Positive solutions to integral boundary value problems for singular delay fractional di ﬀ erential equations

: Delay fractional di ﬀ erential equations play very important roles in mathematical modeling of real-life problems in a wide variety of scientiﬁc and engineering applications. The objective of this manuscript is to study the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for singular delay fractional di ﬀ erential equations with integral boundary data. To investigate the described system, we construct a u 0 -positive operator ﬁrst. New research technique of by constructing u 0 -positive operator is used to overcome the di ﬃ culties caused by both the delays and the boundary value conditions. Then the su ﬃ cient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions of a class of the singular delay fractional di ﬀ erential equations with integral boundary is proved by using the ﬁxed point theorem in cone.


Introduction
The fractional differential equations and delays arise naturally in a wide range of real-world phenomena and processes. Theory and applications of fractional differential system in different areas were considered by many researchers. For more details one can refer the books [1][2][3]. Some real-world models by fractional derivatives in engineering systems are presented in the book [4]. HIV/AIDS transmission models are investigated in [5]. Accelerated mass-spring systems are studied in [6]. Biochemical reaction models are studied in [7]. Chemical graph theory is given in [8,9]. During the last few decades, a lot of papers have been devoted to investigate the positive solutions of boundary value problems for fractional differential equations, such as [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The systems they studied are delay-free and most of them investigated the existence of positive solutions by using the classical fixed pointed methods. However, to our knowledge, on account of the need for resolving the difficulties caused by both the delays and the boundary value conditions, few results on the boundary value problems for fractional differential equations with time delays are appeared. For example, Qiao and Zhou [18] studied a class of boundary value problems for a fractional differential equation with integral boundary conditions but without time delays x(t)) + q(t) = 0, t ∈ (0, 1), x(0) = x (0) = 0, x(1) = 1 0 l(s)x(s)ds, (1.1) where f : [0, 1] × R → (0, +∞) is continuous, q(t), l(t) ∈ C((0, 1), [0, +∞)). Liao and Ye [19] investigated the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for a class of nonlinear delay fractional differential equations (1.2) where f : [0, 1] × C → R + is continuous, in which R + = [0, +∞), C = C([−r, 0], R + ) is the space of continuous functions from [−r, 0] to R + , r > 0, L(D) = D s n − a n−1 D s n−1 − · · · − a 1 D s 1 ,0 < s j < s j+1 < 1, a j > 0, j = 1, 2, · · · , n − 1. D s j denotes the standard Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative. Using Krasnosel'skii fixed point theorem, Su in [20] examined the positive solutions to the singular delay fractional differential equations with easy boundary data where f : (0, 1) × R + → R is continuous and may be singular at t = 0, t = 1, x = 0, 1 < d ≤ 2 is a real number, D d is the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, R + = [0, +∞). Li et al. [21] and Agarwal and Hristova [22] studied boundary value problems of some fractional functional differential equations involving the Caputo fractional derivative. However, the boundary value conditions in the above mentioned results for delay fractional differential equations are not concerned with the integral data. Despite many excellent works on integral boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations are available, there are only relatively scare results on the integral boundary value problems for delay fractional differential equations. Inspired by the works mentioned above, the present paper is related to studying the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for the following delay fractional differential equations with the more complicated integral boundary value conditions where D d 0 + is a standard Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative and d is a real number with 2 < d ≤ 3. The time delay τ is a constant which admits 0 < τ < 1. Throughout the present paper, the integral boundary value problems (IBVPs) (1.4) and (1.5) refers to the Eq (1.4) with boundary data (1.5). The functions f, p, q involved in IBVPs (1.4) and (1.5) are assumed to satisfy the following conditions: (H 1 ) f : (0, 1) × R + → R + is continuous, may be singular at t = 0, t = 1 and x = 0. The novelty of the present paper is twofold. First, IBVPs (1.4) and (1.5) under consideration involve not only the past time delay but also the fractional derivative with the order 2 < d ≤ 3. Second, the technique used in this paper is to construct a u 0 -positive operator as to overcome the difficulties caused by the singularity of the function f . Based on a fixed point theorem, some new existence and uniqueness criteria of positive solutions are established.
The rest of this study is organized as follows. In Section 2, some definitions and lemmas are reviewed. In Section 3, we construct a u 0 -positive operator to demonstrate our main results. Then, the criteria to existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for IBVPs (1.4) and (1.5) can be established. We make a conclusion in Section 4.

