Hilfer fractional quantum system with Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives and integrals in boundary conditions

: In this paper, we initiate the study of existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled system involving Hilfer fractional quantum derivatives with nonlocal boundary value conditions containing q -Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives and integrals. Our results are supported by some well-known fixed-point theories, including the Banach contraction mapping principle, Leray-Schauder alternative and the Krasnosel’ski˘i fixed-point theorem. Examples of these systems are also given in the end


Introduction
An interesting area of research is the topic of coupled systems of fractional differential equations, as subjected to various types of nonlocal boundary conditions, since many real word problems can be modeled by these systems; see, for example, [1][2][3][4] and the references therein.The use of nonlocal boundary conditions is also favorable for numerous problems in physics and other areas of applied mathematics.In the literature, one can find many fractional derivative operators, the most known of them are those of Riemann-Liouville, Caputo, Katugampola, Hadamard, Hilfer, etc. See [5][6][7][8][9][10] for the treatments on these operators.Also, see [11] for a variety of results of boundary value problems that use different kinds of fractional-order derivative operators with nonlocal boundary conditions.Aside from fractional calculus, there is also a notion of fractal calculus which links the idea of fractional calculus with fractional dimensions.See [12] for details and applications to the dynamics of porous media and hierarchical structures.
In [13], Hilfer gives a new fractional derivative operator, which generalizes the Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives by adjusting the parameters based on its definition.See [14] for several benefits of using the Hilfer derivative.We refer the interested reader to [15][16][17][18] and the references therein for problems including the Hilfer fractional derivative.
The study of calculus without the notion of limits is typically known as quantum calculus or q-calculus.The first person to establish what is known as the q-derivative and q-integral is Jackson [19].There are many applications of quantum calculus, such as physics, number theory, integer partitions, orthogonal polynomials and hypergeometric functions; see [20,21].There has also been a generalization of q-derivatives and q-integrals into orders other than integers by Al-Salam [22] and Agarwal [23], which is used in the development of the q-difference calculus.For details on q-fractional calculus and equations, see the monograph of [24].For new results on the topic, see [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] and the references therein.Tariboon and Ntouyas [34] also introduced quantum calculus on finite intervals.For details on quantum calculus and recent results, we refer the interested reader to the monograph of [35].
Recently, in [36], the generalization of the Hilfer fractional derivative, which was developed by R. Hilfer in [13], was introduced, called the Hilfer fractional quantum derivative.Also, in [36], studies on such initial and boundary value problems were done via fixed-point theory, with a new class of boundary value problems using the Hilfer quantum fractional derivative of the following form: where H a D α,β q is the Hilfer quantum fractional derivative, whose order is α ∈ (1, 2) with β ∈ (0, 1) and q ∈ (0, 1), f is a function defined from [a, b] × R to R, a I κ i q i is the quantum fractional integral, whose order is κ i > 0, λ i ∈ R, q i ∈ (0, 1) and η i ∈ [a, b] for each 1 ≤ i ≤ m.The existence and uniqueness of the solutions for such a system were established via Banach's fixed-point theorem.
In the present paper, our aim is to enrich the literature on the Hilfer quantum fractional derivative by combining the Hilfer quantum and Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative operators with q-Riemann-Liouville integral operators.Such settings for this combination, as far as we know, are new in the literature.Thus, in the present paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of the solutions to the following coupled system involving Hilfer fractional quantum derivatives with nonlocal boundary value conditions containing q-Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives and integrals of the following form: where and RL a D λ r q r are the Hilfer and Riemann-Liouville quantum fractional derivatives, respectively, with orders α r , λ r , quantum number q r and Hilfer parameter β r , r = 1, 2; q k is the q k -Riemann-Liouville integral operator with orders ϵ k > 0, k = 1, 2 and all fractional operators are initiated at a point a.
Existence and uniqueness results for the system (1.2) are obtained by using classical fixed-point theorems.Thus, via Banach's contraction mapping principle, the existence and uniqueness of the solution is guaranteed, while the Leray-Schauder alternative and Krasnosel'ski ȋ fixed-point theorem are used to show the solution's existence.These obtained results are new and will enrich the literature on this new topic of research, for which the existing results are very limited.
We emphasize that, in this paper, we initiate the study of a coupled system in which we combine the following: • Hilfer fractional quantum derivatives, • q-Riemann-Liouville integral operators, • q-Riemann-Liouville differential operators, • mixed nonlocal boundary conditions including the Riemann-Liouville derivative and integral operators.
The used method is standard, but its configuration in the coupled quantum system (1.2) is new.The organization of this paper is as follows.Section 2 covers some preliminaries and lemmas, with some basic results from the topics of q-calculus up to the Hilfer fractional quantum derivative.Also, we prove an auxiliary lemma in order to transform the given nonlinear system into a fixed-point problem.In Section 3, we prove the results on existence and uniqueness of the solution for the Hilfer coupled quantum system (1.2).Finally, illustrative examples are constructed in Section 4.

