Synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory, and Ulcerogenicity Studies of Novel Substituted and Fused Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones

In the present investigation, some new pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one derivatives (7–12) as well as fused pyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[1,2-b]pyridazin-4(1H)-one (14–16) and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydropyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[1,2-b]-cinnolin-4(1H)-one (17) ring systems were synthesized using the starting compound 5-amino-6-methyl-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (5). The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The theoretical calculation of their lipophilicity as C log P was performed. The anti-inflammatory activity of all newly synthesized compounds was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats using indomethacin as the reference drug. Ulcer indices for the most active compounds were calculated. Seven compounds (10b, 11a–f) showed consistently good anti-inflammatory activity. In particular, 5-{[4-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene]amino}-6-methyl-1-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one (11e) and its 3,4-bis(4-chlorophenyl) analog (11f) were found to be the most effective among the other derivatives, showing activity comparable to that of indomethacin with minimal ulcerogenic effects. Correlation of the biological data of the active compounds with their theoretically calculated C log P values revealed that lipophilicity influences the biological response.

Since the combination of two pharmacophores on the same scaffold is a well-established approach to the synthesis of more potent drugs [18,19], it is intended in the present work to incorporate the flexible straight chain azomethine and thiouredo moieties (compounds 7 and 9) as well as the rigid abovementioned heterocyclic nuclei either directly attached (compounds 8 and 12) or through imino linkage (compounds 10 and 11) at the 5-position of the pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine nucleus, hoping that these new hybrids would produce enhanced anti-inflammatory activity.
Furthermore, some heterocyclic compounds containing pyridazine [20,21] and cinnoline [22] moieties have been recently reported as anti-inflammatory agents. This led to the synthesis of some new heterocyclic compounds containing pyridazine (compounds 14-16) and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrocinnoline (compound 17) rings fused with a pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine nucleus in an effort to synthesize new tricyclic and tetracyclic derivatives to investigate the effect of such a molecular variation on the anti-inflammatory activity.
The enhanced overall lipophilic characteristics of the target compounds could favor their selectivity towards the COX-2 enzyme over COX-1 leading to an increase in the GIT safety margin [23]. Therefore, the substitution pattern of the pharmacophoric groups was selected so as to impart various electronic and lipophilic properties to the molecules, which may contribute to the enhancement of the anti-inflammatory activity of the pyrazolopyrimidine nucleus. In addition to the targeted anti-inflammatory activity, it was also considered of interest to examine the ulcerogenic profiles of the newly synthesized compounds.