Preliminaries
In this section, we resume with several necessary definitions and lemmas from fractional calculus theory.
In this section, we resume with several necessary definitions and lemmas from fractional calculus theory.
The definition of a u 0 -positive operator is given as follows.
Definition 2.4. (e.g., [23]) Let X be a Banach space, and P a cone in X. A bounded linear operator S : X → X is said to be a u 0 -positive operator on the cone P if there exists u 0 ∈ P\{θ} such that for every u ∈ P\{θ}, there exists a natural number n and positive constants α(x), β(x) such that the following symmetric inequality is satisfied 24]) Let d > 0 and u(t) be an integrable function. Then, where c i ∈ R(i = 1, 2, · · · , n), and n is the smallest integer greater than or equal to d.
The following is an existence and uniqueness result of solutions for a linear boundary value problem, which is paramount for us in the following analysis.
Then, the unique solution of the following BVPs is described by in which the constant is called the Green function of the BVPs (2.1).
Proof. Deduced from Lemma 2.5, we have So, the solution of Eq (2.1) is By swapping the upper and lower limits, we have , . Therefore, the solution of BVPs (2.1) is This completes the proof. Setting Then, the solution of the BVPs (2.1) can be written as We enjoy the following Lemma.
To proceed, we recall a result in [23].
Lemma 2.8. (e.g., [23]) Let X be a Banach space, and P a cone in X. Suppose that S : X → X is a completely continuous linear operator and S (P) ⊂ P. If there exists ψ ∈ X\(−P) and a constant c > 0 such that cS ψ ≥ ψ, then the spectral radius r(S ) 0, and S has a positive eigenfunction ϕ corresponding to its first eigenvalue λ 1 = 1 r(S ) , that is, ϕ = λ 1 S ϕ.

Main results
In this section, we begin with constructing a u 0 -positive operator; followed by the obtained results, the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for IBVPs (1.4) and (1.5) is discussed in the succeeding subsection.

Construction of u 0 -positive operators
We also need to define a space Then, it is not difficult to find that (E, · ) is a Banach space. A cone in the space E can be described as Let ρ ∈ C(0, 1) ∩ L(0, 1) be a nonnegative function. We define the functions , and, for any x ∈ P, The following is naturally followed by Lemma 2.6. To proceed, define an operator A in P as  Define another operator T be defined in P by for t, s ∈ (0, 1). Notice that 0 ≤ Q < 1. Thus, the following inequality holds for t, s ∈ (0, 1). For any y ∈ P \ {θ}, by (3.4) and (2.3), one can calculate that On the other hand, for 0 ≤ Q < 1, one can deduce that Therefore, for any y ∈ P \ {θ}, one can deduce that This implies that the operator T is a u 0 -operator with u 0 (t) = t d−1 .
By the proof of Theorem 3.2 and Lemma 2.8, we have the following lemma.
Lemma 3.3. The spectral radius of the operator T admits r(T ) 0 and T has a positive eigenfunction ϕ * (t) corresponding to its first eigenvalue λ 1 = (r(T )) −1 .
Proof. Let and a constant Then, from the proof of Theorem 3.2, we find that Thus, by Lemma 2.8, the spectral radius r(T ) 0 and T has a positive eigenfunction ϕ * (t) corresponding to its first eigenvalue λ 1 = (r(T )) −1 , that is ϕ * (t) = λ 1 (T ϕ * )(t).
The following result can be used in the proof of the main result in this paper.

Existence and uniqueness of positive solutions
In this subsection, based on a fixed point theorem, we study the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for IBVPs (1.4) and (1.5) by using the u 0 -positive operators. The following theorem is the main result in this paper.
Proof. Owing to the continuity of f and the fact that T is a linear completely continuous operator, it is not difficult to verify that the operator A : E → E defined by (3.2) is completely continuous and satisfies A(P) ⊂ P. For any given x 0 ∈ P, define the iterative sequence x n = Ax n−1 (n = 1, 2, . . .). Since A(P) ⊂ P, it follows that {x n } ⊂ P.
Since λ 1 is the first eigenvalue of T , that is T (ϕ * (t)) = 1 λ 1 ϕ * (t), by the linearity of the operator T , stepwise recursive yields Thus, for n ∈ N + , by (3.5), one can deduce that By Theorem 3.2 and Remark 3.4, there is a constant where ϕ * (t) is the positive eigenfunction of operator T corresponding to λ 1 . Then, for n ∈ N + , we have

It follows that for any
which means that Note that lim n→∞ β 1 λ 1 k n 1−k ϕ * (t) = 0. Thus, {x n } is a Cauchy sequence. Therefore, from the completeness of the space E and the closeness of the operator P, there exists x * ∈ P such that lim n→∞ x n = x * .
Since the operator A is continuous, taking the limit into x n = Ax n−1 demonstrate that x * is a fixed point of A in P.
Observing that k ∈ [0, 1), we have lim n→+∞ δ 2 λ 1 k n ϕ * = 0, so x − y ≤ 0, and thus x = y. Based on the above analysis, x * is a unique fixed point of A in P, i.e., x * is the unique positive solution of IBVP (1.4) and (1.5).

Conclusions
In this paper, a novel technique of u 0 -positive operator is invoked to establish the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for a class of the singular delay fractional differential equations with integral boundary, that is, IBVPs (1.4) and (1.5), which involves not only the past time delay but also the fractional derivative with the order 2 < d ≤ 3. We first get the corresponding Green's function. Consequently, the u 0 -positive operator T is derived by the equivalent integral equation of IBVP (1.4) and (1.5). Hence, the sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions of the problem is proved by using the fixed point theorem in cone.
On open questions for further research, it would be interesting to see what happen when the equation includes this term x(t) in the function f , i.e., f (t, x(t), x(t − τ)). Another potentially interesting research direction would be to take d ∈ (1, 2].

Use of AI tools declaration
The authors declare they have not used Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in the creation of this article.