Obstacles to Law Enforcement: The Use of Out-of-Court Resolutions in Domestic Violence and Abuse Cases in the United Kingdom

This research aims to examine the impact and effectiveness of the use of out-of-court resolution in cases of violence and domestic abuse in the UK and the implications for justice and victim protection. The research method uses a comprehensive literature review, varied data sources, and appropriate data collection and analysis techniques. This research involved the use of Freedom of Information Requests, interviews with experts, and qualitative and quantitative analysis to understand the use of out-of-court resolutions in cases of domestic violence and abuse in the UK. The result of this research is an in-depth study of the problem of domestic violence in the UK, which outlines the various forms of detrimental behavior that occur and the challenges faced in law enforcement. For example, Physical violence and emotional abuse are often interrelated, thus eroding the victim's self-confidence and leaving deep emotional wounds. By considering the concepts of restorative justice and community healing, this research highlights the complexity of handling domestic violence cases and the need for a thoughtful approach. Although there is healing potential in alternative approaches, criticism of their implementation emphasizes the need to consider the gender and power dynamics underlying violence.


INTRODUCTION
Law enforcement in cases of domestic violence and abuse in the UK faces significant obstacles regarding the use of out-of-court settlements (Harwood, 2019).Domestic violence is a significant and complex problem in the UK, affecting thousands of individuals every year.Data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) shows that around 2.3 million adults in England experienced domestic violence in 2018, with the majority of victims being women.Although domestic violence can happen to anyone, regardless of gender, age, or socio-economic background, women are more often victims and face more severe forms of violence.This approach, although intended to offer more solutions quickly and reduce the burden on the justice system, often does not consider the complexity and power dynamics underlying domestic violence cases.(Lloyd & Borrill, 2020).The use of restorative justice or community resolution can pose risks for victims, where they feel forced to participate in a process that does not fully understand or acknowledge the long-term impact of the trauma they have experienced.(Burns & Sinko, 2023;Umbreit, 2023).It can also reduce the seriousness of society's perception of domestic violence by replacing formal legal procedures with solutions that may not provide adequate protection or justice for victims.Therefore, there is an urgent need to evaluate and refine this approach to ensure that victim protection and justice are a top priority in handling cases of domestic violence and abuse.
In recent research on domestic violence, several figures and theoretical concepts have come into focus.One of the main contributors was Edwards, an academic who, in 1989, emphasized the importance of studying the problem of domestic violence.(Edwards et al., 2018;Lee et al., 2020).
Edwards helped underscore the importance of addressing domestic violence as a severe social problem that requires in-depth attention (Mantler et al., 2020).Apart from that, Dobash and Dobash's work in 1992 also became an essential point in the field of feminist criminology, especially in understanding the dynamics of domestic violence.(Hammond, 2018).Dobash and Dobash made significant contributions to exposing gender inequality in the context of violence, paving the way for a deeper understanding of its root causes (The Hague, 2021).
Besides these figures, theoretical concepts are also the center of attention in this research.
Criminological feminism, as a theoretical framework that highlights gender inequality in the context of crime, has become an essential foundation for understanding the root causes of domestic violence.(Gelsthorpe, 2020;Walklate et al., 2020).By placing gender as the focus of analysis, criminological feminism provides a deep understanding of how power dynamics and social structures play a role in causing and reinforcing violence.In addition, the concept of restorative justice is an attractive alternative for dealing with conflict in the context of domestic violence (Brookes, 2019;Redman, 2019;N. Westmoreland et al., 2018).With a focus on healing relationships and the social, psychological, and emotional impact of crime, restorative justice offers a more humane approach to dealing with domestic violence cases.Some works, such as this article, highlight the detrimental impact of austerity measures, in particular the accessibility of legal aid, on child arrangements disputes involving domestic violence, emphasizing the weak quality of information available to the courts and the inadequate response from the government following the entry into force of LASPO (Harwood, 2019).This study reveals the widespread use of out-of-court resolutions for domestic violence cases in the UK, highlighting their controversial nature and underlining the need for further empirical investigation and policy consideration.(Mutendi, 2021).This paper reveals how inequality factors such as victim gender, vulnerability, and type of incident influence the progression of domestic violence and abuse (DVA) cases through the criminal justice system, based on an analysis of 400 incidents reported in England.(McPhee et al., 2022).
