WORKPLACE STRESS: IMPLICATIONS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN A NIGERIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

. This study investigated the implications of workplace stress on organizational performance in a Nigerian Public University. The survey method was deployed in sampling one hundred and seventy (170) staff members of the University. The Structural Equation Modelling was adopted using AMOS to establish fitness. Results of the analyses indicate that role congruence, equity, recognition, and distance, have significant influence on organizational performance. This makes it imperative for organizations to invest necessary resources in developing strategies and interventions to reduce workplace stress. If this is achieved, there will be endless opportunities in terms of increased performance and overall sustainability.


Introduction
Workplace stress has become a phenomenon experienced by many employees around the globe. The reasons for this can be attributed to the increasing spate of globalization, the dynamic and competitive business environment, amongst other factors. Since the consistent performance of any orga nization depends on the overall wellbeing of its employees, the subject of workplace stress requires urgent investiga tion. Selye (1936) introduced the concept of stress and de fined it as pressure, tension or force, which an individual is subjected to. Stress refers to the exertion of pressure and the attendant reactions to demands (McEwen 2007). It is the stimulating state of the mind and body, a physiologi cal and psychological reaction to demands (Bamba 2016).
Like many countries around the world, the Nigerian business environment is characterized by stress. The socio economic structure of the external environment and the demands of the workplace, makes it pertinent for employees to possess effective coping strategies, without which perfor mance could be hampered (Oyewunmi et al. 2015). Many mitigating sources of workplace stress includes lack of rec ognition or engagement; long work hours (Aluko 2007), inadequate training (Greenberg, Baron 2003;Salau, et al. 2014), poor time management (Cooper, Payne 2008); poor relationship with supervisors and colleagues (Hicks, Caroline 2007;Oakland, S., Oakland, J. 2001); inequality (Fadil et al. 2005;Siegel et al. 2007); job insecurity (Monat, Lazarus 2001). It is necessary that organizations provide interventions against these factors so as to ensure job satis faction and increased productivity. Job satisfaction or lack of it is fundamental to the intention of employees to stay or quit a job. It is also a pointer to poor employee performance (Martin, Miller 1986) and low job commitment (Robbins, Judge 2008). Potentially, increased level of job stress could translate to decreased job satisfaction. This is because em ployees are more likely to be committed, creative and pro ductive at work when they are reasonably satisfied with their jobs (Chandraiah et al. 2003).
Currently, higher education in Nigeria, particularly in universities, is characterized by massive expansion and high rate of students' enrolment. The likely effects of this include; increased workload for members of the workforce, increased pressure, a sense of powerlessness conflicting demands, organizational change, and a high degree of uncertainty (Cooper, Payne 2008). Within the internal environment of the workplace, physical conditions can also trigger stress (Fried 2008). For instance, excessive noise within the work place can cause physical and behavioral problems. Severe vibration can have similar effects. Hot, humid conditions and constant presence of hazardous substances or other haz ards can also trigger stress (Aldana et al. 1996). Workplace stress may encourage truancy which may later result in high turnover (Cooper, Payne 2008). It is important that organizations in Nigeria's higher education sector, whether public or private, understand that high levels of workplace stress can become harmful for individual employees and the organization as a whole. Hence, to enhance corporate im age and achieve competitive advantage, stress management and coping strategies become imperative (Monat, Lazarus 2001;Adeniji, Osibanjo 2012;Liu et al. 2013;Manjunath, Rajesh 2012). This implies that, organizations must have the capability to identify the symptoms of stress and must intensify efforts to reduce stress in the workplace. This can be achieved through effective management and organiza tion of work, as well as, healthy corporate culture (Vieet 2011;Weiss 2012). This will increase performance and maximize the possibility of achieving overall strategic ob jectives (Mendez, Stander 2011).
Many studies have been conducted on the subject of workplace stress (Weiss 2012;Albrecht 2010;Cooper, Payne 2008;Hicks, Caroline 2007;Krohne 2002). However, there are still uncertainties regarding the signs, symptoms and interventions of workplace stress. In Nigeria, research re lating to the effects of workplace stress, particularly within the higher education sector is limited. This study focuses on the relationships between the independent variables of role congruence, equity, ergonomics, recognition, distance and the dependent variable of performance. The relationships are depicted in figure 1 below.
To investigate the relationships, the following research questions are posed: 1. To what extent is the impact of role congruence on employee commitment (direct) and job performance (indirect)? 2. In what ways does equity affect employees' satisfac tion (direct) and performance (indirect)? 3. To what extent does ergonomics influence employee satisfaction (direct) and performance (indirect)? 4. To what extent does employee recognition influence employee's level of engagement (direct) and perfor mance (indirect)? 5. What effects does distance have on productivity (di rect) and job performance (indirect)?

