Study on Properties of Concrete with Electronic Waste Estudio sobre las Propiedades del Hormigón con Residuos

In this paper, we attempted to make an investigation to use E-waste as fractional substitution intended for coarse aggregate. The accumulation of electronic waste is a major concern in big metropolitan cities and certain tier 2 cities in which huge quantities of the order of several thousand tones is being dumped discharged and grows in an exponential haphazard manner. Bakelite waste is taken as E waste, which is heat resistant and also inert to chemical reactions obtained by crushing the outer casing of television sets. The grade of concrete which is adopted for the investigation is M25 designed by IS code method. Number of trial mixes were tried and the control mix was selected which had the compressive strength slightly more than the target strength. The coarse aggregate of the control mix was partially replace 5 to 20% by weight of coarse aggregate. After 3, 7 and 28 age curing of cube specimen, the compressive intensity was found. Similarly the 7 and 28 age tensile strength, young’s modulas, modulus of rupture be calculated by casting cylinders and prisms. The best possible quantity E-waste be added to retain the target mean strength was also determined. Through research it is bring into being that the volume of the e-waste accumulated can be reduced in a substantial manner by the above method in the field of construction and thereby protect the earth from the threatening environment.


Introduction
Fractional resolution to ecological issues is using waste materials and goods. E-waste composition is complex, also comes into the categories of 'dangerous' and 'non-hazardous'(Kaya, 2016): (Luhar and Luhar, 2019): (Gollakota et al., 2020): (Sikarwar et al., 2020): (Velvizhi et al., 2020): (Gómez et al., 2020): (Mohd Hasan et al., 2019). Ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics and other products are usually included (Suriapparao et al., 2018): (Singh et al., 2017).E-waste comprises of all garbage that has met its closure or is no longer suitable for its original stated purpose and is meant for reuse, recycling or disposal (Kang et al., 2020): (Sovacool, 2020): (Casey et al., 2019). Workability decreases as e waste is replaced as a fine aggregate (Mane et al, 2020). E-waste be a partial alternate of the aggregate resulted a higher strength relative to standard concrete (Needhidasan and Sai, 2020). E-Waste can be a possible substitute for a large aggregate when its properties are accelerated by microorganisms (Rohini and Padmapriya, 2020). The including e waste substitute of the aggregate helps to minimize unit weight of concrete (Hamsavathi et al., 2020). The compressive potency, flexicurity of e waste concrete decrease with an ewaste percentage increase . E-plastic used as substitute for coarse aggregate which indicates a small improves steel slag replacement (Bharani et al., 2020). E-Waste is feasible alternate material for CA which used for non-structural applications (Shinu and Needhidasan, 2020). E-plastic as CA of concrete mixture does not influence compressive strength & tensile potency up to 20% of the e-plastic waste (Arivalagan, 2020). Adding plastic waste results in lower final strength, modulus of elasticity and longevity (Evram et al., 2020). It has been concluded that use of E-plastic waste can improve its mechanical characteristics and that one of the costeffective ways to dispose of it can be environmentally friendly (Santhanam and Anbuarasu, 2020). E-waste plastics be used as CA by substituting 0 per cent, 12 per cent, 17 per cent and 22 per cent of the CA in concrete by means of super plasticizer . The addition of a standard super plasticizer in concrete with FRCA results in a rise in shrinkage deformation up to 44 per cent at 7 days of age and a decrease of up to 2 per cent at 91 days (Cartuxo et al., 2015). Concrete with super plasticizers decreases the workability from 15 cm to7-8 cm (Papayianni et al., 2005). Objective of study is to find concrete properties with e-waste substitution for CA.

Methodology work
Literature related to E-waste use in building material had been collected in order to study the past works and planned to go one step ahead. E-waste is collected from firms Municipal Corporation, Salem. Since E-waste consists of different materials, it is crushed into small size and mixed up to make it homogeneous. Material properties and Ewaste best possible proportion to be replace in concrete determined.

Cement
PPC (fly ash based) with 3.16 specific gravity used for work. Tested corresponding to code (IS-12269, 2013). Properties are given in (Table 1).

Fine aggregates
Sand with a specific gravity of 2.81 used for the experimental programme. Analyzed As per code (Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 1963).

Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregates with specific gravity 2.80, having the maximum size of 20mm where worn in the current work. Confirms to code (IS-383, 1970). CA properties are listed in (  Crushing value in % 8.17

Properties of E-waste
E-waste is the mostly available material in small electronic firms and municipal corporations. E-waste was collected from Prasad electronics, Kannur, Manju electronics, Suramangalam, Salem and Salem Municipal Corporation. Throughout the study to maintain uniform specific gravity, the E-waste used is bakellite which is heat resistant and also inert and obtained by crushing the outer casing of television sets. Properties (E waste) listed in (Table 3).
The E-waste materials, an old CRT television and computer parts namely the motherboards, keyboards and computer parts were collected from Prasad electronics, Kannur and Computer care, Thavakkara, Kannur respectively. The E waste is crushed manually with the hammer and dismantled into pieces. The selected plastic Ewastes, which was used for this study is shown in (Figure 1). From collected E-waste, capacitors are segregated as given in (Figure 2).  Capacitors cannot be replaced partially as coarse aggregate in concrete as it contains dielectric medium thereby conductivity problems are likely to happen if there occurs an electric field nearby. Also during crushing toxic gases are likely to be liberated.

Water
Water from underground sources is used.

Mix design
Design is conceded as per code (Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 2009). Three trial mixes were premeditated by reducing cement and the one with the compressive strength above and close to target mean strength was fixed as the control mix and shown in (Table 4).
The compressive strength of control mix for M25 concrete is given in (Table 5).

fresh property slump test
Slump test employed to test fresh properties and results are shown in (Table 6). Based on fresh property (slump test) only we fixed W/C = 0.47, because it gives more slump value and flowing ability comparing other W/C.

Compressive strength test
(100*100*100) mm concrete cube casted for all mix with replacement to determining compressive strength. E-waste was added in percentage of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as substitution for coarse aggregate. Compressive strength results with and without admixture obtained given in (Figure 3) and (Figure 4) respectively. For optimize the workability melamine based super plasticizer was mixed with concrete.

Split tensile strengt
(300*150) sized cylinders casted to measure the tensile strength of concrete. E-waste was added in percentage of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as substitution for coarse aggregate. The tensile strength with and without admixture obtained given in ( Figure 5) and (Figure 6). To improve the workability melamine based super plasticizer was mixed with concrete.

Flexural Strength test
500*100*100 sized beam casted to test the flexural strength of concrete. E-waste was added in percentage of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as alternate for coarse aggregate. 28 days Flexural strength results for with and without admixture was given in (Figure 7).

Figure 6. Split Tensile strength of Concrete with Different percentage E-Waste (With Super
Plasticizer/chemical admixture)

Figure 5. Split Tensile strength of Concrete with Different percentage E-Waste (Without Super
Plasticizer/Chemical admixture)

Modulus of Elasticity
The cylinder subjected to uniaxial compression and with the help of dial gauges deformations measured. The young's modulus was found by using compress meter and the results for with and without admixture is shown in (Figure 8).

Results & discussion
A comprehensive experimental study was conducted on the impact on strength on E-waste partial substitution for CA. Percentage loss in compressive strength up to an optimum of 15% is very nominal. However the tensile power, the rupture modulus and Young's modulus are reduced by an enormous margin.

Figure 7. Flexural of Concrete with Different percentage E-Waste (With and without Super
Plasticizer/Chemical admixture)