The novelty in this work is that one of the exciting innovations in law enforcement regarding cases of violence and domestic violence in the UK is the use of out-of-court settlements as an alternative for conflict management.This approach offers a more flexible solution and is easily tailored to individual needs while trying to reduce the burden on an often overburdened justice system.By providing room for negotiation between the parties involved, out-of-court settlements can facilitate better communication, encourage reconciliation, and allow quicker resolution of domestic violence cases.
Although this approach has potential benefits, challenges such as victim protection, justice, and consistent law enforcement remain the main focus in efforts to improve the law enforcement system related to domestic violence.
The gap in this work is that although much research has highlighted the use of out-of-court resolutions in law enforcement in cases of domestic violence and abuse in the UK, there is still a research gap that needs to be filled.Several aspects that need to be considered in filling this gap include further analysis of the effectiveness of various out-of-court settlement approaches, evaluation of their impact on victims of domestic violence, and a better understanding of the factors that influence law enforcement decisions to use settlement approaches in outside court.These approaches, as well as research, look more deeply at victims' views and experiences in the context of using out-of-court resolutions.By improving understanding of these aspects, future research can provide more comprehensive insights and provide a more substantial basis for the development of more effective law enforcement policies and practices in dealing with cases of domestic violence and abuse in the UK.This research aims to examine the impact and effectiveness of the use of out-of-court resolutions in cases of domestic violence and abuse in the UK, as well as the implications for justice and victim protection.

METHOD
The research methods used to investigate the use of out-of-court resolution in cases of domestic violence and abuse in the UK are based on a comprehensive literature review, using a variety of data sources and applying appropriate data collection and analysis techniques.(Oztemel & Gursev, 2020;Snyder, 2019;Thomas et al., 2020).A literature review is the first step in understanding the problem being studied.In this case, a literature review involves analyzing various literature, scientific journals, research reports, and other sources of information relevant to the research topic.This includes an examination of theories related to domestic violence, out-of-court settlements, and obstacles to law enforcement in that context.This research's data sources include official documents, research reports, empirical studies, government policies, law enforcement guidelines, and statistical data related to domestic violence in the UK.Using this data allows researchers to gain a holistic understanding of the phenomenon under study.
Data collection techniques used include the use of Freedom of Information Requests to obtain information from various law enforcement agencies in the UK regarding the use of out-of-court resolutions in handling cases of domestic violence and abuse.Interviews with experts, law enforcement officials, and related actors can also be conducted to gain deeper insight.The data analysis techniques applied include qualitative and quantitative analysis.Data from various sources will be analyzed systematically to identify patterns, trends, and challenges in using out-of-court resolution in handling domestic violence cases.This analytical approach will enable researchers to present their findings comprehensively and informally.This research has the limitation of only being based on a literature review.

Exploring New Approaches to Policing: Restorative Justice and Community Resolution
In recent research on domestic violence, several figures and theoretical concepts have come into focus.One of the main contributors was Edwards, an academic who, in 1989, underscored the importance of studying the problem of domestic violence.(Banyard et al., 2020;Chatha & Ahmad, 2020).
In addition, Dobash and Dobash's 1992 work has become an essential reference in the field of criminological feminism, especially in understanding the dynamics of domestic violence.(Pandey, 2021).Hester, in his 2006 research, specifically investigated the role of the police in dealing with domestic violence cases (Bates & Hester, 2020;Hester & Lilley, 2018).Hester's findings and analysis provide in-depth insight into law enforcement's challenges in handling these cases.
Another study worth mentioning is the research conducted by Obligado and Jeffries in 2014, which contributed to a deeper understanding of the problem of domestic violence.(Fuentes, 2020).
Westmoreland has also made valuable contributions to understanding this phenomenon, primarily through his 2015 research (McGlynn & Westmarland, 2019;L. Westmarland & Conway, 2020).Apart from these figures, several theoretical concepts are also the center of attention in this research.
Criminological feminism, as a theoretical framework that highlights gender inequality in the context of crime, has become an essential foundation for understanding the root causes of domestic violence.In addition, the concept of restorative justice is an attractive alternative for dealing with conflict in the context of domestic violence, with a focus on healing relationships and the social, psychological, and emotional impact of crime.
The idea of punishment outside of court is essential in discussing efforts to resolve cases of domestic violence.This concept involves alternatives to traditional criminal justice processes, such as warnings or community resolutions, which aim to resolve conflicts or disputes without involving formal courts.To face the challenge of crime, police in various countries are shifting from conventional approaches that focus on law enforcement and punishing offenders towards sore holistic and recoveryoriented.strategies (Martinelli et al., 2022;Wood, 2020).Two key concepts that are receiving increasing attention are restorative justice and community resolution.
