Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T18:49:22.460Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

OVERWINTERING MORTALITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), POPULATIONS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Jacques Régnière  and
Pierre Duval
Jacques Régnière
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 3800, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
Pierre Duval
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, P.O. Box 3800, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Overwintering mortality in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), was measured between 1983 and 1990 in several natural stands of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.), in Quebec and Ontario. Overwintering losses (disappearance of larvae) averaged 25.2%, occurred mostly in late summer and early fall, and were probably caused by, in large part, failure to spin a hibernaculum, diapause-free development, and invertebrate predation. An average of 24.1% of larvae were found dead in the hibernaculum. This mortality also occurred early in diapause and during post-diapause development, and overwintering mortality did not vary much from year to year. We conclude that overwintering mortality does not result from adverse winter weather conditions or from gradual loss of hibernacula. Overall overwintering mortality from the loss of hibernating larvae plus death within the hibernaculum averaged 43.2% and was not related to infection with the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson). We observed no influence of position in the tree crown on overwintering survival. There was a 40% decrease in overwintering survival among larvae from eggs laid very late in a female’s oviposition sequence. Survival within the hibernaculum on shoots of A. balsamea bearing different types of spinning substrates varied considerably, and was highly correlated with larval spinning preferences. Shoots bearing lichen mats, rough bark, male flower scars, or 1-year-old annular scales were most suitable, whereas shoots bearing annular scales older than 1 year or smooth bark were least suitable. The efficiency of the NaOH extraction technique to recover overwintering spruce budworm larvae was found to be highly variable, and to depend on population density, shoot type, and the proportion of live larvae on the branches.

