Frit flies of Turkey with descriptions of two new species and new records (Diptera, Chloropidae)

Abstract Faunistic records for 88 frit flies species from southwestern Turkey (Muğla province) and from Samsun (north Turkey) are given. Two species, Dicraeus civeleki sp. n., and Meromyza samsunensis sp. n., are described as new to science. Altogether, nine genera (Calamoncosis, Eribolus, Gaurax, Incertella, Speccafrons, Trachysiphonella, Chloropsina, Eutropha, and Lagaroceras) and 46 species are recorded for the first time from Turkey.


Introduction
Frit flies (Diptera, Chloropidae) are small to medium sized flies, adult body length 1.5-5.0 mm, rarely larger, with reduced bristling. Body colour very variable, most species are entirely black, and often with metallic sheen (subfamily Oscinellinae, Siphonellopsinae, Rhodesiellinae), whereas some species are yellow with black, red or

Materials and methods
The studied material, unless stated otherwise, was collected between 2011-2015 by M. Barták and Š. Kubík, and it is deposited in the collection of the Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague. It originates from southwestern and northern Turkey, mainly from the Muğla province and, to a lesser extent, also from the city of Samsun (Samsun province). The specimens were collected by Malaise traps (MT) and yellow and white pan water traps (PT), or they were swept from vegetation (SW). Most of the specimens were originally preserved in alcohol and were dried and mounted later on using the method described by Barták (1997). The genitalia of the described species here were macerated in 10 % KOH (24 hours, room temperature) and later stored together with the specimens on plastic tags and fixed with butyl-methacrylate copolymer of methyl-methacrylate, xylene. The genitalia and individual species were photographed using a Nikon D300 digital camera mounted on a Nikon SMZ-U microscope and images were edited with the computer software NIS-Elements 3.0. On average, each final image is a stack from 15 layers. Images were improved using the software Adobe Photoshop, genitalia served as models for outline of hand drawn illustrations; details were added by direct observation of the genitalia.
The morphological terms used here follow Merz and Haenni (2000). The distribution of species, unless stated otherwise, was taken from Nartshuk (2012Nartshuk ( , 2013. The species recorded here with for the first time from Turkey are marked by an asterisk and males, females are abbreviated M, F, respectively.

Descriptions of new species
Description. Male. Frons longer than wide, yellow on anterior third and black on posterior portion, ocellar triangle black, 2/3 length of frons. Face and gena yellow. Gena wider than first flagellomere with a row of black peristomal setulae. Palpus yellow with black setulae. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere round and yellow, arista short pubescent. Occiput black. Setae and setulae of head black.
Thorax black with grey microtrichosity, entirely covered with black setulae. Scutellum round triangular with long apical convergent setae and a pair of subapicals 2/3 length of apical ones. Anterior portion of pleura shining, anepisternum and katepisternum partly microtrichose. Chaetotaxy: 2 postpronotal, 1 + 2 notopleural, two postalar and one prescutellar setae. Wing clear with whitish yellow veins. Costal vein reaches one-fourth the length between R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 (Fig 3). Halter whitish yellow. Legs: fore coxa, fore and mid tibia yellow, all femora and hind tibia black.Abdomen brown with a narrow yellow band on tergites. Male genitalia (Figs 4-5): epandrium black, surstylus brownish yellow with several long setae at base. Apex of surstylus broad and straight. Cercus broad and orthogonally curved, not pointed. Body length: 2 mm. Female: unknown.
Remarks. The species belongs to subgenus Oedesiella Becker based on the structure of the male genitalia: cerci long and wide apart, surstyli longer than epandrium. Cerci wide and curved, not narrow, straight and pointed, surstylus with wide and straight apex, not narrowed as in D. sabroskyi Beschovski, 1977 (Figs 8-9) and not rounded as in D. beschovski Nartshuk, 2010 (Figs 6-7).
Etymology. Named in honour of Prof. Hasan Civelek, our colleague and dipterologist from Muğla University, Turkey. Holotype is in good condition, abdomen on plastic tags together with the specimen. Paratypes: 2M and 2F same data.
Diagnosis. Species with black palpus on apical half, first flagellomere 1.5 times as long as wide, red grey microtrichose stripes on scutum and hind femur nearly four times thicker than tibia. Meromyza samsunensis has anterior process of postgonite widened laterally forming distinct longitudinal rib; upper half parallel and curved, lower half concave. This character is hardly visible in lateral view (Fig 15). In M. femorata, the anterior process of postgonite is flat, wide and with three to four smooth spinules on the surface (Fig 16).
Description. Male (Figs 10-11). Ground colour yellow. Frons produced anteriorly, produced region of frons same width of first flagellomere. Ocellar triangle occupying two-thirds of frons, shining, rugose on apical portion and black on ocellar tubercle only, with one row of black interfrontal setae along sides. First flagellomere 1.5 times as long as wide, yellow, darkened on dorsal portion and with long pale setulae. Arista yellow, nearly bare. Genal as wide as first flagellomere. Vibrissal angle obtuse. Palpus black on apical half and yellow basally.
Thorax: Scutum with red grey microtrichose stripes, midstripe reaching scutellum and scutellum with small red mark. Pleura with red marks except small black mark on anepisternum. Wing hyaline with whitish yellow veins. Halter whitish yellow. Legs yellow, fore tarsus darkened. Hind femur strongly swollen, nearly four times as thick as tibia (Fig 12).