Restorative justice offers a different approach to dealing with conflict and crime.Rather than simply punishing the perpetrator, restorative justice emphasizes restoring relationships, repairing losses, and involving all parties involved in the resolution process.(Marshall, 2020;Van Ness et al., 2022).The degree to which restorative justice is implemented can vary, from instant expulsion or street resolution for minor conflicts to restorative justice conferences for more complex cases.In the police context, this approach can provide a more humane and effective alternative to the formal criminal justice process, especially for cases of domestic violence.
On the other hand, community resolution offers a conflict resolution solution that involves agreement between the parties without going through the criminal justice process (Fronius et al., 2019;Lanni, 2021).This approach is generally used for minor offenses, especially first-time offenders (Win, 2020).Community resolutions allow police to respond proportionately to low-level crimes without taking formal punitive action.This allows cases to be handled more quickly and efficiently while still paying attention to the needs of victims and the community.
These concepts, restorative justice, and community resolution mark a paradigm shift in police practice from focusing solely on legal action to a more recovery-and prevention-oriented approach.
While the challenges and complexities in their implementation cannot be ignored, developing and applying these two concepts offers excellent opportunities to strengthen justice, build better societal relationships, and reduce levels of domestic violence and other social conflicts.
In recent years, the debate regarding the effectiveness and suitability of restorative justice and community resolution in dealing with cases of domestic violence has heated up.During these discussions, some central figures and institutions have made significant contributions in shaping related views and policies, one of which is Theresa May, who has stated this openly in her capacity as previous Home Minister and then as Prime Minister-objections to the application of restorative justice in the context of intimate partner violence.
The concept of restorative justice, which seeks to repair the harm felt by victims and provide opportunities for perpetrators to make amends, has received strong criticism in the context of domestic violence.The primary reason for this resistance lies in the understanding that domestic violence, mainly perpetrated by an intimate partner, presents complexities and power dynamics that cannot be fully addressed through restorative or community approaches.
Several bodies and organizations have expressed this view through various statements and guidance.The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), the Association of Senior Police Officers (ACPO), the Royal Constabulary Inspectorate (HMIC), and the College of Policing have all expressed concerns regarding the use of restorative justice in domestic abuse cases.For example, in 2011, the ACPO explicitly expressed its disapproval of restorative justice in this context, although it acknowledged the potential benefits of a client-centered approach if requested by the victim.However, guidelines published in subsequent years reaffirmed the exclusion of domestic violence from community resolution and restorative justice, underscoring the unacceptable risks associated with the application of domestic violence in such situations.
In 2014, HMIC issued a report explicitly emphasizing that police should not use restorative justice in cases of domestic violence perpetrated by an intimate partner, reflecting severe concerns over the potential risks to victims.Guidance from the College of Policing in 2015 and Theresa May's statement in 2016 further reinforced this view, highlighting the dangers faced by victims who may be under the influence of controlling or coercive behavior from perpetrators.(Shannon & Shannon, 2022).The narrative formed from various statements and policies illustrates the tendency of public policy to avoid the use of restorative justice and community resolution in dealing with cases of domestic violence, especially those committed by close partners.This marks a recognition of the unique complexity and sensitivity of this type of violence, which requires a more careful approach and may differ from a typical criminal case.In confronting domestic violence, the need to protect victims and address unequal power dynamics has become a top priority, forcing policymakers to reconsider the application of restorative justice in this context.An investigation into the use of out-of-court decisions by police in domestic violence cases in the UK reveals a complex landscape characterized by a diversity of approaches and significant challenges in recording and data analysis.This research, which aims to provide an empirical basis that can be used to develop further research, does not solely focus on the effectiveness of this approach but instead on its characteristics and frequency.
Against the background of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and the Freedom of Information Act 2002 for Scotland, this research aims to understand how the police implement restorative justice and community resolution in response to existing problems.domestic violence (KC, 2023;Kingston et al., 2018;Worthy, 2021).Ethical approval obtained from the Durham University Faculty of Applied Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee adds to the validity of the methodology used.(Gibbons, 2019;Marett, 2018).Through a Freedom of Information Request, two rounds of questions were addressed to the entire police force, focusing on restorative justice practices and community settlement.From the data collected, a picture emerges of a variety of approaches to responding to incidents of domestic violence, ranging from restorative justice to community resolution, and some use the terms interchangeably.
