Modular System Recirculating Aquarium Management for Sustainable Ornamental Coral Production

Indonesian waters have potential ornamental coral resources in South Sulawesi waters, especially in Karanrang Island, which still need to be optimally utilized by the fishing community. The main objective of this community service is to increase the understanding and skills of the community in managing coral transplantation in situ and caring for them in an environmentally friendly modular system aquarium based on re-circulation. Adopting the ABCD (Asset-Based Community Development) method, this approach begins with the identification of local assets, including the expertise and skills of the karanrang island community. Subsequently, capacity building is carried out by utilizing these assets, and the community is actively involved in the planning and implementation process. Results included increased community knowledge on technological innovations of modular circulation systems holding aquarium design at the household scale and post-harvesting of coral transplant farming products for holding in aquariums. This process contributed to the development of the local ornamental coral sector, empowered the community, and opened up product marketing opportunities at both local and international levels.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a maritime nation and one of Earth's largest centers of coral reef and marine life diversity (Asy'ari et al., 2023).Efforts to protect marine biodiversity are clearly needed, which requires innovative management strategies.Indonesian waters have the potential for very abundant ornamental coral resources, especially ornamental corals and corals with variations and abundant amounts, with high economic value (Fitriawan et al., 2020); (Junaidi, 2020).Various types of ornamental corals are scattered in various waters, especially inhabiting habitats around coral reefs.Most of the ornamental corals caught from Indonesian waters, in addition to meeting local consumer demand, are also exported abroad and become a potential source of foreign exchange.Strategic, time-efficient, and adaptive solutions and approaches are needed.
Production planning of cultivated resources brings additional complexity to manufacturing goods.Cultivated resources are planted and maintained for some time before being harvested or used (Yunda Sari et al., 2020).Decisions regarding facility location, facility size, and growing time ultimately determine the success of large-scale projects in producing and using cultivated resources.This is particularly challenging for resources with two growth phases (Agdal et al., 2019); (Bakhtiar, 2022).
The utilization of ornamental corals for foreign trade is generally used for aquarium ornaments (Kasmi et al., 2020).Ornamental corals that are used as aquarium ornaments in the international market have a positive impact on foreign exchange and job creation.The international market has certain requirements for both ornamental coral and coral commodities.Generally, export destination countries require each export commodity to be of good quality and free from ornamental coral pests and diseases required by each country (Abdullah & Kasmi, 2020).
Coral farming, as one restoration method, is being considered to address mass coral mortality and illegal utilization (Montseny et al., 2021).Planning how to use resources best for aquaculture projects to cultivate corals for large-scale coral reef restoration is essential to efficiently and sustainably utilize growing corals (Matorres et al., 2023); (Lippmann et al., 2023).Mathematical optimization is needed to determine the optimal number, size, and location of aquaculture facilities to fulfill these large-scale plans successfully (Chambers & Conway, 1992).In designing such facilities, a relevant question is how long resources should be kept in the facility, which significantly affects the optimality of production.There is a trade-off that keeping resources in the facility longer can increase post-release success but increase in-process inventory and associated operational costs (Boakes et al., 2022).Characterizing the relationship between coral survival and coral growth time can optimize coral culture programs (Lippmann et al., 2023); (Lippmann et al., 2023).
Optimal growth timing leads to a trade-off between minimizing facility costs (both capital and operational) and capitalizing on increased survival benefits (Gouezo et al., 2021).Therefore, space and energy savings at lower growth times compete with the benefits of reduced production numbers associated with greater growth times.Coral survival rates are influenced by their size at deployment.Coral growth rates over time, age-dependent survival estimates, and statistically significant size-and age-dependent survival estimates (Asy'ari et al., 2023); (Yuwita et al., 2022).Survival rates of juvenile sea cucumbers plated on tank modular plates were assessed based on mean size (Kasmi et al., 2022).
In the previous community service program (Paharuddin, Kasmi, Sulkifli, Makkulawu, et al., 2022), the main focus was on improving the innovation of ornamental coral transplantation technology through taking fragments of ornamental coral seedlings; this program contributed to the development of coral reefs but has not specifically addressed aspects of improving the quality of in situ cultivation products.
Furthermore, the community service program emphasized the transformation of the mindset of fishing communities towards ornamental coral cultivation.Although there has been an improvement in the understanding of technology and cultivation, there is still a need to deepen the management of in situ ornamental coral transplantation and post-harvest in re-circulation-based modular system aquarium shelters (Kasmi et al., 2022) (Abdullah et al., 2021).Based on the results of these activities, community service can fill the gap by emphasizing the community's understanding and skills in managing

92
coral transplantation in situ and caring for them in an environmentally friendly modular system aquarium.Thus, this community service will serve as a logical and sustainable continuation of the previous research, complementing the knowledge and skills required by the community in sustainable ornamental coral farming practices.
The main objective of this community service is to increase the understanding and skills of the community in managing coral transplantation in situ and caring for them in an environmentally friendly modular system aquarium based on re-circulation.