Preliminaries
In this section, we recall some definitions and basic properties from quantum calculus, fractional quantum calculus and the Hilfer fractional quantum derivative.

Quantum calculus
Let y : [a, b] → R be a given function.The quantum derivative on [a, b] (which was introduced by Tariboon and Ntouyas in 2013 [34]) is defined by and a D q y(a) = lim t→a a D q y (t).If a = 0, for t ∈ (0, b], it is reduced to which is the Jackson q-derivative (first defined by Jackson in 1910 [19]).As is customary, the quantum integral (q-integral) of a function y is defined as
For the setting a = 0, we will obtain the Jackson q-integral as q i y(q i t).
(2.4) It is not difficult to define the q-derivative and q-integral of higher order, e.g., a D n q and a I n q , n ∈ Z, i.e., the set of integers.The story of fractional quantum calculus was begun by generalizing the integer-order n by ω ∈ R based on definitions (2.2) and (2.4) by Al-Salam in 1966 [22] and Agarwal in 1969 [23].Tariboon et al. replaced n by ω by using definitions (2.1) and (2.3) in 2015 [37].The key tool of success is the q-power function, which is contained inside the integration.The q-power function defined on [a, b] is as follows: , where a Ψ i q (t) = q i t + (1 − q i )a and ω ∈ R. If a = 0, it is reduced to 0 Ψ i q (t) = q i t, which gives and it appears in the kernel of fractional quantum calculus in [22,23].Note that, if ω = k is an integer, we can rewrite (2.5) as Definition 2.1.[37] The fractional quantum derivative of Riemann-Liouville type of order ω ≥ 0 on the interval [a, b] is and Here, n is the smallest integer such that ω ≤ n, and Γ q (v) is defined as Also, a Φ q is the q-shifting operator a Φ q (m) = qm + (1 − q)a.
Definition 2.2.[37] Let ω ≥ 0 and y : [a, b] → R. The Riemann-Liouville-type fractional q-integral of y is defined as and, ( a I 0 q y)(t) = y(t), provided that the right-hand side exists.

An auxiliary result
In the next lemma, an auxiliary result is proved, which is the basic tool in transforming the nonlinear problem (1.2) into a fixed-point problem, and we deal with a linear variant of the problem (1.2).For convenience, we set the following: Then, the solution of the linear system is uniquely given by where Φ i , i = 1, 2, 3 are given in (2.6).
Proof.For the first equation in (2.7), taking the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order α 1 and quantum number q 1 from a to t on both sides and applying Lemma 2.1, we have where , we obtain that K 2 ≡ 0 by that condition y(a) = 0 and (2.10) is presented as and In the same way as with the second equation of (2.7), taking the fractional integral of Riemann-Liouville type of order α 2 and quantum number q 2 , combined with the condition z(a) = 0, we obtain where Applying Lemma 2.2 with quantum number q 2 in (2.14), we get and Substituting (2.12), (2.13), (2.15) and (2.16) in the second condition of the third and fourth equalities of (2.7), we obtain the system below.
Solving the above system for K 1 and C 1 , we have and Putting constants K 1 and C 1 into (2.11) and (2.14), (2.8) and (2.9) are then established.The converse can be verified by direct computation.The proof is finished.□

Fixed-point theorems
The following fixed-point theorems are used in the proofs of our main results.
Lemma 2.4.[38] (Banach fixed-point theorem) Let X be a Banach space, D ⊂ X be closed and F : D → D be a strict contraction, i.e., |F x − Fy| ≤ k|x − y| for some k ∈ (0, 1) and all x, y ∈ D.Then, F has a fixed point in D.
Lemma 2.5.[39] (Leray-Schauder alternative) Let T : E → E be an operator on a Banach space E such that T is completely continuous.Let then, either ξ T is unbounded or the operator T has at least one fixed point.
Lemma 2.6.[40] (Krasnosel'ski ȋ's fixed-point theorem) For a Banach space X, let ∅ M ⊂ X be a closed, bounded and convex subset.Let A and B be operators on M such that (a) Ax + By ∈ M for any x, y ∈ M, (b) A is continuous and compact, (c) B is a contraction mapping.
Then, A + B has a fixed point, i.e., Az + Bz = z for some z ∈ M.