Researchers' primary challenge is the inconsistency between groups in recording and interpreting data.This is complicated by the use of different terms to describe responses to domestic violence, resulting in difficulties in making direct comparisons and cohesive analysis.Bow and Westmorland's (2016) research references provide additional context to the challenges faced in this research.Their study of rape of the elderly using FOI methods underscores the importance of clear definitions and consistent understanding of the terms used in research, a lesson that is highly relevant to this investigation.

Cases of Domestic Violence and Abuse in the UK
Domestic violence and abuse cases in the UK cover a wide range of harmful behaviors, from physical violence to emotional abuse (Callaghan et al., 2018).Physical violence is often one of the most visible forms of violence, where a partner or family member suffers physical injuries as a result of a physical attack carried out by the perpetrator.(Bishop & Bettinson, 2018).Apart from that, psychological violence also often occurs, where the perpetrator uses behavior that controls emotions or intimidates a partner or family member.This may include threats, manipulation, or exclusion that negatively impact the psychological well-being of the victim.
Sexual violence is also a severe problem of domestic violence cases in the UK.This can include sexual acts without consent or forced sexual intercourse, which harms the victim physically and emotionally.Verbal harassment, such as using hurtful, insulting, or threatening words, also often occurs and can have quite a severe impact on the victim.(Towl & Walker, 2019).Apart from the more visible forms of violence, there are also forms of violence that are more hidden but no less detrimental.Financial control, for example, occurs when one partner controls the other partner's access to financial resources, which can lead to financial dependence and economic injustice.Social isolation is also a form of violence that is often overlooked, where the partner is isolated from the support of family and friends, making the victim feel trapped and marginalized.
Threats or intimidation are also often used by perpetrators to control or coerce their partners or family members.Acts of vandalism, such as property damage, can also occur as violence or intimidation.Minor physical attacks or more severe violence resulting in injury can also occur in the context of domestic violence (Duron et al., 2021).In the UK, the phenomenon of domestic violence and abuse represents a broad spectrum of harmful behavior, ranging from physical acts to psychological manipulation.(Donovan & Barnes, 2020;Harman et al., 2018).These cases often occur behind closed doors, affecting partners, children, parents, and other relatives, limiting freedom, and destroying the victim's sense of security.
Generalized abuse, whether in emotional, verbal, or psychological forms, plays an essential role in the dynamics of domestic violence, often eroding victims' sense of self-confidence and leaving deep emotional scars.(Raghavan et al., 2019).The threat of death adds another layer of extreme fear as victims continue to live in uncertainty and fear for their safety.Theft and other acts of control, including the use of intimidation to control or take the victim's property, reflect the manipulative aspect of domestic violence, where the perpetrator attempts to control every aspect of the victim's life.
Physical violence, ranging from abuse to more serious assaults, often characterizes these cases, leading to injury or even life-threatening(Us, 2021).Arson and destruction resulting from criminal acts, including actions that directly endanger life, are other extreme forms of destructive behavior that perpetrators may carry out.Apart from physical crimes, domestic violence also includes offenses such as Theft and robbery, as well as crimes against society.All of which adds to the complexity of this social problem.Victims of domestic violence are not limited to heterosexual couples; Same-sex couples also experience these detrimental behaviors, although the patterns and statistics may be different and less clear.
One of the biggest challenges in addressing domestic violence is the response to crime.Sometimes, cases where the perpetrator is a woman, the victim is a man, or in a same-sex relationship do not always receive a response that reflects the seriousness of the crime.Police, in some cases, use restorative approaches such as mediation by officers and informal healing, a strategy that may not always meet the specifics and complexities of domestic violence.In addition, the use of out-of-court settlements by the police in responding to many cases of domestic violence shows that there is an effort to find solutions that involve the community and are an alternative to traditional courts.While this approach is practical in some situations, there are concerns that it may not fully recognize the severe and long-term impact of domestic violence on victims.In the UK, domestic violence and abuse is a complex problem that requires a thoughtful and multi-faceted response, which includes legal support, rehabilitation, and victim protection while working to change perpetrator behavior and raise social awareness of the devastating impact of this behavior.

Law Enforcement Barriers to the Use of Out-of-Court Resolutions in Domestic Violence and Abuse Cases in the UK
In coverage of domestic violence in the UK, highlighting the various forms of violence, from physical, emotional, and sexual to verbal, reveals insight into the complexity and profound impact of this problem on individuals and social structures.Researchers and theorists, such as Edwards, Dobash, and Dobash, as well as Hester, have made significant contributions to understanding and responding to the phenomenon of domestic violence, underscoring the importance of gender-sensitive and restorative justice approaches.