METHODS
The method used in this community service involves an ABCD (Asset-Based Community Development) approach to maximize the potential of ornamental coral resources in South Sulawesi waters, specifically on Karanrang Island.The approach begins with identifying local assets, such as the expertise and skills of the Karanrang Island community, as a first step to building capacity development (García, 2020;Maulana, 2019).The development process was then carried out by utilizing these assets, with a focus on increasing community understanding and skills in managing

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Identifying local assets, especially the expertise and skills of the Karanrang Island community, shows that most of the residents on this island are fishermen.They already have expertise and skills related to ornamental coral transplantation technology by taking fragments of coral seedlings.In addition, the fishermen also can do post-harvest maintenance and handling.This is supported by natural seed sources around Karanrang Island, planting sites around the island, and an ornamental coral cultivator and catcher group (Dewikar) that they have formed.Nonetheless, there is a need for further in-depth management of in situ and post-harvest ornamental coral transplantation in re-circulation-based modular system aquarium containers.
Therefore, the main emphasis of this community service program is to increase community knowledge about technological innovations in the design of householdscale modular circulation system aquariums and the post-harvest process of coral transplant cultivation products that will be maintained in the holding aquarium.

The application of Modular System Recirculating Aquarium Management
Technology for Ornamental Coral Production on a household scale is one of the  After the training, further mentoring activities by providing training on product treatment standards aim to ensure that the ornamental coral quarantine system and procedures are running well and always improving.

Standard Operating Procedure for Acclimatization and Adaptation
The purpose of implementing SOPs is to implement good health management of ornamental corals by applying biosecurity principles at every stage of aquaculture production.In addition, recording or documentation of activities must be done during production until distribution.Through the implementation of SOPs, ornamental coral commodities produced are expected to fulfill health guarantees for ornamental corals.
Thus, the competitiveness of exported ornamental coral commodities will increase.
2. Production Flow of a Good Ornamental Coral Quarantine Method (CKIB) In accordance with the application of risk analysis, the CKIB production flow must be able to determine the critical points in the production process.The activities that must be carried out in implementing the CKIB production flow are at least as follows: a) Incoming Ornamental Corals • Incoming ornamental corals must have clear records regarding the health and origin of ornamental corals.
• Ornamental corals are not mixed with consumption corals, and vice versa.
• Ornamental corals sent to exporters must be in good health or show no clinical disease symptoms • It is equipped with a health certificate from the quarantine of ornamental corals or information from other agencies that can be accounted for the truth.

b) Acclimatization and Adaptation
• Visual and morphological observations select each entry of ornamental corals.
• Conduct acclimatization, adaptation, and observation of clinical symptoms to maintain healthy and quality ornamental corals (stock).
• Ornamental corals do not show clinical symptoms of disease infection or death, and≥ 30% of those are received by exporters, which causes rejection and return.

c) Maintenance
After all the above stages have been carried out, ornamental corals are maintained in the maintenance room/facility.The maintenance stage can potentially cause the spread of disease due to environmental factors and the condition of ornamental corals in the maintenance container.

d) Exile and Treatment of Ornamental Corals
• If it turns out that ornamental corals are sick, then seclusion is carried out for the treatment of ornamental corals.Ornamental corals that have recovered are observed intensively to ensure they are healthy.
• Dead ornamental corals are separated in a special place to prevent the spread of disease.
In the process of seclusion, the health of ornamental corals is checked by laboratorially checking the health of ornamental corals (fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses).
e) Isolation/Pre-Harvest Isolation/Pre-Harvest is an activity to observe the health and quality of ornamental corals for 4-14 days.Aims to meet the standards required by consumers/destination countries.

f) Harvest and Packaging
Harvesting and packaging are done precisely and measured to avoid stress and even death of ornamental corals at the destination.Consumers/destination countries will reject inappropriate ornamental corals, so effective communication is needed to meet the required standards.