Sch. 1.
Synthetic routes for the preparation of compound 5.
with acetic anhydride followed by reacting the N-acetylated compound 6 [27] with hydrazine hydrate, following the reaction conditions adopted for the synthesis of related compounds [28]. The second route was more advantageous than the first being relatively simple and giving higher reproducible yields of compound 5 (Scheme 1). The IR spectrum of compound 5 showed the NH absorption bands at 3319, 3210, 3112 cm −1 together with the amide C=O absorption band at 1695 cm −1 . Its 1 H NMR showed the methyl protons and CH-3 as two singlets at δ 2.58 and 8.29 ppm, respectively, beside a D 2 O exchangeable singlet at δ 5.73 ppm integrated for two protons assigned for the NH 2 group in addition to other aromatic proton signals at their expected chemical shifts. Its 13 C NMR spectrum showed a highly shielded signal due to the methyl carbon at the 6-position of the pyrazolopyrimidine nucleus at δ 23.21 ppm, and another signal due to C-3a at δ 96.64 ppm. In addition, the spectrum of 5 showed three signals due to the five methine carbons in the aromatic region at δ 122.75, 127.57, and 129.82 ppm indicating the equivalency between the two ortho and the two meta carbons of the phenyl moiety and a signal at δ 136.27 ppm for the phenyl C-1' quaternary carbon. The spectrum also showed four signals at δ 138.50, 138.72, 159.70, and 164.96 ppm due to C-3, C-7a, C-4, and C-6, respectively.
Cyclocondensation of Schiff's bases 7a,b with thioglycolic acid in refluxing dry benzene, as reported for the preparation of related compounds [29], afforded the corresponding 5-(2aryl-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl) derivatives 8a,b. The IR spectrum of 8b, as a representative example, showed a new band at 1718 cm −1 attributed to thiazolidinone C=O group. Its 1 H NMR spectrum showed two doublets resonating at δ 3.56 and 3.65 ppm due to the nonequivalent, geminal methylene protons (S-CH 2 ) of the 4-thiazolidinone ring interacting with the chiral center at position 2'. The spectra also showed a singlet resonating at δ 5.56 ppm assigned for the methine proton at the 2'-position. Furthermore, the spectrum of 8b showed a singlet at δ 5.75 ppm integrated for one proton assigned for the enol form of thiazolidinone CH-5' in addition to a D 2 O exchangeable singlet at δ 9.68 ppm integrated for one proton assigned for the enolic OH proton pointing out that compound 8b exhibited a typical keto-enol tautomerism. The 13 C NMR spectrum of compound 8b showed the signals corresponding to the methylene and the methine carbons C-5' and C-2' at δ 62.82 and 63.68 ppm, respectively, and the signal corresponding to the quaternary carbonyl carbon C-4' at δ 170.37 ppm. The spectrum also showed two signals at δ 90.58 and 179.40 ppm due to enolic C-5' and C-4', respectively, confirming the keto-enol tautomerism in the thiazolidinone derivative 8b. In addition, the spectrum showed signals attributed to the carbons of the 4-chlorophenyl and phenyl substituents at their expected chemical shifts.
Treatment of 5 with phenyl or p-chlorophenyl isothiocyanate in refluxing ethanol gave 5-(arylthiocarbamoyl)amino derivatives 9a,b. The IR spectrum of compounds 9a, as a representative example, was characterized by the appearance of absorption bands at 1549, 1257, 1220, and 1045 cm −1 attributed to N-C=S function [30]. Its 1 H NMR spectrum showed two deuterium exchangeable singlets due to protons of the aryl-NH and pyrazolopyrimidine-NH at δ 9.55 and 9.93 ppm. The 13 C NMR spectrum of 9a showed, in addition to the signals of the 6-methylpyrazolopyrimidinone and the two phenyl group carbons at their expected chemical shifts, a highly deshielded signal at δ 181.98 ppm due to C=S. Cyclocondensation of the thiourea derivatives 9a,b with ethyl bromoacetate, or the appropriate phenacyl bromide in refluxing absolute ethanol, in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate gave the corresponding 5-[(3-aryl-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)amino] derivatives 10a,b or 5-[(3,4-diarylthiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)amino] derivatives 11a-f, respectively. The IR spectra of 10a,b and 11a-f lacked the mixed vibrational bands due to N-C=S function present in their precursors 9a,b. In addition, a new band at 1741 or 1714 cm −1 appeared in the IR spectra of 10a,b, respectively, attributed to the thiazolidinone C=O group. The 1 H NMR spectra of the products 10b and 11a, as representative examples, lacked the NH