﻿A new Gammarus species from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (China) with a key to Xinjiang freshwater gammarids (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridae)

﻿Abstract A new species of the genus Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 is described and illustrated from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Gammaruszhouqiongisp. nov. is characterized by pereopods III–IV with long straight setae on posterior margins; inner ramus of uropod III more than twice as long as peduncle, reaching 0.7 times the length of outer ramus; inner ramus with plumose setae, and outer ramus with both plumose setae and long simple setae. Detailed morphological comparisons with related species are discussed. The K2P distances for each marker (CO1, 16S, 28S, and EF1α) of the new species differ from those of other Gammarus species in Xinjiang. Both phylogenetic trees based on separate (CO1, 16S, 28S, and EF1α) and combined (CO1+16S+28S+EF1α) markers show that the new species is an independent branch. A key to identify Gammarus species in Xinjiang is provided.


Introduction
The genus Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 is distributed in Eurasia and North America, and is one of the genera with the highest species richness in freshwater amphipods (Zhao et al. 2017). Previous studies suggest that Gammarus originated in the Tethys Ocean, and the regression of Paratethys played an important role in its dispersal to Eurasia (Hou et al. 2011). The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang afterwards) is located between the Lake Baikal and the Ponto-Caspian Basin, and is one of the most major zones of endemic amphipod species diversity (Väinölä et al. 2008), acting as a crossroad among the various regions of the Palaearctic Realm. However, only eight Gammarus species are described in Xinjiang. Particularly, seven of them are endemic species, including Gammarus tastiensis Hou, G. decorosus Meng, Hou & Li, G. brevipodus Hou & Li, G. takesensis Hou & Li, G. tianshan Zhao, Meng & Hou, G. simplex Zhao, Meng & Hou, G. liuruiyui Zheng, Hou & Li (Hou 2002;Meng et al. 2003;Hou et al. 2004;Zhao et al. 2017;Zheng et al. 2020) and one is a widespread species (G. lacustris Sars, 1863) in alpine lakes. The amphipod diversity of Xinjiang still remains incompletely understood.
During our field surveys in Xinjiang between 2012-2020, a new species was discovered based on morphological and molecular analyses. To further identify and understand the evolutionary origins of the new species, phylogenetic analyses of Gammarus in Xinjiang were performed. The distributions of endemic species of the genus Gammarus in Xinjiang are presented in Fig. 1.

Sampling
Specimens were collected from the streams and adjacent puddles with fine-meshed hand nets (500 μm). Samples were stored in 95% ethanol in the field, and then deposited at -80 °C for long-term preservation. Type specimens are lodged in the College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan (China).

Morphometrics
All dissected appendages were examined and drawn using a Leica DM2500 compound microscope equipped with a drawing tube. The body length was measured from the base of the first antenna to the end of the telson while the specimens were kept straight. Terminology and taxonomic description referred to Zhao et al. (2017). Nomenclature of the setae of mandibular palps followed Cole (1980).

DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses
We did not obtain samples of G. simplex during field surveys, and no relevant record was accessible in GenBank. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Animal Genomic DNA Kit (Tsingke Biotech, Beijing). K2P distances based on each marker were calculated in MEGA 6 (Tamura et al. 2013). We utilized two mitochondrial and two nuclear markers, previously used for Gammarus phylogeny (Hou et al. 2007, 2011, Copilas-Ciocianu et al. 2019, based on both separate and combined markers to understand the phylogenetic relationships between G. zhouqiongi sp. nov. and other Gammarus species in Xinjiang. The mitochondrial markers included the fragments for cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S), whereas the nuclear markers included the fragments for 28S ribosomal RNA (28S) and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α). The primers are presented in Table 1. Raw sequences were aligned with muscle (Edgar 2004) and translated to amino acids to check for potential pseudogenes in MEGA 6. We selected Jesogammarus debilis Hou & Li, 2005, Jesogammarus hebeiensis Hou &Li, 2004 andRhipidogammarus rhipidiophorus Catta, 1878 for EF1α as the outgroup. The details of newly obtained sequences in this study and the sequences downloaded from GenBank are shown in Table 2.
We selected the best-fit models by Akaike information criterion (AICc) in Partition-Finder (Lanfear et al. 2012). For phylogenetic analysis, we utilized the IQ-Tree 1.4.2 (Nguyen et al. 2015) to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method. 1000 bootstrap replicates were performed to assess nodal support.