Résumé

La survie hivernale de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l’épinette, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), a été mesurée entre 1983 et 1990 dans plusieurs peuplements naturels de sapin baumier, Abies balsamea (L.), en Ontario et au Québec. Les pertes hivernales (disparition de larves) étaient de 25,2% en moyenne, se sont produites principalement en fin d’été et au début de l’automne et étaient probablement attribuables surtout à l’échec du tissage d’un hibernaculum, au développement sans diapause et à la prédation par les invertébrés. La mortalité dans l’hibernacle était de 24,1% en moyenne et s’est aussi produite surtout en début de diapause et pendant le développement post-diapausal. La survie hivernale n’a pas varié beaucoup d’une année ou d’un endroit à l’autre. Il est conclu que la survie hivernale ne résulte pas principalement de conditions climatiques hivernales défavorables ou de la perte graduelle d’hibernacles. La mortalité globale en hibernation (pertes de larves plus mort dans l’hibernacle) était de 43,2% en moyenne et n’a pas été affectée par l’infection avec la microsporidie Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson). Aucun effet de la position des larves dans la couronne des arbres sur leur survie hivernale n’a été noté. Une baisse de 40% du taux de survie a été notée parmi les larves issues d’œufs pondus à la fin de la séquence de ponte des femelles. La survie dans l’hibernacle sur les pousses du sapin baumier a varié en fonction du substrat de tissage et une forte correlation a été notée entre les préférences de tissage des larves et leur taux de survie. Les tiges portant des lichens, de l’écorce rugueuse, des cicatrices de fleurs mâles ou des écailles annulaires de l’année étaient les plus favorables. Les tiges ne portant que des écailles annulaires de plus d’un an, ou ne comportant aucune aspérité, étaient les moins appropriées. L’efficacité d’extraction de larves de tordeuse en hibernation par la technique de la soude caustique a été très variable et est fortement influencée par le niveau de population, le type de tiges et la proportion de larves vivantes dans les échantillons.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 130 , Issue 1 , February 1998 , pp. 13 - 26
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Batzer, H.O. 1960. Mined buds, a hibernation site for spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 53: 684–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batzer, H.O. 1968. Hibernation site and dispersal of spruce budworm larvae as related to damage of sapling balsam fir. Journal of Economic Entomology 61: 216–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, L.S., and Nordin, G.L.. 1988. Pathogenicity of Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) (Microsporida) in spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), and implications of diapause conditions. The Canadian Entomologist 120: 221–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bess, H.A. 1946. Staminate flowers and spruce budworm abundance. Canadian Forest Service Bi-Monthly Progress Report 2: 3–4.Google Scholar
Blais, J.R. 1952. The relationship of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) to the flowering condition of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 30: 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenbank, D.O. 1963. Staminate flowers and the spruce budworm. pp. 202–218in Morris, R.F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 31.Google Scholar
Greenbank, D.O., Schaefer, G.W., and Rainey, R.C.. 1980. Spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) moth flight and dispersal: new understanding from canopy observations, radar, and aircraft. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 110.Google Scholar
Han, E.N., and Bauce, E.. 1993. Physiological changes and cold hardiness of spruce budworm larvae, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), during pre-diapause and diapause development under laboratory conditions. The Canadian Entomologist 125: 1043–1053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, G.T. 1957. The occurrence and nature of diapause-free development in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 35: 549–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, G.T. 1977. Mean weight and rearing performance of successive egg clusters of eastern spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The Canadian Entomologist 109: 487–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, G.T. 1983. A geographical cline in egg weights in Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its significance in population dynamics. The Canadian Entomologist 115: 1103–1108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, G.T. 1985. Egg weight as a factor in the overwintering survival of spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae. The Canadian Entomologist 117: 1451–1461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaynes, H.A., and Speers, C.F.. 1949. Biological and ecological studies of the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 42: 221–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lethiecq, J.-L., and Régnière, J.. 1988. CFS spruce budworm population studies: site descriptions. Canadian Forest Service Information Report LAU–X–83.Google Scholar
Miller, C.A. 1958. The measurement of spruce budworm populations and mortality during the first and second larval instars. Canadian Journal of Zoology 36: 409–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C.A., and McDougall, G.A.. 1968. A new sampling technique for spruce budworm larvae. Canadian Department of Fisheries Bi-Monthly Research Notes 24: 30–31.Google Scholar
Miller, C.A., and Kettela, E.G.. 1972. An additional note on sampling overwintering spruce budworm larvae. Canadian Forest Service Information Report M–X–34.Google Scholar
Miller, C.A., Kettela, E.G., and McDougall, G.A.. 1971. A sampling technique for overwintering spruce budworm and its applicability to population surveys. Canadian Forest Service Information Report M–X–25.Google Scholar
Minitab Inc. 1996. Minitab reference manual, release 11. Minitab Inc., State College, PA.Google Scholar
Mott, D.G. 1963. The analysis of the survival of small larvae in the unsprayed area. pp. 42–52in Morris, R.F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 31.Google Scholar
Régnière, J. 1983. An oviposition model for the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The Canadian Entomologist 115: 1371–1382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Régnière, J. 1987. Temperature-dependent development of eggs and larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and simulation of its seasonal history. The Canadian Entomologist 119: 717–728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Régnière, J. 1990. Diapause termination and changes in thermal responses during postdiapause development in larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Journal of Insect Physiology 36: 727–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Régnière, J., Lysyk, T.J., and Auger, M.. 1989. Population density estimation of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on balsam fir and white spruce from 45-cm mid-crown branch tips. The Canadian Entomologist 121: 267–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royama, T. 1984. Population dynamics of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. Ecological Monographs 54: 429–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Régnière, J. 1992. Analytical Population Dynamics. Population and Community Biology Series 10. Chapman and Hall, New York.Google Scholar
Sokal, R.R., and Rohlf, F.J.. 1981. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.Google Scholar
Thomson, H.M. 1960. Some aspects of the epidemiology of a microsporidian parasite of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 36: 309–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellington, W.G. 1950. Variations in silk-spinning and locomotor activities of larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), at different rates of evaporation. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 44: 89–101.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, G.G. 1977. Observations on the incidence rates of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia) in a spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) population. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 108: 144–145.Google Scholar
Wilson, G.G. 1987. Observations on the level infection and intensity of Nosema fumiferanae (microsporida) in two different field populations of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. Canadian Forest Service Information Report FPM–X–79.Google Scholar