Taxonomic notes on the Macrocheilus Hope (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Helluonini) from Oriental Region, with description of one new species from the Philippines

Abstract Taxonomic notes, together with illustrated characters, on the oriental species of the genus Macrocheilus Hope, 1838 (Carabidae, Helluonini) are provided. One new species, Macrocheilus deuvie sp. n. is described from the Philippines. A key to all species of Macrocheilus in the Oriental Region is also provided.

Taxonomic notes on the Macrocheilus Hope (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Helluonini) from Oriental Region, with description of one new species from the Philippines

Introduction
The genus Macrocheilus Hope, 1838 is composed of Oriental, Palaearctic and Ethiopian species (Csiki 1932, Reichardt 1974).In total, fifty-six species of the genus are reported, among them, thirty-five species in the Ethiopian Region, nineteen in Oriental Region, and only two in Palaearctic Region (Lorenz 2005, Hůrka 2003, Zhao and Tian 2010).
For the Oriental Macrocheilus, Heller (1900) gave a table of ten species.But of them, two (dorsalis Klug and scapularis Klug) are actually African species, one (distactus Wiedemann) belongs to the genus Creagris, and one (tripustulatus Fairmaire) is a species of Pheropsophus.Andrewes (1920) dealt with ten Oriental species of the genus.Jedlička (1963) treated the East Asian Macrocheilus species and mentioned only five species.Park et al. (2006) listed six species from Vietnam.Zhao and Tian (2010) described seven new species and gave a key to Chinese species.
The aim of this paper is to provide taxonomic notes on all Oriental species of Macrocheilus by means of checking most of the type materials and a few other materials.As a result of the study, the examined materials are preserved in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN).One new species of Macrocheilus from the Philippines is described.In addition, a distribution map of the genus in the Oriental Region is provided.

Materials and methods
Materials for this study were dry mounted specimens.Dissection of specimens was done following the standard technique described by Lindroth (1974).Observations and measurements were made under stereo microscope (Leica, MZ125) and ocular microscope (Wild M5).
Abbreviations for the collections in which the type materials are deposited as follows:

Generic diagnosis.
Medium sized (length from 8.0 to 17.0 mm), elongate, whole body coarsely punctuate and pubescent, except for labrum and middle region of ventral side of head.Head with two supraorbital setae on each side; ligula fairly wide, deeply impressed beneath at sides of base; mentum deeply emarginated, with a long and slender tooth; palpi varied in form; labrum extraordinarily or well developed; mandibles dorsally covered by labrum or not covered; antennae stout and flat, densely pubescent from antennomere 5. Pronotum truncate-cordiform or quadrate, basal margin more or less produced backwards in middle; lateral margin with two setae, one just before middle, and the other at hind angle.Elytra with deep striae and setiferous pores; intervals slightly or rather convex, interval 8 usually wide.Metepisterna elongate and very narrow in all species.Tarsomere 4 emarginate.Wings fully developed.No externally visible sexual dimorphic characters present.Median lobe of aedeagus varied in form.Parameres of aedeagus quite similar, elongate, the left one larger than the right one.
Differences with other genera of Helluonini in the Oriental Region.Macrocheilus spp., with larger body size, simple 4 th tarsomeres, and non-securiform labial palpomere are distinctly different from Colfax spp.(smaller body size, securiform labial palpomere) and Creagris spp.(bilobed 4 th tarsomere; smaller body size).Functional wings and the occurrence of a long spiniform median tooth of mentum of Macrocheilus distinguish them from Omphra spp.(which are brachypterous and have a short median tooth of the mentum).

