鱼眼镜头系统具有平面对称、超大视场、大孔径成像等特点，使得其设计十分复杂。波像差理论是研究光学系统的重要手段，由于鱼眼镜头系统具有平面对称的成像特性，赛德尔初级像差和基于轴对称光学系统发展的高阶像差理论不再适用于鱼眼镜头系统的像差分析和设计。介绍了六阶波像差理论，包括六阶本征波像差、五阶像差、衍生波像差及孔径光线二阶精度对波像差的影响，给出六阶波像差理论设计鱼眼镜头系统的流程图，应用六阶波像差理论设计鱼眼镜头前光组，由其前光组与后光组像差平衡设计了后光组。最后得到一成像质量良好的鱼眼镜头系统，该镜头的焦距为5.989 mm，视场角为180°，相对孔径为1/3.2。设计结果表明，该鱼眼镜头系统的调制传递函数（MTF）数值在空间频率为60 lp/mm时均不低于0.56，具有较好的成像质量。

The fish-eye lens system has the characteristics of plane symmetry, large field of view and large aperture imaging. That makes fish-eye lens design very complicated. Wave aberration theory is an important means to study optical system. Because the fish-eye lens system has the imaging characteristics of plane symmetry, Seidel primary aberration and higher-order aberration theory based on axisymmetric optical system are no longer suitable for aberration analysis and design of the fish-eye lens systems. The theory of sixth-order wave aberration was introduced, including the sixth-order intrinsic wave aberrations, the fifth-order aberration, transverse aberrations and the influence of the second-order accuracy of the aperture ray on the wave aberration. The flow chart of fish-eye lens system design based on sixth-order wave aberration theory was given. The former optical group of fish eye lens was designed based on sixth-order wave aberration theory, and the latter optical group design was obtained by balancing the aberrations of former group and latter group. Finally, a fish-eye lens system with good imaging quality was obtained. Its focal length is 5.989 mm, its field of view angle (FOV) is 180°, and its relative aperture is 1/3.2. The design results show that the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the fish-eye lens system is no less than 0.56 when the spatial frequency is 60 lp/mm. This fish-eye lens system has better imaging quality.