Molecular analyses
The values of K2P distances between Gammarus zhouqiongi sp. nov. and other Gammarus species in Xinjiang (G. simplex excluded) ranged between 16.6%-32.4% for CO1, 11.0%-39.3% for 16S, 1.2%-6.3% for 28S and 1.3%-9.6% for EF1α (Table 3), respectively. In contrast, many studies relevant to Gammarus reported similar or lower levels of divergence. Hou et al. (2014)       Diagnosis. Peduncle articles IV-V of antenna II with clusters of short setae; merus to carpus of pereopod III with clusters of long setae that exceed the width of the underlying segment on posterior margins; epimeral plates III with subacute posterodistal corners; inner ramus of uropod III more than twice times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.7 times the length of outer ramus, both inner and outer margins of inner ramus and the inner margins of outer ramus with plumose setae, and outer margin of outer ramus with long simple setae.
Antenna II (Fig. 5D, E): peduncle articles III-V in length ratio 1.0: 3.0: 2.9, peduncle article III with lateral setae, articles IV and V of peduncle with clusters of lateral and medial setae; flagellum with 14 articles, each article with setae along ventral margins; articles II-VI with calceoli.
Upper lip (Fig. 5F): ventral margin rounded, with minute setae on the distal part. Mandible (Fig. 5H, I): left mandible incisor with five teeth; lacinia mobilis with four teeth; spine row with five pairs of plumose setae; articles I-III of palp in length radio 1.0: 2.3: 3.0, second article of palp with 11 marginal setae, article III with three A-setae, three B-setae, 19 D-setae, and five E-setae apically; incisor of right mandible with four teeth; lacinia mobilis bifurcate, with a row of small teeth at the end.
Lower lip (Fig. 5G): inner lobes lacking, outer lobes covered with thin setae. Maxilla I (Fig. 5J, K): asymmetrical, left inner plate with 14 plumose setae on medial margin; outer plate with 11 robust serrated apical spines, each spine with small teeth; second article of left palp with six slender spines, two long setae and one spine with small setae; second article of right palp with five stout spines, one stiff seta and one slender spine.
Maxilla II (Fig. 4L): inner plate with 15 plumose facial setae in an oblique row; inner and outer plates with long setae apically.
Maxilliped (Fig. 4M): inner plate with three stout apical spines, one subapical spine, eight simple setae, and 12 plumose setae; outer plate bearing a row of blade spines and six plumose setae apically; article IV of palp hooked, with a group of setae at hinge of unguis.
Pereon. Gnathopod I (Fig. 6A, B): coxal plate bearing one seta on both anterior and posterior margins; basis with long setae on anterior and posterior margins; carpus 1.1 times as long as wide, 0.7 times as long as propodus; propodus oval, palm with one medial spine and 16 spines on posterior margin and surface; dactylus with one seta on outer margin.
Gnathopod II (Fig. 6C, D): coxal plate bearing three setae and one seta on anterior and posterior margins; basis with long setae on anterior and posterior margins; carpus 1.2 times as long as wide, 0.6 times as long as propodus; propodus subrectangular, palm margin with one medial spine and four spines on lateral posterior margin and surface; dactylus with one seta on outer margin.
Pereopod III (Fig. 7A, B): both anterior and posterior margins of coxal plate bearing one setae; basis elongate, with setae along anterior and posterior margins; merus with two spines accompanied by one seta on anterior margin and clusters of long setae on posterior margin, 1 spine accompanied by setae in anterodistal corner; carpus with five spines accompanied by setae on posterior margin, one spine with setae in anterodistal corner; propodus with five spines accompanied by setae on posterior margin and one spine on posterodistal corner; dactylus with one plumose seta on anterior margin, and one setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod IV (Fig. 7C, D): coxal plate concave, bearing five setae on posterior margin; basis with clusters of setae on anterior and posterior margin; merus has several clusters of setae on posterior margin and 1 spine on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with one spine accompanied by setae; carpus with five spines on posterior margin and two spines accompanied by setae on posterodistal corner; propodus with seven spines accompanied by setae on posterior margin and two spines on posterodistal corner; dactylus with one plumose seta on anterior margin and one seta at hinge of unguis.
Pereopod V (Fig. 7E, F): coxal plate bearing two setae on posterior margin; basis expanded, with setae and six spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with one spine and three setae, posterior margin with seven setae; merus with three spines accompanied by setae on both anterior margin and anterodistal corner, posterior margin with one spine and posterodistal corner with three spines; carpus with three or two groups of spines on anterior margin and posterior margin, respectively; propodus with five groups of spines on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and one seta at hinge of unguis.
Pereopod VI (Fig. 7G, H): coxal plate bearing two setae on posterior margin; basis expanded, with three setae and four spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines accompanied by setae, posterior margin with nine setae; merus with three pairs of spines on anterior margin and three spines accompanied by setae on anterodistal corner, posterior margin with one pair of spines and posterodistal corner with three spines; carpus with three or two groups of spines on anterior margin and posterior margin, respectively; propodus with five groups of spines on anterior margin, posterior margin with one spine and five setae; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and one seta at hinge of unguis.