Standard Operating Procedure for Ornamental Coral Maintenance
Closed recirculating aquariums with modular systems as rearing containers and temporary containers, in the form of buckets and equipment, must be sterilized and ready for use.Seawater treatment for ornamental corals and to reduce stress and disease.After the acclimatization and adaptation process has been carried out, the corals are then transferred to a household-scale modular system recirculating aquarium as a rearing site.A good feeding process and the right amount greatly affect the quality and health of ornamental corals.

Activity Success
Indicators and benchmarks of success are by knowing the increase in the target audience's knowledge, skills, and motivation.Success criteria are measured by comparing the level of knowledge and skills before and after the activity (Asfahani et al., 2023); (Kudsiah et al., 2018).
Based on the evaluation of activities carried out by the fishing community, the ornamental coral cultivation group of 15 people.The pre-test results of knowledge and skills about the technological innovation system of aquarium design modular circulation system on a household scale are very low; out of 15 fishermen, only two fishermen have the knowledge and skills.Then, after the training and mentoring process of the technological innovation system of aquarium design modular circulation system on a household scale, it shows that all fishermen (15 people) knew the technology of aquarium design modular circulation system on a household scale.

CONCLUSION
Technological innovations in the design of household-scale modular circulation system aquariums and post-harvest cultivation of coral transplants to be maintained in aquariums to increase community understanding and skills in managing coral transplants in situ and caring for them in modular system aquariums based on recirculation in an environmentally friendly manner.Based on the evaluation of activities carried out by the fishing community, especially the ornamental coral cultivation group of 15 people.The pre-test results of knowledge and skills about the technological innovation system of modular circulation system aquarium design on a household scale were very low; out of 15 fishermen, only 2 fishermen had the knowledge and skills.Then, the training and mentoring process of the technological innovation system of modular circulation system aquarium design on a household scale showed that all fishermen (15 people) already knew the technology of modular circulation system aquarium design on a household scale.One of the important knowledge and skills of the fishing community is standard operating procedures (SOPs) on all actions and uses of quarantine installation facilities carried out effectively, consistently, and systematically, and meeting biosecurity standards to ensure the health of ornamental corals.This mentoring activity can be continued with training and mentoring on ex-situ ornamental coral transplantation techniques so that fishing communities no longer take ornamental coral seeds from nature.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The main components in this figure involve (a) the Water Filter, (b) the transplanted Ornamental Coral Shelter, and (c) the Modular Circulating Aquarium display.
coral transplantation in situ and caring for them in environmentally friendly recirculation-based modular system aquariums through standard operational procedures (POS) to produce export standard quality.Measured outcomes include increased community knowledge related to technological innovations in householdscale modular circulation system aquarium design and post-harvest cultivation of coral transplants to be maintained in aquariums.In planning and implementing this activity, active community participation is needed so that the program can be sustainable and successful.This activity was carried out from September to November 2023 on Karanrang Island, Tuppabiring District, Pangkep Regency.A group of ornamental coral cultivators and catchers (Dewikar).The Ornamental Coral cultivation transplant shelter results are then sold to Rezky Bahari SME.The management of potential ornamental coral resources in South Sulawesi waters, especially on Karanrang Island, can be measured through several indicators.First, increased knowledge and skills of the community in managing coral transplants in situ and maintaining them in a modular system aquarium based on re-circulation.Furthermore, the results of coral transplant cultivation can be maintained in aquariums by complying with standard operating procedures (POS) to produce export standard quality.
alternatives for ornamental coral rearing to overcome the problem of location and size of ornamental coral cultivation or transplantation facilities(Conilie et al., 2021;Hasanah, 2021);(Sutopo et al., 2021).Training and Assistance Activities for the Application of Modular System Recirculating Aquarium Management Technology is one of the development efforts in handling production, quarantine methods, or maintenance of ornamental corals and ornamental corals efficiently and effectively(Mâţă Liliana et al., 2023;Moridu et al., 2023).Figure2shows the training activities as a medium of knowledge transfer from the team.

Figure 2 .Figure 3 .
Figure 2. Training for both Matching Farm partners.The results of the transplantation technique training activities were then practiced and implemented for various purposes, including creating artificial reefs,