Key to species of Oriental
Diagnosis.Length 6.3-6.5 mm, width 2.5 mm.Head and prothorax red; elytra black or sometimes bluish black.Labrum (Fig. 1) semicircular in front, shortly depressed towards base, front pair of setae small and closely placed along the front margin, intermediate one at a distance from margin; ligula rectangular, with a wide and deep median impression, a pair of setae at a distance form apex depressed at base; apex truncate, outer apical angles rounded; mentum (Fig. 9) glabrous at base, both tooth and lobes elongate, slender and sharp at apex; tooth almost as long as lobes, two pairs of setae on base; lobes sinuate at a distance from apex along outer margin; maxillary palpi (Fig. 17) not dilated.Elytra without spots.Female genitalia.Gonocoxite short, stout, inner margin arcuate and not sinuate, apex short and sharp (Fig. 37).Remarks.This species is allied to the next species, M. impictus (Wiedemann).Both differ from other species in the absence of elytral spot.
Diagnosis.Length 14.5-15.0mm, width 5.0-5.5 mm.Black.Labrum (Fig. 2) with front margin rounded and bisinuate, three pairs of setae close to margin, and front two pairs on sinuated area; mandibles slightly obtuse at apex; mentum (Fig. 10) irregularly setose in basal half, both tooth and lobes elongate and sharp at apex, tooth slightly shorter than lobes; maxillary palpomere 4 (Fig. 18) cylindrical and gradually dilated toward apex, rounded and obliquely truncate at apex.Elytra without spots.Male genitalia.Median lobe dilated on dorsal side in middle partion, sinuate on ventral side; apical lamella elongate, not sinuate near apex, rounded at apex .
Remarks.Similar to M. bicolor without elytral spots, distinctly differs by larger size, body black, sinuate front margin of labrum and plurisetose mental tooth.
Diagnosis.Length 24.7 mm, width 8.3 mm.Labrum (Fig. 3) elongate, three pairs of equidistant setae on upper surface near margin; ligula thickened, apex slightly narrowed, slightly emarginate in middle of front margin, deeply depressed near apex to form a median channel, with five pairs of setae along sides, hollowed out above with a median carina; mentum (Fig. 11) with both tooth and lobes stout, tooth shorter than lobes, contracted after middle, irregularly setose on ventral surface on basal half; maxillary palpomere 4 (Fig. 19) dilated, densely setose; labial palpomere 4 dilated, palpomere 3 not dilated inwards.Elytal spots nearly square, large, near the middle, cover intervals 2-7.Male genitalia.Median lobe of aedeagus strongly dilated and stout, strongly sinuate near paramere, straight towards apex, apical lamera elongate and narrowed at apex .
Remarks.This species is similar to M. niger and M. asteriscus in having anterior setae of labrum obviously on upper surface, but differs from the other two species by the large and almost square elytral spots and stout median tooth of mentum.
Diagnosis.Length 16.0-16.3mm, width 6.0-6.2 mm.Labrum (Fig. 4) convex, with a short furrow on each side of base, narrowed and pointed in front, with three pairs of setae away from the margin; ligula thickened, apex truncate towards sides, apical margin slightly emarginate, deeply depressed towards base, with a small median impression near apex; mentum (Fig. 12) glabrous at base; median tooth shorter than lobes, rather narrow and with apex rather pointed, two pairs of setae at basal area; lateral lobes obtuse at apex.Palpi (Fig. 20) not dilated.Elytral spots transverse, close to the middle of interval 5, covering intervals 3-7.Male genitalia.Median lobe stout, apical lamella short and round at apex (Figs 29-30).
Remarks.Similar to M. asteriscus, but differs with the tooth of mentum plurisetose and elytral spot not cruciform.
Remarks.M. vitalisi is similar to M. binotatus from Sumatra, but as stated by Andrewes (1931), M. binotatus differs from M. vitalisi by "the dark colour, the elytral spot oblong and red; the upper surface generally is more coarsely and less densely punctuate, the genae are contracted more sharply to the neck, the sides of the prothorax are less sinuate behind, the elytral intervals more convex, with punctuation along the side more widely spaced and coarser".In addition, according to our examination, the anterior seta of the labrum is closer to the apical margin in M. vitalisi than in M. binotatus and the 4th maxillary palpomere is cylindrically dilated in M. vitalisi.Materials examined.1 female, the holotype, "China, Bowring 63•47*, 986 27/2/53" (NHML); 1 female, "Tonkin, Région de Hoa-Binh", "Muséum Paris, 1932, A. de Cooman" (MNHN).
Remarks.This species is similar to M. macromaculatus having elytral spots oblong; and it differs from M. macromaculatus in having the anterior setae of labrum on the apical margin.
Diagnosis.Length 10.0 mm, width 3.0 mm.Labrum large, semicircular anteriorly, with a flat depression on each sides, setae running along the sides in two small furrows; palpi short and stout, truncate at apex; mentum with a long, narrow, sharp median tooth, lateral lobes a little longer.Elytral spots oblong and covers intervals 2-7.The above description is after Louwerens (1949).
Remarks.This species is similar to M. binotatus, but the former is smaller in size and has the sides of elytra gently rounded behind, in contrast to the larger size and more sharply rounded hind region of elytra in M. macromaculatus.