The concepts of restorative justice and community resolution are two promising alternatives for handling cases of domestic violence, with a focus on healing and reconciliation.However, its application in the field faces challenges and debate, especially regarding its suitability in cases of intimate partner violence.Figures such as Theresa May and various bodies, including the IPCC and ACPO, have expressed concerns about the risks a restorative approach poses in this compassionate and potentially detrimental context.
Research relying on the Freedom of Information Act shows variation in implementing restorative justice and community settlement by police forces in the UK, revealing a complex and often inconsistent practice landscape.This study highlights the importance of systematic data collection and critical analysis to understand how effective and appropriate these approaches are in the context of domestic violence.
By presenting field data, relevant theories, and current police practices, this article invites readers to reflect on the challenges faced in addressing domestic violence and the potential and limitations of restorative justice and community resolution approaches.In conclusion, while these two concepts offer valuable perspectives in violence recovery and prevention, much work remains to be done to ensure that the concepts are implemented safely, effectively, and respectfully for victims' needs and safety.Domestic violence is a complex and layered social problem that is rooted in unequal power dynamics between individuals in intimate relationships.This phenomenon does not only include visible acts of physical violence but also includes forms of psychological, emotional, and economic violence, which are often hidden but which are detrimental.These hidden forms of violence include financial control that results in financial dependency and economic injustice, social isolation that separates victims from the support of family and friends, and threats and intimidation that erode individual freedom and security.Domestic violence can also take the form of acts of destruction and physical attacks that leave both physical and psychological wounds on the victim.
Recent research highlights the significant contributions of several figures and theories.Academic work such as that produced by Edwards, Dobash, and Dobash, as well as Hester, has broadened our understanding of domestic violence, highlighting the importance of feminist criminological perspectives in exposing the gender inequalities that underlie many cases of domestic violence.
Restorative justice and community resolution approaches are also focal points, proposing conflict resolution alternatives more oriented towards healing than punishment.Restorative justice, for example, offers a paradigm that prioritizes restoration of relationships and restoration of losses and involves all parties affected by crime in the resolution process.This marks a shift away from traditional, more punitive criminal justice models and shows the potential to offer more holistic and meaningful solutions for victims of domestic violence.However, its use in cases of domestic violence often raises debate, especially regarding the safety and welfare of the victim.
On the other hand, community resolutions highlight the importance of community-based solutions in addressing conflict and crime, seeking to integrate perpetrators back into society while meeting the needs of victims.However, this approach also faces challenges, especially in the context of domestic violence, where dynamics of power and control can complicate a just and effective recovery process.
Research using data from Freedom of Information Requests has helped reveal the extent to which police forces in the UK implement restorative justice and community solutions in cases of domestic violence.However, the research also identified significant challenges in data recording and analysis, including inconsistencies in the definition and implementation of practices in policing.
In the context of policy and practice, objections to the use of restorative justice in cases of intimate partner violence have been expressed by various bodies and individuals, including Theresa May.These concerns revolve around the risks victims face in situations where intimate partner violence and control may exacerbate victims' vulnerabilities.
This debate highlights the complexity of addressing domestic violence, which requires a sensitive and adaptive approach that recognizes the specific needs and safety of victims.While restorative justice and community resolution offer the potential for a more humane and restorative approach, their application in the context of domestic violence requires careful consideration supported by research and evidence-based practice.
In dealing with the phenomenon of domestic violence in the UK, there is a surprising combination of field data and theory that attempts to explain and overcome the problem.Field data illustrates a spectrum of harmful behavior in domestic contexts, ranging from physical abuse to psychological manipulation, limiting freedom and destroying victims' sense of security.Emotional, verbal, and psychological abuse, as well as death threats and other acts of control, reflect complex dynamics that often erode victims' self-confidence.
Recent research in this area highlights the contributions of figures such as Edwards, Dobash Dobash, and Hester, who have provided essential insights into the dynamics of domestic violence.
Theories such as criminological feminism and restorative justice are taking center stage, offering frameworks for understanding and addressing the problem of domestic violence more effectively.
