First supplement to the lichen checklist of South Africa

The compilation of the recent South African lichen checklist (Fryday 2015) was always considered a first step in producing an up-to-date, comprehensive checklist for the country. It was inevitable that some records and other taxonomic and nomenclatural changes would be overlooked and, through the Lichens-L listserve, lichenologists were encouraged to send any additions or corrections to the author that would be published as a first supplement to the list. This paper is the result of those contributions. These mostly refer to corrections to the text and nomenclatural updates but also included the records from a publication on Usnea (Motyka 1961) that was overlooked in the production of the original checklist, and the results of the revision in 2004 by the first author of a large number of Cladoniaceae from the Bolus Herbarium (BOL) of which very little has been published. Duplicates of many specimens were retained in the University of Helsinki Herbarium (H) whereas much of the lichen collection of the Bolus Herbarium has been transferred to the herbarium of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria (PRE). Another major South African Cladonia collection in Lund (LD) is still being studied by the first author in Helsinki.


Introduction
The compilation of the recent South African lichen checklist (Fryday 2015) was always considered a first step in producing an up-to-date, comprehensive checklist for the country.It was inevitable that some records and other taxonomic and nomenclatural changes would be overlooked and, through the Lichens-L listserve, lichenologists were encouraged to send any additions or corrections to the author that would be published as a first supplement to the list.This paper is the result of those contributions.These mostly refer to corrections to the text and nomenclatural updates but also included the records from a publication on Usnea (Motyka 1961) that was overlooked in the production of the original checklist, and the results of the revision in 2004 by the first author of a large number of Cladoniaceae from the Bolus Herbarium (BOL) of which very little has been published.Duplicates of many specimens were retained in the University of Helsinki Herbarium (H) whereas much of the lichen collection of the Bolus Herbarium has been transferred to the herbarium of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria (PRE).Another major South African Cladonia collection in Lund (LD) is still being studied by the first author in Helsinki.
In addition to the printed list (Fryday 2015), an online list, which will be regularly updated and includes the changes proposed here, is also now available (Fryday 2016).Future hard copy supplements will include only substantial changes (e.g.new addition to the lichen biota of South Africa and other changes that require explanation), and other changes (corrections to author citations, etc.) will be made to the online list only.Fryday (2015).Described from KwaZulu-Natal (Leuckert & Kümmerling 1991).
The following Usnea species were all reported by Motyka (1961) from collections made by R. A. Mass Geesteranus in 1949 -a publication that was overlooked in the production of the original checklist (Fryday 2015).All collections are in the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden (L).Full collection details can be found in Motyka (1961), which is available online.
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng.:All the Southern Hemisphere records of this species appear to belong to the closely related C. ochrochlora Flörke (cf.Ahti 2000), which has been substantiated from South Africa.However, the taxonomy of this complex is still incompletely understood.Cladonia polia R. Sant.: A synonym of C. confusa R. Sant.representing its usnic acid deficient strain (called Cladina confusa f. bicolor (Müll.Arg.) Ahti in Ahti 2000).This strain exists in South Africa, though it was not reported by Ahti (2000).
Cladonia portentosa (Dufour) Coëm.: First reported from South Africa by Abbayes (1939) Pannaria capensis J. Steiner: This species, which was described from South Africa, is a synonym of Pannaria lurida (Mont.)Nyl.subsp.lurida (Jørgensen 2004) Peccania arabica (Müll.Arg.) Henssen: The type collection is a poor mixture of at least two cyanolichens and Müller Argoviensis' diagnosis combines features from both; the small squamulose-lobate part is a Collema and the fertile, minutely squamulose part is a Peccania.Unfortunately, the Peccania is so meagre (there is only one small apothecia left) that it is not possible to confidently determine its identity, especially since there are several other small Peccania spp.from Arabia and northern Africa (e.g., 'Synalissa' arabica, Peccania sinaiensis, P. tiruncula).
Peltigera leptoderma Nyl.: Listed as a synonym of P. didactyla (With.)J.R. Laundon but according to Vitikainen (1994) this is a misapplication, although the exact taxonomic status of the name is still uncertain.
Rinodina deminutula (Stizenb.)Zahlbr.: The scant type (from Western Cape) is in poor condition and a treatment of this species is not possible (Mayrhofer 1984).

Other comments
Lichen monocarpus Ach.nom.utique rej.: This taxon was described from South Africa and is an earlier name for Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain.(Stenroos 1994).A proposal by Ahti & DePriest (2005) to reject the name has been accepted.

Results
The current paper includes 43 additions to and 42 deletions from the published list (Fryday 2015), with the result that the overall number of taxa reported from South Africa is increased by 1, to 1751.

Conclusion
In spite of the corrections listed here, the main deficiency of the list remains: because it was a literature-based compilation of taxa reported from the country, and many records date from the 19th (or even 18th) century, there is little doubt that many of the species on the list do not occur in South Africa.This is a problem that can only be addressed by a programme of lichen research, both in the field and the laboratory.In particular, the type of specimens of the numerous species described from South African collections by Stizenberger, Zahlbruckner and other workers, which are mostly in European herbaria, should be examined and their identity ascertained, along with a comprehensive programme of field work that should focus on crustose groups because these are by far the most under-collected and -recorded.
Cladonia furcata (Huds.)Schrad.:Not substantiated for South Africa.It is expected that the records are referable to C. subpungens Abbayes.Cladonia flabelliformis Vain.: nom.illeg.(not (Flörke) Vain.):A recognised synonym of C. polydactyla (Flörke) Spreng., but the name is misapplied and C. polydactyla does not occur in South Africa.Cladonia multiformis G. Merr.: A misapplied name.Cladonia multiformis is known only from North America.Both African and more recent Asian reports have been found to be incorrect.Cladonia pertricosa Kremp.: South African records are referable to C. subpungens.Cladonia pertricosa is an Australian endemic.