A mathematical model for inducing T-cells around tumor cells by using exchanged waves between graphene sheets interior and exterior of body

Massimo Fioranelli; Hijaz Ahmad; Maria Grazia Roccia; Aroonkumar Beesham; Zahir Shah; Massimo Fioranelli; Hijaz Ahmad; Maria Grazia Roccia; Aroonkumar Beesham; Zahir Shah

doi:10.3934/biophy.2022030

AIMS Biophysics

2022, Volume 9, Issue 4: 388-401. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2022030

Previous Article Next Article

Research article Special Issues

A mathematical model for inducing T-cells around tumor cells by using exchanged waves between graphene sheets interior and exterior of body

1.
Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
2.
Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 39,00186 Roma, Italy
3.
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, South Africa
4.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa, South Africa
5.
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat 28420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Received: 18 June 2022 Revised: 21 October 2022 Accepted: 09 November 2022 Published: 29 November 2022

We propose a theoretical model which helps us to use entangled graphene sheets for inducing T-cells around tumor cells. The direction of the free spinors on a graphene sheet should be in the opposite direction to the direction of the free spinors on the other graphene sheet in an entangled system. Consequently, any change in one sheet could be understood by spinors in the other sheet. One of these graphene sheets plays the role of antenna within the human body, and the other one acts as the sender exterior to it. With time and the motion of the total wave, the graphene sheet divides into smaller components with lower energy on some circles, and the centre of such a circle is the sender. Thus, to provide the required energy for activation of the interior graphene sheet, we add more sheets or increase the external potential exterior to the body. According to the Warburg proposal, radiated spinors from normal cells and cancer cells are different, and these differences could be seen by free spinors on the exterior of the graphene sheets. When the existence of a tumor is diagnosed, some T-cells could be close to the exterior graphene sheets. Free spinors on these sheets change, take the shape of T-cells and transmit information to the interior sheet. Spinors on this sheet produce virtual T-cells which deceive the tumor cells and produce virtual PD1/PD-L1 connections with them. Consequently, tumor cells cannot introduce death toxins into real T-cells, and these cells have the opportunity to destroy them.
- tumors,
- graphene sheets,
- T-cells,
- waves,
- imaging
Citation: Massimo Fioranelli, Hijaz Ahmad, Maria Grazia Roccia, Aroonkumar Beesham, Zahir Shah. A mathematical model for inducing T-cells around tumor cells by using exchanged waves between graphene sheets interior and exterior of body[J]. AIMS Biophysics, 2022, 9(4): 388-401. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2022030

Related Papers:

Abstract

We propose a theoretical model which helps us to use entangled graphene sheets for inducing T-cells around tumor cells. The direction of the free spinors on a graphene sheet should be in the opposite direction to the direction of the free spinors on the other graphene sheet in an entangled system. Consequently, any change in one sheet could be understood by spinors in the other sheet. One of these graphene sheets plays the role of antenna within the human body, and the other one acts as the sender exterior to it. With time and the motion of the total wave, the graphene sheet divides into smaller components with lower energy on some circles, and the centre of such a circle is the sender. Thus, to provide the required energy for activation of the interior graphene sheet, we add more sheets or increase the external potential exterior to the body. According to the Warburg proposal, radiated spinors from normal cells and cancer cells are different, and these differences could be seen by free spinors on the exterior of the graphene sheets. When the existence of a tumor is diagnosed, some T-cells could be close to the exterior graphene sheets. Free spinors on these sheets change, take the shape of T-cells and transmit information to the interior sheet. Spinors on this sheet produce virtual T-cells which deceive the tumor cells and produce virtual PD1/PD-L1 connections with them. Consequently, tumor cells cannot introduce death toxins into real T-cells, and these cells have the opportunity to destroy them.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

All authors have contributed equally to the conception of the work, drafting the paper, approving the final version to be published and answering the reviewer's queries and have taken care of the accuracy and integrity of the work.

References

[1]	Tabish TA, Pranjol MZI, Jabeen F, et al. (2018) Investigation into the toxic effects of graphene nanopores on lung cancer cells and biological tissues. Appl Mater Today 12: 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2018.07.005
[2]	Tabish TA, Narayan RJ (2021) Mitochondria-targeted graphene for advanced cancer therapeutics. Acta Biomater 129: 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.054
[3]	Liu J, Dong J, Zhang T, et al. (2018) Graphene-based nanomaterials and their potentials in advanced drug delivery and cancer therapy. J Control Release 286: 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.034
[4]	Fan H, Yu X, Wang K, et al. (2019) Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-based nanomaterials for improving photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 182: 111620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111620
[5]	Fusco L, Gazzi A, Peng G, et al. (2020) Graphene and other 2D materials: a multidisciplinary analysis to uncover the hidden potential as cancer theranostics. Theranostics 10: 5435-5488. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.40068
[6]	Novodchuk I, Bajcsy M, Yavuz M (2021) Graphene-based field effect transistor biosensors for breast cancer detection: a review on biosensing strategies. Carbon 172: 431-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.048
[7]	Srivastava R, Thakur M, Kumawat MK, et al. (2021) Graphene-based nanomaterials in cancer therapy. Next Generation Graphene Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostic Applications. Singapore: Springer: 23-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6303-8_2
[8]	Sekhon SS, Kaur P, Kim YH, et al. (2021) 2D graphene oxide–aptamer conjugate materials for cancer diagnosis. NPJ 2D Mater Appl 5: 21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-021-00202-7
[9]	Liberti MV, Locasale JW (2016) The Warburg effect: How does it benefit cancer cells?. Trends Biochem Sci 41: 211-218. https://doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.001
[10]	Alfarouk KO (2016) Tumor metabolism, cancer cell transporters, and microenvironmental resistance. J Enzym Inhib Med Chem 31: 859-866. https://doi:10.3109/14756366.2016.1140753
[11]	Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB (2009) Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324: 1029-1033. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160809
[12]	Alsaab HO, Sau S, Alzhrani R, et al. (2017) PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint signaling inhibition for cancer immunotherapy: mechanism, combinations, and clinical outcome. Front Pharmacol 8: 561. https://doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00561
[13]	Shi L, Chen S, Yang L, et al. (2013) The role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in T-cell immune suppression in patients with hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 6: 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8722-6-74

Reader Comments

Your name:*

Email:*
© 2022 the Author(s), licensee AIMS Press. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)