However, the application of concepts such as restorative justice and community resolution to cases of domestic violence still sparks debate.Prominent figures such as Theresa May and organizations such as the IPCC and ACPO have expressed their objections to the use of this approach in the context of intimate partner violence, highlighting the complexities and power dynamics that cannot be fully Amelia Jane Eleanor / Obstacles to Law Enforcement: The Use of Out-of-Court Resolutions in Domestic Violence and Abuse Cases in the United Kingdom 353 addressed through such an approach.Public policy trends tend to avoid using restorative justice and community resolution in dealing with these cases, thereby marking recognition of the need to protect victims and address unequal power dynamics.
An investigation into the use of out-of-court decisions by police in domestic violence cases in the UK reveals a complex landscape characterized by a diversity of approaches and challenges in recording and data analysis.Through research under the Freedom of Information Act, variations in the application of restorative justice and community resolution by police have been revealed, exposing inconsistencies and challenges in current practice.This research, which combines field data with police theory and practice, offers valuable insights into understanding and addressing domestic violence.Despite the enormous challenges, this research emphasizes the importance of a holistic and recovery-oriented approach in addressing this complex problem and highlights the need to develop more inclusive and practical strategies to address domestic violence.Domestic violence is a complex and demanding issue, presenting a significant challenge for law enforcement in the UK.Field data highlights various difficulties in dealing with these cases, including appropriate responses to crimes, the use of restorative approaches, and recognition of the complexity of gender and power issues.
To understand the dynamics of domestic violence, emerging theories and concepts provide essential guidance for researchers and practitioners.Figures such as Edwards, Dobash, Hester, and Westmarland have provided essential insights into understanding the roots of the problems and challenges in handling domestic violence cases.
Field data shows that the police often use restorative approaches, such as mediation and community resolution, in handling cases of domestic violence.However, there are concerns that this approach may not fully take into account the seriousness and long-term impact of the violence.
Guidance from various bodies, such as the IPCC, ACPO, HMIC, and the College of Policing, shows disapproval of the use of restorative approaches in the context of domestic violence.
In addition, there is a recognition of the complexity of gender and power issues in cases of domestic violence.A feminist criminological approach highlights the importance of understanding these dynamics, including the awareness that domestic violence does not only occur in heterosexual couples.
Another challenge is the difficulty in providing appropriate responses to crime, especially when cases involve perpetrators and victims who do not fit conventional stereotypes.The complexity of dealing with domestic violence also includes the variety of victims and perpetrators, as well as the types of crimes involved.
In the face of these challenges, the debate regarding the effectiveness and appropriateness of restorative approaches and community resolution is heating up.Theresa May, along with various agencies and organizations, has raised concerns about the use of this approach in cases of domestic violence.This signals recognition of the unique complexity and sensitivity of this type of violence, which requires a more careful approach and may differ from typical criminal cases.
In this way, field data and theoretical concepts complement each other in providing a more comprehensive picture of the challenges faced by law enforcement regarding domestic violence in the UK.Although there have been efforts to use alternative approaches, such as restorative justice and community resolution, recognizing the complexities and challenges associated with these approaches suggests that further steps and adjustments in law enforcement policies and practices may be necessary to address these issues more effectively.

CONCLUSION
Domestic violence and abuse in the UK is a complex phenomenon encompassing multiple forms of harmful behavior, including physical violence, psychological abuse, sexual violence, and financial control.Physical violence and emotional abuse are often intertwined, eroding victims' self-confidence and leaving deep emotional scars.Controlling financial access and social isolation are more hidden but highly destructive forms of violence.Perpetrators use threats, intimidation and destruction of property as tools to control victims.Domestic violence not only limits the victim's freedom but also destroys her sense of security.Cases where the perpetrator is female or in a same-sex relationship do not always receive a response that reflects the seriousness of the crime.This points to the need for more thoughtful and diverse responses to domestic violence.Efforts to handle cases of domestic violence must involve solid legal support, rehabilitation for perpetrators, and protection and recovery for victims.Alternative approaches, such as restorative justice, should be carefully considered to ensure they do not diminish the seriousness of the crime or its impact on the victim.Therefore, domestic violence in the UK requires a comprehensive solution, including education, social support, and solid legal intervention.Given the complexity and sensitivity of domestic violence cases, adjustments to law enforcement policies and practices may be necessary to ensure adequate protection for victims.The debate regarding the safety and appropriateness of restorative approaches and community resolution highlights the need for a careful and evidence-based approach.Theresa May and various agencies have highlighted the need for victim protection in the context of domestic violence.
In conclusion, a collaborative effort between field data, theory, and law enforcement practice is needed to address these complex challenges effectively and sustainably.