Literature review
Work stress is the response of employees to job demands and pressures that are not in line with their knowledge, interest, skills and abilities (Hicks, Caroline 2007) and af fects their capacity to cope (Fried 2008). Stress arises in wide ranging work situations but becomes worse when employees sense they have little or no control over work processes. Workrelated stress can be caused by poor work design (Wagner, Harter 2006), lack of recognition, rigid bureaucratic structure (Hicks, Caroline 2007), office er gonomics (Moran 2010), poor management style (Nelson 2005), unfavourable working conditions (AlAnzi 2009), pay inequality (Stecher, Rosse 2007), role conflict, amongst other factors.
-Equity, Job Satisfaction and Performance Talent retention is of primal importance to most or ganizations. An essential strategy for talent retention is the establishment and sustenance of an equitable work Fig. 1. Conceptual framework environment. Inculcating equity in the workplace involves promoting an atmosphere where employees are treated fair ly by management and in turn, employees treat management objectively. Studies have indicated the role of workplace eq uity in reducing stress both at individual and organizational level (Siegel et al. 2007;Adams 1963). Equity is fundamental to the employment relationship because employees should always perceive a sense of fairness in terms of compensation, support, appreciation, recognition, growth and advance ment for their effort. Reward should be fair and inclusive to avoid workplace stress. Once the reward condition is met, employees feel a sense of importance and responsibility towards their tasks (Stecher, Rosse 2007). Stress becomes avoidable when organizations are receptive to employees' ideas, and when avenues are created to mentor employees and engage them in decision making. When employees are actively engaged in the decision making processes of the organization, there is a tendency to exert greater efforts and perform better. Inequity raises dissatisfaction and disen chantment (Hicks, Caroline 2007). When employees sense that they are being treated unfairly, they become less pro ductive and sometimes counterproductive. For instance, in situations where employees feel they are not adequately compensated, high productivity and work quality is likely to reduce. This will adversely affect cohesiveness and team morale (Krohne 2002). For organizations to achieve a more, they must maintain equity so as to; reduce intention to quit, absenteeism level, pressure, anxiety, and improve employ ees' satisfaction. It can therefore be hypothesized that: H 1 : Equity has positive effect on job satisfaction and per formance.
-Distance and Job Performance Long distance between employees' homes and their workplaces may make daily commuting stressful. Distance commuting has sociopolitical and economic effects on em ployees and their families, companies and communities. Distance to workplace is inevitable due to the demands of the contemporary work environment. However, when distance becomes unmanageable, it may lead to stress. We therefore hypothesized.
H 2 : Distance has influence on Job Performance -Ergonomics, Job Satisfaction and Performance Ergonomics is an indispensable and strategic tool for effective employee job satisfaction and performance. It is a systematic and scientific understanding of interactions and interrelatedness of human resource and other key elements with a view to optimize employee wellbeing for productive performance (Kingsley 2012). Ergonomics considers the interactions of employees with office space arrangement, computers, chairs, tables, lighting, office temperature etc. that enhances employee comfortability, safety, health, satisfaction and performance (Moran 2010). The quest of organizations for increased performance re quires the provision of an enabling work environment and office ergonomics to enhance employees' job satis faction and performance (Hameed 2009). Hence, to en sure employee satisfaction and workplace performance, organizations must provide suitable environment, ade quate office spaces, appropriate work tools and furniture (O'Neill, Wymer 2011;Hameed 2009). It is important to identify areas where poor ergonomics contribute to stress outcomes (Mohd et al. 2011). Poor ergonomics can affect employees' wellness and performance (Parsons 2000). This makes it necessary to It is not negotiable for organizations to adequately put into proper perspec tive the inevitability of ergonomics and its strategic fit that will enhance employee's health with the sole aim of improving performance (AlAnzi 2009;Kingsley 2012). Meanwhile, For instance, working in noisy environments, pairing employees in an office, providing furniture with nonergonomic features can lead to stress, ailments and musculoskeletal discomfort (Kingsley 2012;Moran 2010;Gutnick 2007). It is hypothesized that: H 3 : Ergonomics have positive effect on employee satisfac tion and performance -Role congruence and Job Performance Role congruence refers to the match between an in dividual's characteristics and the demands of an occupa tion. This suggests that a lack of consonance between an individual's traits or interests and the requirements of a job, may have negative effects. Kahn (1981) states that lack of role congruence may result in jobrelated stress. Hence, job satisfaction, commitment and performance in a chosen career vastly depend on an individual's per sonality being in sync with the environment within which the individual works (Adeniji et al. 2014;Dubinsky, Mattson 1986). Churchill et al. (1985) also assert that the environment and personal traits are moderated by the role perceptions of the individual. Stress is an apparent outcome of a mismatch between an individual and job related demands. Extant literature considers jobrelated stress as a lack of personenvironment fit (Kahn 1981). Other indicators of incongruence may be unhappiness, dissatisfaction, low performance, turnover and physical illness (Kahn et al. 1964). We hypothesize that: H 4 : Role congruence has positive effect on job performance -Recognition, Engagement and Job Performance Recognition stimulates employee engagement and job performance (Wagner, Harter 2006;Falola et al. 2014). Timely recognition of employees' efforts strategically reinforces employees' engagement and performance in the workplace (Kaufman et al. 2013). Manjunath, Rajesh (2012) opines that management should employ initiatives to improve employee engagement. Nolan (2012) posits that nonrecognition of employee performance often times results in demoralization and stress. Thus, timely recognition is energizes and reinforces employees to ex ceed expectations (Adeniji, Osibanjo 2012;Nelson 2005). Organizations should ensure timely acknowledgements of employees' productive engagement and equitably re ward on the basis of efforts and performance (David 2008;Stajkovic, Fred 2003).
H5: Employee's Recognition has positive influence on employee level of engagement and job performance.