protons of the parent compounds 9a,b and showed the singlet at δ 4.03 ppm integrated for two protons due to the thiazolidinone CH-5' in compound 10b and the singlet at δ 6.21 ppm integrated for one proton due to thiazoline CH-5' in compounds 11a. In addition, the 1 H NMR spectra of 10b showed a singlet at δ 6.22 ppm integrated for one proton assigned for the enol form of thiazolidinone CH-5' in addition to a D 2 O exchangeable singlet at δ 10.68 ppm integrated for one proton assigned for the enolic OH proton. This indicated that compound 10b would exhibit a typical keto-enol tautomerism. The 13 C NMR spectrum of 10b revealed a shielded signal due to the methylene carbon C-5' at δ 62.35 ppm and two deshielded signals at δ 149.08 and 168.25 ppm due to the quaternary carbons C-2' and C-4', respectively. In addition, the 13 C NMR spectrum of 10b concluded the presence of keto-enol tautomerism as revealed from the two signals due to the enolic form of thiazolidinone C-5' and C-4' resonating at δ 85.88 and 181.17 ppm, respectively. The 13 C NMR spectrum of the thiazoline 11a revealed a signal due to the methine carbon of the thiazole C-5' at δ 88.34 ppm and signals characteristic for the two deshielded quaternary carbons C-4' and C-2' at δ 146.55 and 157.04 ppm, respectively. The 13 C NMR spectra of 10b and 11a also showed signals corresponding to other carbons at their expected chemical shifts. Mass spectrum of 11c revealed its M +• +2 and M +• peaks at m/z 512 and 510, respectively, which confirmed its molecular weight. However, molecular ion peaks were not detected in the mass spectra of compounds 11a,b and 11d-f.
In addition, the thiourea derivatives 9a,b were cyclized to 1-Aryl-3-(6-methyl-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)-2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione derivatives 12a,b by reaction with malonic acid in the presence of acetyl chloride following the previously reported reaction conditions [31]. The IR spectrum of 12a, as a representative example, showed two new absorption bands at 1707 and 1658 cm −1 attributed to the dioxopyrimidine C=O groups, besides the absorption band for the pyrazolopyrimidine C=O group, together with mixed vibrational bands due to N-C=S function present in their precursors 9a,b. Its 1 H NMR spectrum showed the disappearance of the NH absorption bands of the precursors 9a,b and the presence of a singlet at 3.75 ppm integrated for two protons assigned for the 4,6-dioxopyrimidine CH-5'. No signal for a vinylic proton was observed in the downfield region, suggesting that compound 12a exists predominantly in the keto tautomeric form. The 13 C NMR spectrum of compound 12a showed a highly shielded signal corresponding to the methylene carbon C-5' at δ 52.49 ppm beside three signals at 151.78, 152.97, and 157.43 ppm attributed to the quaternary carbons C-4', C-6', and C-2', respectively, in addition to signals due to other carbons resonated at their expected chemical shifts. On the other hand, oxidation of the 6-methyl group in 5 with selenium dioxide in dioxane following the reported procedure [32] afforded the corresponding 5-amino-4-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo [3,4- 13 C-NMR spectrum showed, in addition to the signals corresponding to 4-oxo-1-phenyl-1Hpyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine carbons at their expected chemical shifts, a highly deshielded signal at δ 172.92 ppm corresponding to the aldehydic group carbon. Its mass spectrum showed a molecular ion peak at m/z 255 which confirmed its molecular weight. Compound 13 was used as a precursor for the synthesis of the tricyclic (14-16) and tetracyclic (17) systems following the reported reaction conditions [33]. Thus, ethyl 7-amino-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyrazolo [3',4':4,5]pyrimido [1,2-b]pyridazine-8-carboxylate (14) was prepared by condensing the aminoaldehyde 13 with ethyl cyanoacetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide as a catalyst. The course of the reaction is assumed to involve an intramolecular attack of the amino group on the nitrile function to furnish the target compound 14. attributed to five quaternary carbons C-3a, C-10a, C-7, C-4, and C-9a, respectively. In addition, the spectra showed signals attributed to carbons of the two phenyl substituents at their expected chemical shifts. Mass spectrum of 14 showed the correct molecular ion peak (M +• ) which confirmed its molecular weight. MS of 15-17 did not show their molecular ion peaks.