11
Abdomen: yellow with dark midstripe and small spots on tergites 2-5. Male genitalia (Figs 13-14): epandrium yellow, with long curved surstylus evenly covered with small setulae. The upper half of anterior process of postgonite is parallel and curved, lower half concave. Posterior process enlarged (Fig 15).
Body length 3.5-4.0 mm. Remarks. New species has elongated first flagellomere. The character is rear in Meromyza, only two species have elongated first flagellomere: Meromyza mirabilis Fedoseeeva, 1974 and Meromyza longicornis (Frey, 1921). Meromyza mirabilis has first flagellomere 1.5 times as long as wide (similar to M. samsunensis sp. n) but palpus is yellow and stripes on the scutum are brown. Meromyza longicornis has first flagellomere 2.5 times as long as wide and hind femur 3 times as wide as hind tibia. M. samsunensis sp. n is similar to Meromyza femorata Macquart, 1835 in having red stripes on the scutum with median stripe reaching the scutellum, palpus black on apical half, and hind femur strongly swollen. The main difference between both species is in the shape of postgonite.
Etymology. the species epithet refers to the location where the holotype was collected (the city of Samsun).

Comments
The new species may be included in the key to Palaearctic species of the genus Meromyza Meigen (Nartshuk and Fedoseeva, 2011) by the following modification:  Anterior process of postgonite flat, wide and with three to four smooth spikes on surface (Fig. 16)  Anterior process of postgonite widened laterally forming distinct longitudinal rib; upper half parallel and curved, lower half concave. (Fig. 15) (123) Hind femur moderately thickened, less than 3 times as wide as hind tibia.
Stripes of scutum mostly dark; if rufus, anterior margin of anterior process of postgonite sharply narrowed and projecting.

Discussion
Altogether 114 species of the family Chloropidae are known at the present time from Turkey. Nine genera (Calamoncosis, Eribolus, Gaurax, Incertella, Speccafrons, Trachysiphonella, Chloropsina, Eutropha, and Lagaroceras) and 46 species are recorded here for the first time. Two species (Dicraeus civeleki sp. n. and Meromyza samsunensis sp. n.) are described. Based on comparisons with the Chloropidae fauna of some adjacent countries, it seems as though the number of Chloropidae species in Turkey is in fact much larger: Bulgaria (Beschovski 1985) with 144 species, Israel with more than 100 species (Kaplan 1977), 51 species from Greece (Nartshuk 2010) and 394 species are known to occur in Europe (Nartshuk 2013).