First record of the parasitoid Gonatopus flavipes Olmi , 1984 ( Hymenoptera , Dryinidae ) in Brazil ’ s Amazon forest

This study reports for the first time the occurrence of Gonatopus flavipes Olmi, 1984 in Pará State, Brazil. Specimes were collected on upland rice crops of Cambará variety in Novo Progresso (7°07'45.71"S 55°23'21.13"W). A sampling of insects with pitfall traps was conducted between November 2010 and March 2011. Specimens of G. flavipes were identified, illustrated and deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil (DZUP/UFPR). This record indicates that rice crops may represent important habitats for this species.

The Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento do Brasil (CONAB 2016) records rice cultivation in Pará State since 1976-1977, mainly in the North, with recent planting of upland rice in the Southwest (less than 10 years) (Azevedo 2009; Krinski 2014; Lopes et al. 2004;Silva and Magalhães 1981).For this reason, a few entomological studies have been conducted on rice cultivars of this region.This study reports for the first time the occurrence of G. flavipes in upland rice crop in Southwestern region of Pará State (Brazil).

Materials and methods
A sampling of insects was conducted with pitfall traps on upland rice crops (Cambará variety), in Novo Progresso, State of Pará, Brazil (7°07'45.71"S55°23'21.13"W)(Fig. 1), between November 2010 and March 2011.The sampling effort included 16 collecting points visited weekly, covering 400 meters in four transects of 100 meters, distant 25 meters from each other.
The collected specimens of Gonatopus were sent to the Laboratory of Comparative Hymenoptera Biology at Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), where they were identified to species level using a stereo-microscope LEICA M125 coupled to digital camera LEICA DFC295.The images were processed by Zerene Stacker software (1.04 version build).Digital scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) photographs were taken with a TESCAN VEGA3 LMU in low vacum mode.The figures were prepared using Adobe Photoshop (version 11.0).Specimens are deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná (DZUP).
Gonatopus flavipes was recorded for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Piaui, São Paulo and Santa Catarina States), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Jamaica and Mexico (Olmi and Virla 2014) (Fig. 1).In addition we record for the first time the presence of this species from Pará State, Brazil, in upland rice crop.
Therefore, considering the economic importance of rice crops in Brazil, we recommend careful monitoring in rice areas and studies on the biology, morphology and ecology of G. flavipes in different rice crops.In addition, more studies are needed to assess the population fluctuation of this parasitoid in different rice varieties, mainly to investigate if this species can be used in the future for the biological control of Auchenorrhyncha (Guglielmino 2002;Mita et al. 2012).In fact, research out of Brazil have reported the occurrence of Gonatopus species associated with important pests of rice (Mita and Pham 2014).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution map of Gonatopus flavipes.Black circle: record areas in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Piauí, São Paulo and Santa Catarina), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Jamaica and Mexico; Star: new record of occurrence (Florentino farm -municipality of Novo Progresso, Pará State, Brazil).Source: i3Geo (free software).Licensed as General Public License (GNU) and created by Ministry of Environment (MMA).