Pereopod VII (Fig. 7I, J): coxal plate bearing three setae on posterior margin; basis expanded, with two setae and six spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with three spines, eleven setae on posterior margin and one spines accompanied by three setae on posterodistal corner, respectively; both mersus and carpus with three spines on anterior margin and one spine on posterior margin; propodus with five groups of spines on anterior margin and two setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and one seta at hinge of unguis.
Coxal gills (Figs 6C, 7A-E): coxal gill of gnathopod II longer than basis; gills of pereopod III-V are almost as long as their basis; gills of pereopod VI-VII are shorter than their basis.
Pleon. Epimeral plates (Fig. 6E-G): plate I ventrally rounded, bearing seven setae on anteroventral margin and two setae on posterior margin; plate II with four spines on ventral margin and four setae on posterior margin, posterodistal corner blunt; plate III with four spines on ventral margin and three setae on posterior margin, posterodistal corner subacute.
Pleopods (Fig. 7A-C): similar, peduncle with two retinacula accompanied by two or three setae; outer ramus slightly shorter than inner ramus, both inner and outer rami fringed with plumose setae. Urosome. Urosomites (Fig. 6H): urosomite I with two-one-one-two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin; urosomite II with two-one-one-two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin; urosomite III with one-one-one-one spine accompanied by one seta.
Uropods I-III (Fig. 8D-F): uropod I peduncle with one basofacial spine, one and three spines on inner and outer margins, with one and two spines on inner and outer distal corners, respectively; inner ramus with one spine on inner margin; outer ramus with one and two spines on inner and outer margins, respectively; both rami with five terminal spines. Uropod II peduncle with two spines on both inner and outer margins and one distal spine on each corner; inner ramus with three spines on inner margin, outer ramus with two spines on outer margin, both rami with five terminal spines. Uropod III peduncle with one spine accompanied by three setae and eight distal spines; inner ramus about 2.4 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.7 times the length of outer ramus, with two spines on inner margin, both inner margin and outer margin have plumose setae; proximal article of outer ramus with five pairs of spines accompanied by several simple setae on outer margin, inner margin with both simple setae and plumose setae, and four distal spines accompanied by long simple setae; terminal article with long simple setae.
Telson (Fig. 7K): deeply cleft, approximately as long as wide; left lobe with two spines and two setae on surface; right lobe with one spine and one single seta; each lobe bearing three distal spines.
Description of paratype female. (GAHBH-002). 12.3 mm Pereon. Gnathopod I (Fig. 9A, B): coxal plate bearing one seta on both anterior and posterior margins; basis with long setae on anterior and posterior margins; propodus oval, palm with 8 spines on posterior margin and surface; dactylus with one seta on outer margin.
Gnathopod II ( Urosome. Uropods I-III (Fig. 9G-F): uropod I peduncle with one or three spines on inner and outer margins respectively, with one spine on both inner and outer distal corners; both rami with two spines on inner margin and five terminal spines. Uropod II peduncle with one or two spines on inner and outer margins respectively and one distal spine on each corner; both rami with two spines on inner margin and five terminal spines. Uropod III peduncle with one spine accompanied by setae and eight distal spines; inner ramus about 2 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.8 times the length of outer ramus, with four spines on inner margin and one distal spine accompanied by long setae, both inner and outer margins have plumose setae; proximal   article of outer ramus with one spine and three pairs of spines accompanied by several simple setae on outer margin, inner margin with both simple setae and plumose setae, and four distal spines accompanied by long simple setae; terminal article with long simple setae. Telson (Fig. 8G): deeply cleft, approximately as long as wide; left lobe with two spines and two setae on surface; right lobe with two setae; each lobe bearing three distal spines.
Habitat. This species was collected from streams and the adjacent small puddles, usually under big rocks.
Remarks. The new species Gammarus zhouqiongi sp. nov. is similar to G. takesensis in pereopods III and IV with straight setae on posterior margin; epimeral plates III with subacute posterodistal corners; and inner ramus of uropod III about 0.7 times as long as outer ramus. It differs from G. takesensis (G. takesensis in parentheses) by accessory flagellum of antenna I with five articles (four articles); inner and outer margins of inner ramus and the inner margins of outer ramus of uropod III with long plumose setae (short plumose setae); posterodistal corner of basis of pereopod VII with spines and setae (only with setae).
Gammarus zhouqiongi sp. nov. is also similar to G. tastiensis in peduncle articles IV-V of antenna II with short setae; pereopods III and IV with long and straight setae on posterior margin; both inner and outer margins of inner ramus and the inner margins of outer ramus of uropod III with plumose setae, and outer margin of outer ramus of uropod III with simple setae. It can be distinguished from G. tastiensis by the following characters (G. tastiensis in parentheses): inner ramus of uropod III more than 2 times as long as peduncle (inner ramus uropod III less than 2 times as long as peduncle); pereopods III-V are slender (strong).
A comparison between Gammarus species in Xinjiang is presented in the following key.
Key to the Gammarus species from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (China)