Theoretical underpinnings
Several models and theories underpin the subject of workplace stress. Two (2) (Holland 1966), which states that individuals tend to choose careers which are compatible with their interests and the choice of vocation is an extension or expression of personality. The theory holds that people choose careers which are congru ent with their personal makeup. For instance, a research based vocation should be populated by individuals pas sionate about research. A sense of idealism characterizes Holland's theory of vocational choice, as many individuals find themselves in careers they are not necessarily compat ible with. In many developing countries, the main concern for most people is being employed to fend for themselves and their family members, rather than sourcing for a job that matches their talents and interests. The potential con sequence of this is a lack of role congruence which may lead to workrelated stress and eventually affect performance outcomes in the workplace.
-PersonEnvironment Fit Model Another model that is important to the concept of work stress is the PersonEnvironment Fit theory (PE Fit) as credited to Caplan (Caplan, Jones 1975). This theory is similar to Holland's Person/Environment Congruence Model. It assumes that the measure of stress which an individual experiences is commensurate to the degree of mismatch between the individual and the work envi ronment. Hence, the fit or misfit between an individual's personality and the job environment may be an indicator of stress. The PE Fit encompasses a number of subsets such as personorganization fit (Kristof 1996), person job fit (KristofBrown et al. 2011) and personperson fit (VanVianen et al. 2000).
-Equity Theory Equity theory was propounded by Adam (1963). It states that individual employee who perceives that he or she is be ing overpaid or underpaid will experience distress and this distress will lead to efforts to bring back equity. The equity theory is a theory of equality in pay. Equity in this regard refers to fairness, impartiality and justice in pay received by an employee. This could translate to the amount of com mitment, loyalty and motivation of an individual (Adeniji, Osibanjo 2012). Employees are not concerned with what they are paid, but what others are paid. By implication, if an employee perceives that his/her reward is unfair com pared to others, he/she may develop the intention to leave. When pay is perceived to be fair, employees are motivated to perform better.