Physicochemical studies
Since lipophilicity is a significant physicochemical property that determines distribution, bioavailability, metabolic activity, and elimination, the corresponding theoretical C log P values in n-octanol buffer were calculated [34].

Anti-inflammatory activity
The in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the newly synthesized pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives were assessed by utilizing the functional model of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema [35] using indomethacin as the reference drug. Mean changes and the percent increase in paw edema weight of animals pretreated with the tested compounds after 4 h from the induction of inflammation were measured, together with the percent inhibition of induced rat paw edema by the tested compounds. The anti-inflammatory activity (relative potency) of the tested compounds relative to that of indomethacin was also calculated ( Table 1) (Fig. 2).
Carrageenan-induced inflammation is a non-specific inflammation resulting from a complex of diverse mediators [36]. It is believed to be biphasic [35], the early phase (1-2 h) involves the release of histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin, and the late phase (3-4 h) is due to the release of prostaglandin-like substances [37][38][39]. Accordingly, a decrease in the second phase may be attributed to inhibition of cyclooxygenase [39]. This explains the weak inhibitory effect of NSAIDs, such as indomethacin, in the early phase, in contrast to their strong inhibition in the late phase [40]. Therefore, the carrageenaninduced rat paw edema model is conventional, sensitive, and accepted for the screening of newer anti-inflammatory agents [41].
Results listed in Table 1 revealed that the pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives bearing thiazolidinone (10a,b) and thiazoline (11a-f) moieties exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity (52.23-66.88% edema reduction), while the rest of the tested compounds exhibited moderate activity (28.03-47.77% edema reduction). The reference drug indomethacin induced a 68.15% edema reduction at an equivalent dose as compared to the control group.
Regarding the effect of the electronic nature of the para-substituent on the activity, results revealed that among the thiazolidinone derivatives 10a,b, compound 10b with the electron withdrawing chloro group exhibited higher activity (58.60% edema reduction) than the unsubstituted compound 10a (52.23% edema reduction), corresponding to 85.99% and 76.64% of indomethacin activity, respectively. This relationship between the electronic nature of the substituent and activity holds true in most of the other series.

Tab. 1.
Results of anti-inflammatory activity of the tested compounds against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema in rats; Calculated lipophilicity C log P values. Replacing the phenyl ring at the 3'-position of the thiazoline nucleus in 11a-c with the p-chlorophenyl moiety in compounds 11d-f led, in most cases, to higher percentages of edema reduction. While compound 11d (4'-phenyl) exhibited considerable antiinflammatory activity (56.69% edema reduction) corresponding to 83.18% of indomethacin activity, its 4'-p-bromophenyl analog 11e and 4'-p-chlorophenyl analog 11f exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory activities among the tested compounds with 66.88% and 64.97% edema reduction corresponding to 98.14% and 95.33% of indomethacin activity, respectively. The good anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 11e and 11f could be attributed to the presence of a second electron withdrawing bromo or chloro group, respectively, at the para-position of the phenyl ring present at the 4'-position of the thiazoline moiety. Furthermore, since lipophilicity is a significant physicochemical property for anti-inflammatory drugs which determines their distribution in the body and their ability to cross membranes and enter cells [42], the higher lipophilicity value (C log P) of 11e and 11f (C log P = 8.23 and 8.08, respectively) supports high activity. Concerning the thiazoline derivatives 11c and 11d, lipophilicity does not seem to influence their biological response since C log P of 11c = C log P of 11d = 7.37. It is interesting that the potency slightly increased when a p-chlorophenyl moiety was incorporated into the 3'-position of the thiazoline nucleus in 11d (56.69%), rather than at the 4'-position in 11c (54.14%).

Comp
The presence of an imino linkage separating the rigid heterocyclic ring structures from the pyrazolopyrimidine nucleus in compounds 10a,b and 11a-f seems to favorably affect their biological responses in comparison to the corresponding thiazolidinone derivatives 8a,b and dioxopyrimidinethione derivatives 12a,b lacking such a spacer. Compounds 8a,b and 12a,b exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity with 37.58%, 40.76%, 35.03%, and 45.86% edema reduction corresponding to 55.14%, 59.81%, 51.40%, and 67.29% of indomethacin activity, respectively. Furthermore, moderate anti-inflammatory activity corresponding to 48.60%, 50.46%, 53.28%, 62.63%, and 70.10% of indomethacin activity was displayed by the 6-methylpyrazolopyrimidine derivatives substituted at the 5-position with an amino (5), an arylidene amino (7a,b), or an arylthiocarbamoylamino (9a,b) function, respectively.  Results also indicated the correlation between the percent edema reduction by the synthesized bicyclic derivatives 5-13 and lipophilicity theoretically calculated C log P values. Higher activity corresponds to a high C log P value (Table 1). On the other hand, no clear relationship between percent edema reduction and C log P values emerged for the tricyclic 14-16 and tetracyclic 17 derivatives (Table 1).