Remarks.M. gigas is similar to M. parvimaculatus and M. tripustulatus in having anterior seta of the labrum on the apical margin and the ligula thickened at apex which distinguishes these three species from other species with two spots on each elytron.But M. gigas differs from the other two species by wide apex of labrum and having median tooth of mentum sinuate near apex on lateral margin.Materials examined.1 male, the holotype, Guangdong: Zhanjiang, Jun.1983, deposited in SCAU; 1 male, Guangdong: Zhanjiang, Oct.1982, Zhichang Tan leg., deposited in SCAU; 2 males, Guangdong: Zhanjiang, July 1982, deposited in SCAU and MNHN.
Diagnosis.Length 8.0-10.1 mm, width 3.0-3.5 mm.Labrum (Fig. 7) convex, arcuate at apex, front setae beneath apex, intermediate one on apical margin, hind one close to middle margin; mandibles sharp at apex; mentum (Fig. 15) setose at base; median tooth triangular and shorter than lobes, with two pairs of setae at base; lobes obtuse at apex; maxillary palpomere 4 (Fig. 23) roundly dilated, labial palpomere 4 triangular in shape and dilated, 3 not dilated and bisetose on inner sides; ligula thickened, apical margin arcuate inwards, deeply depressed at sides, with a median impression close to apex, outer apical angles rounded, with a seta on either of median impression close to apex.Elytra with front spot large, just before middle, almost rounded, covering intervals 3-7 and extended to small part of 2 and 8; hind spot on inner angles, more or less triangular, covering intervals 1-5.Male genitalia.Median lobe slender, apical lamella round .Female genitalia.Gonocoxite slender, arcuate, with three or four setae on dorsal side, apex slightly obtuse (Fig. 42).
Remarks.This species differs from following two species in having the tibiae black, maxillary palpomere 4 more dilated, the median lobe of male genitalia stouter and the apical lamella more rounded.
Head convex; neck short and punctate on dorsal surface; frontoclypeal sulcus faint, frontal foveae short and shallow; clypeus with apical margin truncate, two setae on each side of apical outer angels, a row of 6 setae along apical margin, irregularly setose basally on each side; labrum (Fig. 8) convex anteriorly, apical margin rounded, front setae beneath near apex, middle one just on apical margin, hind one close to middle margin; mandibles covered by labrum, sharp at apex; mentum (Fig. 16) irregularly setose and punctate at base, median tooth triangular and shorter than lobes, with a pair of setae at base, lobes obtuse at apex; maxillary palpi (Fig. 24) not dilated, labial palpomere 3 with two setae on inner side; ligula thickened, apex deeply and widely emarginated in middle.
Pronotum flat; widest before middle; faint median line, median and apical impression distinct, basal foveae deep; lateral margin round in front, strongly sinuate near base; hind angles nearly rectangular, with a small obtuse tooth and an emargination before tooth.
Elytra flat, striae with large, close punctures and setae; intervals convex, with two rows of regular punctures and setae, interval 8 wider than others and densely and irregularly punctate and setose; spots small, front spot rounded, just before middle, covering intervals 3-6, hind spot rhombic, on inner apical angles, covering intervals 1-5.
Male genitalia.Median lobe dilated in middle on ventral margin; apical lamella elongated, rounded at apex .
Remarks.This species is very similar to M. bensoni, but differs by it's smaller size, curved labrum at anterior part, clypeus glabrous on middle, pronotum with lateral margin strongly sinuate near base, and male genitalia dilated on ventral margin.
Etymology.This species is named in honor of Dr. Thierry Deuve (MNHN), a well known carabidologist.
Distribution.The Philippines.Remarks.This species is similar to M. solidipalpis and M. cheni in having the larger elytral spots, but easily distinguishable from them by the labrum without additional setae, mandibles obtuse at apex, median tooth of mentum with lateral margin not sinuate and body brownish.Materials examined.1 male, the holotype, "Guangxi: Napo, 10 Oct.1970, by light trap".
Remarks.This species is similar to M. cheni but easily distinguishable from the latter by the presence of additional setae between the anterior and anterior setae, the median tooth of the mentum with sinuate lateral margins in middle (sinuate on api-cal one-third in M. cheni), the median lobe larger, and the apical lamella long and narrowed towards apex.Materials examined.1 male, the holotype, "Guangxi: Dibei, Oct.1980, Xiuzhen Mao leg., by light trap".

Macrocheilus quadratus
Distribution.China (Guangxi: Cangwu).Remarks.M. sinuatilabris is similar to M. quadratus in having three pairs of setae on the labrum and small elytral spots.However, it differs from M. quadratus in having smaller elytral spots, the median tooth of the mentum obtuse at its apex, the rounded apex of the labrum, the close positioning of front and intermediate labral setae, and the slender median lobe of the aedeagus.Materials examined.1 male, the holotype, labeled "Guangxi: Fenghuangcheng, Sep.1981, by light trap".

Distribution of Macrocheilus in the Oriental Region
The zoogeographical pattern of Macrocheilus is illustrated in
Figure 62.Most species are distributed in limited small areas, but three are widespread, occurring in many countries: M. asteriscus in China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Indonesia and India; M. chaudoiri in China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, the Philippines, Sumatra and India; and M. bensoni in China, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, India and Sri Lanka.At present the Macrocheilus faunas of Thailand and Nepal remain unknown.

Figure 62 .
Figure 62.Distribution map of Macrocheilus in the Oriental Region.