退化草地的系统性恢复:概念、机制与途径

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.13.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

草地是地球陆地面积最大、分布最广泛的多功能生态系统,长期以来过高的家畜数量使草地超载过牧,同时气候变化也对草地的生态稳定性产生负向作用,导致世界及我国的草地出现普遍性退化。草地退化是制约草地实现生产、生态功能的世界性环境问题之一,如何有效地使退化草地恢复是人类面临的巨大科学与技术挑战。迄今对草地恢复的研究已有几十年的历史,而这些研究总体上还处于初步发展阶段,并且实践多于理论研究,尚未形成有共识的草地恢复理论。只有深刻认识草地恢复的过程、机制及途径等理论问题,才能更有效地建立其相关的技术基础,进而研发出行之有效的草地恢复技术。本文作者针对草地恢复问题,分析总结了以往建立的草地恢复模型,即恢复演替理论、阈值模型、选择状态模型及过滤模型等,在此基础之上提出了草地的系统性恢复概念,即通过构建基本的草地关键组分（植被-动物-微生物的营养级物种与优势种）激发草地生态（跨营养级的养分-水分联系、地上-地下耦合等）的自组织过程,实现以系统稳定平衡和多功能协同为目标的恢复方式。草地的系统性恢复强调:恢复目标是接近或达到新的稳定平衡状态,这种状态能够保证维持草地主体功能即可。草地的恢复方式是从营养结构到生态过程和多功能的“系统化”,实际上是从“系统”角度定义、实施草地恢复;草地结构的恢复,即需要恢复草地的优势种或营养级物种,以此构建的生物多样性、食物网或生态网络之框架;草地过程的恢复是实现其自组织性,即依赖草地的内源动力,促发草地过程“自然地”达到稳定状态,这种内源动力源于草地系统存在的生物组分,由于生物可以进行新陈代谢而产生对环境的适应,以及环境对生物的反馈;草地功能的恢复主要是恢复草地的多功能（产品生产与生态服务）,并使多功能之间形成协同与耦合,最终体现的是草地恢复的结构整体性、过程自组织性和功能完整性。文中还阐释了草地系统性恢复的相关机制,同时,对草地系统性恢复的主要方式或途径——封育式自然恢复、人工辅助式干预恢复、适度利用式激发恢复等,进行了深刻解析。鉴于我国牧区的草地面积、家畜数量基数、以及社会生产状况,草地的适度利用恢复可能是一种现实而有效的恢复途径。尽管草地恢复与草地退化密切关联,然而,草地恢复的过程与机制远比想象得更加复杂。本文构建了草地系统性恢复的概念框架,试图丰富、推动发展草地恢复的一般性理论。今后,仍然需要在不同的退化草地上,开展更多的长期试验与技术实践来检验、修正及发展这一概念。

关键词: 草地, 退化, 恢复, 系统性恢复, 营养级构, 生态过程

Abstract:

Grasslands occupying the most terrestrial land surface display multiple functions. The long-term overgrazing of livestock often occur, and additional climate changes brings about the negative effects on the ecological stability, and therefore, grassland degradation is worldwide prevailing, which reduce the multiple functions of grasslands, and how to restore those degraded grasslands remains a crucial challenge for the human beings. For the past several decades, most researches on grassland restoration have focused on restoration practice rather than underlying theoretical basis, and the general restoration theory is lacking. Consequently, it is hard to have a practical solution for degraded grasslands due to lack of the available techniques. In this paper, the authors summarize the previous grassland restoration theories or models from restoration succession trajectory to the threshold model, the alternative state model and the filter model. A new concept, named as “systematic restoration for degraded grasslands” is put forward, which emphasizes three dimensions as key structure components (trophic species and dominant species of plant-animal-microbe), self-organized processes (water-nutrient coupling, linkage between aboveground and belowground), and multi-functionality (synergy and stability of grassland multiple functions), and also give the further explanations for contexts and mechanisms of the grassland systematic restoration (GSR): system structure integration, self-organization of ecological processes, and multi-functionality. Generally, the target of grassland restoration is approaching to the climax community or primordial state of ecosystem. The authors here emphasize the restoration of system self-organization, resulting from the interactions among the species like plant-soil feedback, as well as grassland multiple functions (goods and ecological services)characterized by their synergism and coupling. At last, the authors discuss the potential restoration practices like natural restoration by fencing and resting, intervening restoration with artificial inputs, and stimulating restoration with utilizing such as grazing and cutting, and perhaps the latter is the feasible mean for practical grassland restoration. The restoration mechanisms and practices for degraded grasslands are more complicated than thought, and here we attempt to establish a comprehensive conceptual framework to provide a new insight into grassland restoration theory. Certainly, it needs more evidence and experiments to enrich this new concept, GSR.

Key words: grasslands, degradation, restoration, systematic restoration, trophic, ecological process

王德利,王岭,辛晓平,李凌浩,唐华俊. 退化草地的系统性恢复:概念、机制与途径[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(13): 2532-2540.

WANG DeLi,WANG Ling,XIN XiaoPing,LI LingHao,TANG HuaJun. Systematic Restoration for Degraded Grasslands: Concept, Mechanisms and Approaches[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(13): 2532-2540.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.13.002

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