Gastric ulcerogenic activity
Compounds 10b and 11a-f exhibiting moderate to potent anti-inflammatory profiles in the pre-mentioned animal models were evaluated for their ulcerogenic potential in rats ( Table 2) according to Meshali's method [43]. The ulcer index was calculated according to Robert's method [44].
Results (Table 2) (Fig. 3) indicated that compounds 10b, 11a, 11c, and 11f at the oral doses of 10 mg/kg body weight exhibited little gastric ulcerogenic effects, about 41-53% that of indomethacin. Also, they showed better gastrointestinal safety profiles (40-60% ulceration) in the population of test animals when compared to indomethacin, which was found to cause 100% ulceration under the same experimental conditions. In addition, the thiazoline derivative 11e proved to have very little ulcerogenic effects with the lowest ulcer index corresponding to 26% of indomethacin's and a superior gastrointestinal safety profile (20% ulceration) in the population of test animals. On the other hand, it should be pointed out that compounds 11b and 11d exhibited the highest ulcer index (10.53 and 10.20, respectively) and produced ulceration in 80% of the experimental animals, but their ulcerogenic effect is still much less than that produced by indomethacin (about 61% and 59% that of indomethacin, respectively). These results revealed the advantageously better gastric tolerance of the tested compounds compared to indomethacin.

Method B: By reaction of hydrazine hydrate with the N-acetylated aminoester (6):
A mixture of 6 (2.73 g, 10 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate 99% (10 ml) in ethanol (25 ml) was heated under reflux for 6 h during which the product was partially crystallized out. The reaction mixture was cooled, and the separated product was filtered, washed with ethanol, dried, and crystallized from ethanol-chloroform mixture to yield 2. The products obtained from both methods were identical as revealed by mp, mixed mp, and superimposability of the IR and 1 H NMR spectra. However, method B was superior to method A concerning the yield of the prepared compound.

Physicochemical studies
Determination of lipophilicity as C log P Lipophilicity was theoretically calculated as C log P values in an octanol-water-buffer by the ClogP program of Biobyte. [34].

Anti-inflammatory activity
The in vivo carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model of inflammation was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of the newly synthesized compounds according to the previously reported Winter et al. method [35].
Adult male albino rats weighing 100-120 g (obtained from the animal house of the department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University) were used throughout the work. Animals were randomly divided into groups of six rats each. They were kept in an animal house under standard conditions of light and temperature with free access to food and water ad libitum and allowed to be accustomed to their environment for two days before testing.
Indomethacin, used as a reference standard (Khahira for Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry, Cairo, Egypt), and the test compounds were dissolved in DMSO and were injected intraperitoneally at a dose level of 10 mg/kg body weight. Control animals, on the other hand, were intraperitoneally injected with appropriate volume of DMSO only. After one hour of the above treatment, an inflammatory edema in the right hind paw of all animals was induced by subcutaneous injection of 0.05 ml of freshly prepared solution of 1% carrageenan (λ-Carrageenan Sigma-Aldrich Corp. St. Louis, MO, USA) in sterile normal saline (0.9%), into the subplantar tissue of the paw. An equal volume of saline was injected to the left hind paw and served as internal control for the degree of inflammation in the right hind paw.
Four hours after carrageenan injection, animals were decapitated and both the right and left hind paws were excised at a standard point and weighed. The difference in weight from edema between right and left paws was taken as a measure of the degree of inflammation for each animal. The mean increase in weight of the carrageenan-injected paw over the other paw in each group was measured and the percent increase of edema was calculated. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the tested compounds was assessed by comparing the change in paw weight in the treated animals with that in control animals (treated with DMSO only) and expressed as a percent inhibition of the edema (percent protection against inflammation), calculated according to the following equation: % Inhibition of edema = (1 -Wt / Wc) x 100 where Wt is the mean increase in paw weight in rats treated with the test compounds and Wc is the mean increase in paw weight in the control group. The anti-inflammatory activity of the test compounds relative to that of indomethacin was also determined ( Table 2).