Existence results
Let X = C([a, b], R) be the Banach space of all continuous functions from [a, b] to R, as endowed with the supremum norm ∥y∥ = sup{|y(t)| : t ∈ [a, b]}.The product space (X × X, ∥(y, z)∥) with the norm ∥(y, z)∥ = ∥y∥ + ∥z∥ is also a Banach space.
In view of Lemma 2.3, define an operator A : X × X → X × X, where g (η 1 , y(η 1 ), z(η 1 )) and For convenience, we set the following: We now prove an existence and uniqueness result for the Hilfer fractional quantum system (1.2) by using Banach's contraction mapping principle (Lemma 2.4).
Theorem 3.1.Let g, h : [a, b] × R × R → R be such that the following holds: (H 1 ) There exist real numbers m i , n i ≥ 0, i = 1, 2 such that, for every t ∈ [a, b] and y i , Then, if where Proof.Let us define B r = {(y, z) ∈ X × X : ∥(y, z)∥ ≤ r}, with and we have that sup t∈[a,b] |g(t, 0, 0 We first show that AB r ⊂ B r .Note that and, similarly, Then, for (y, z) ∈ B r , we have (1)(b) Similarly, we also obtain (1)(b) From the foregoing inequalities, we then conclude that thus, AB r ⊂ B r .The remaining part is to show that A is a contraction mapping.For (y 1 , z 1 ), (y 2 , z 2 ) ∈ X × X, we have and, similarly, Then, for the operator A, we have From the assumption (3.5), the operator A is a contraction mapping.By using Banach's fixed-point theorem, we have that A has a unique fixed point, which in turn creates the unique solution of the Hilfer fractional quantum system (1.2) on the interval [a, b], which completes the proof.□ The next existence result relies on the Leray-Schauder alternative (Lemma 2.5).
In addition, we suppose the following: (H 2 ) There exist real numbers u 0 , v 0 > 0 and u i , v i ≥ 0 for i = 1, 2 such that, for every t, y i ∈ R, i = 1, 2, where M i , i = 1, 2, 3, 4 is as defined in (3.4), then there exists at least one solution for the Hilfer We will show that AB ρ is uniformly bounded.For (y, z) ∈ B ρ , we obtain (1)(b) Similarly, we can show that Therefore, A is uniformly bounded, as q | a d q s, which converges to zero as τ 1 → τ 2 independently of (y, z).
Similar analysis also yields Hence, A(y, z) is equicontinuous.From the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, the set A is relatively compact; thus, the operator A is completely continuous.
For the final part, we will show that the set Following the steps of proving the uniform boundedness, and by using (H 2 ), we can easily derive that By selecting we then obtain the inequality Hence, the set ξ A is bounded.Using the Leray-Schauder alternative, we conclude that the operator A has at least one fixed point, which creates a solution for our Hilfer fractional quantum system (1.2) on [a, b].This completes the proof.□ For the final existence result, we apply Krasnosel'ski ȋ's fixed-point theorem (Lemma 2.6).
. In addition, we suppose the following: (H 3 ) There exists nonnegative functions then there exists at least one solution for the Hilfer fractional quantum system (1.2) on [a, b].
For the final step, we will show that the operator (A 1,2 , A 2,2 ) is a contraction mapping.Let us consider (y 1 , z 1 ), (y 2 , z 2 ) ∈ B δ .From the hypothesis (H 1 ), we obtain Therefore, By the inequality in (3.7), the operator (A

Examples
In this section, we will show some applications of our results to the nonlinear Hilfer fractional quantum system with Riemann-Liouville fractional derivatives and integral boundary conditions of the following form: Here, we set 1/e 2 and δ 2 = 2/33.From these values, we can compute that γ 1 = 3/2 and γ 2 = 23/12; using WolframAlpha, we obtain the following: Γ q 1 (γ 1 ) ≈ 0.9303873679, Γ q 2 (γ 2 ) ≈ 0.9715412324,  We can see that both functions do not satisfy the Lipschitz condition.However, we can find the bounded plane of each of them to be as follows:
By interchanging the roles of the operators A 1,1 , A 1,2 and A 2,1 , A 2,2 in the foregoing result, we can obtain a second existence result by replacing condition (3.7) with the following: 1,2 , A 2,2 ) is a contraction mapping.Using Krasnosel'ski ȋ's fixed-point theorem, we conclude that there exists at least one solution for the Hilfer fractional quantum system (1.2) on [a, b].The proof is now completed.□ Remark 3.1.