the feeling of guilt, both of the husband, wounded in his "virility," and of the wife, ashamed of her desire for a child; acceptance of the idea of AID; request for AID, uneasiness at the beginning of pregnancy; euphoric continuation of pregnancy; uncomplicated delivery of a child whose father is very involved in its upbringing, and then request for a second child by AID. [2] Infertile couples prefer AID rather than adoption, because for the woman this alternative offers the chance of "real parenthood." [3] In India, secrecy about AID is born out of a need to conceal a "public and visible" violation of a culturally priced ideal that views an intimate connection between the "married body" and the progeny. The sperm donor is like an "invisible man." [4] AID can be hidden under a conspiracy of silence but not adoption. [5] A successful AID pregnancy is a long answered cry of AID parents for a child. The female, as she bears the pregnancy, receives psychological support, whereas the male is at times neglected. This AID father described above is an example of such a situation in which he developed a moderate depressive episode (ICD10 F32.1) after the birth of his AID child, with stress leading to separation and impending divorce.
AID treatment is a great boon to infertile couples. Fathers of AID children should also receive psychological support.