Gastric ulcerogenic effect
The ulcerogenic effect of the most active compounds 10b and 11a-f as well as indomethacin, used as the reference standard, was evaluated according to Meshali's method [43]. Adult male albino rats weighing between 100 and 120 g were used. Animals were divided into groups of five animals each. Rats were fasted 20 h before drug administration. Water was given ad libitum. The control group received the vehicle (1% gum acacia) orally. Other groups received indomethacin or test compounds orally in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight suspended in 1% gum acacia. Rats were fasted for 2 h, allowed to feed for 2 h, then fasted for another 20 h. Rats were given another two doses on the second and third days. On the fourth day, rats were sacrificed by diethyl ether; the stomach of each rat was removed, opened along the greater curvature, and rinsed with cold 0.9% saline. The stomach was stretched, by pins, on a corkboard and inspected with a 3x magnifying lens for any evidence of mucosal damage. The ulcer index was calculated according to Robert's method [44]. The number of mucosal damage (red spots) was counted and their severity (ulcerogenic severity) was graded from 0 to 4 according to the following score assignment: Score Score Normal (No injury) 0 Slight injury 3 Latent small red spot 1 Severe injury 4 Wide red spot 2 The following figures were calculated:  % Incidence/10 = [number of rats showing ulcer of any grade divided by total number of rats in the group x 100]/10.  Average number of ulcers: number of ulcers in the group/total number of rats in the group.  Average severity: Σ [each ulcer multiplied by its score of severity]/number of ulcers in the group.
Ulcer index = the sum of the 3 figures. Results are tabulated in Table 2.

Statistics
In the anti-inflammatory study, data obtained were expressed as the mean ± standard error (SEM). Statistical significance was determined by comparing the values of the test compounds and the standard with those obtained from the control group of animals using One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test using the GraphPad Prism version 3.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego California USA, www.graphpad. com). The difference in results was considered significant if P < 0.001. Results are presented in Table 1.

Conclusions
In the present study, various substituted pyrazolopyrimidines and pyridazine-as well as tetrahydrocinnoline-fused pyrazolopyrimidines were synthesized and screened for antiinflammatory and ulcerogenic potential. From the preliminary anti-inflammatory screening results, it could be revealed that the pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives bearing the thiazolidinone (10b) and thiazoline (11a-f) moieties exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity while the rest of the tested compounds exhibited moderate activity. However, none of the newly synthesized compounds were found to be superior over the reference drug.
Taking the results of the ulcerogenicity study of the most active compounds (10b and 11a-f) into consideration, it could be claimed that compounds 11e and 11f presented a promising anti-inflammatory profile with high anti-edematous activity comparable to indomethacin. They caused the highest inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema, among the tested compounds with minimal ulcerogenic effects and a good safety margin. In addition, compounds 10b and 11a-d achieved the advantage of being much less ulcerogenic despite their slightly lower anti-inflammatory activity as compared to indomethacin. The structure and biological activity relationship of the most active compounds showed that the presence of an electron withdrawing bromo or chloro group at the para-position of the phenyl ring attached either to the 3-position of the thiazolidinone ring (10b) or to the 3 and 4-positions of the thiazoline ring (11a-f), as well as the presence of an imino linkage separating the rigid 5-membered heterocyclic ring structures from the 5-position of the pyrazolopyrimidine nucleus, seem to be responsible for good biological activity in comparison to compounds 8a and 8b lacking such a spacer. Furthermore, results showed that the better biological activity profile of the most active derivatives correlates with the lipophilicity theoretically calculated as the C log P values which might be attributed to better distribution and bioavailability of these derivatives.
Since the GI problems due to NSAIDs continue to be the major impediment to their use in therapeutics, the novel properties of the new anti-inflammatory derivatives prove them to be useful lead molecules for the development of better NSAIDs with a greatly improved therapeutic index.
However, further investigation is needed in order to gain insight into the mechanism of action of the examined compounds.