Materials and methods
The survey research method was adopted for this study. This allowed the use of questionnaires in data collec tion. This method tends to be efficient in collecting large amount of information and flexible in gathering wide range of information such as past behaviors, attitudes and beliefs (Krueger, Cassey 2000). The survey method is argued to be relatively easier to administer in data collection (Presser et al. 2004), hence the adoption of the method for this study. Two hundred (200) copies of questionnaires were administered amongst the faculty members of a government owned university in South West Nigeria. A total of one hundred and seventy (170) copies of the questionnaire was valid, yielding eighty five percent (85%) of the total questionnaires administered. The questionnaire was divided into two (2) sections; the first section sought for the demographic characteristics of the respondents, whilst the second section contained fifteen (15) items on occupational stress as adapted from Beehr et al. (2001) and Seaward (2005). The items for the dependent variables (role congruent, equity, ergo nomic, recognition and distance); moderating variables (employee commitment, satisfaction, engagement, and productivity); and dependent variable (performance) were adapted from literature reviewed.
Each item was based on 5Likert scales ranging from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1). The procedure of the reliability statistics test based on standardized items produced a result of Cronbach's Alpha of .793. Considering that .70 is the acceptable cutoff value, the result is reli able. Responses were analyzed with the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) adopted to test the correlation and re gression that exists amongst the variables. Various fit in dices were utilized in assessing the overall fit of the study model. variable (employee commitment). Recognition has indi rect effect on performance with strong contingent effect of engagement as a moderating variable.
Recognition (H 5 ), equity (H 1 ), distance (H 2 ), and role congruence (H 4 ) were found to be indirectly and statistically significant in the prediction of performance. Therefore, the

Results and discussion
The demographic components of the respondents are de picted in Table 1. The male gender constituted 61.2% of the population; age 30 to 39 years old represented 35.9%. In addition, the profile of the sample shows that one hundred and twelve are married representing 65.9% of the sample size. In terms of relevance, the marital status distribution of the respondent could be said to be adequate for this survey. Expectedly, married persons tend to be prone to various pressure including occupational stress. Furthermore, about fortyfive percent of the respondents have obtained second degree (MSc/MBA) representing 44.7% of the respondents; while 60 respondents have been on the job between six (6) to ten (10) years representing 35.3% of the respondents. It is common to have a sizeable percentage of faculty at the lower cadre, the dataset is not in exception. The profile indicates that fifty eight (58) of the respondents are at the lower end of the ladder in job ranking, as the Assistant Lecturer position represents 34.1%. The sample may be considered adequate with reference to the distributions of these characteristics. Table 2 displays the model fit summary for the survey. Bentler, Wu (2002); Bentler, Bonett (1980); and Kaplan (2000) state that different indicators of goodnessoffit are usually adopted in various researches. Further, the higher the numbers of the indices of indicators, the ac ceptable of a good fit such as Normed Fit Index (NFI) =>.90; and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) acceptable value =>.90. Other informative indices that measure the close association between the model and the data include Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA); Goodness of fit (GFI); etc.
The goodness of fit explains the close association that exists between the observed and expected values. Obtained scores are therefore compared with the cutoff values (Bentler, Wu 2002); Bentler, Bonett (1980) in order to establish the degree of fit. The fit index shows that NFI = .977; CFI = 1.001; GFI = .970; CMIN/df = .237 and mini mum score as indicated in the cutoff values was achieved as shown in Table 2. Figure 2 depicts standardized estimates of the structural model outlining the path coefficient scores of the observed variables in the study. It is evident in the coefficient scores obtained that close association exists amongst the tested variables (distance, recognition, ergonomic, equity, & role congruence), while the regression weights are depicted in Table 3. The parameter estimate as depicted in Figure  2 indicates that distance is the most significant predictor of performance, with aid of the moderating variable (pro ductivity). In other words, distance has indirect effect on performance through productivity (.271, p < 0.001). Also significant is the indirect effects of role congruence; equity; and ergonomic on performance through the moderating study hypothesized statements are accepted. Ergonomics (H 3 ) exerted negative and insignificant influence on per formance. As obtained in the literature, ergonomics play a significant role in employees' performance. The results obtained from the survey is contrary to earlier studies in which positive and significant relationships were identi fied between ergonomics and performance (Kingsley 2012;Moran 2010;Gutnick 2007).

Managerial implications and conclusions
The principal objective of the study is to identify the rela tionship between workplace stress and organizational per formance using a case organization within the Nigerian educational sector. It is evident that workplace stress influ ences organizational performance. Therefore, the study provides insights to the effect of work stress, taking into consideration variables such as role congruence, equity, ergonomics, recognition and distance on organization al performance, through moderating variables such as employee commitment, satisfaction, engagement, and productivity. The implication for decision makers is that stress management tends to influence performance in organizations and there is need to critically examine the effects of the studied variables on organizations' perfor mance and provide interventions. Managers should pay more attention to role congruence, equity, recognition and distance, as these variables have positive and signifi cant effects on organizational performance. Although the study found that ergonomics has insignificant effect on performance, its provision would serve as an advantage in order to increase employees' efficiency. As this study was conducted in one (1) institution within a particular geographical region, it is suggested that future studies may explore the relationships amongst the studied variables in a wider context.