Efforts to Prevent Crime Triggers in Sexual Murder Cases in China Through Public Education, Victim Protection, Perpetrator Rehabilitation, and Law Enforcement

This study aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for public education, victim protection, offender rehabilitation, and law enforcement. Adopting a literature review methodology, this research analyzes sexual homicides in China to identify the factors that trigger such crimes and the strategies to prevent them. Through literature searches, document studies, and expert interviews, this study highlights the profiles of perpetrators, who are predominantly males with troubled pasts and often possess antisocial or schizoid personality disorders. Victims are often chosen randomly, with extreme physical and sexual violence used to express dominance. This phenomenon reflects broader social dysfunctions in Chinese society and challenges within the judicial system. The investigation of these cases underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to understand and prevent sexual crimes. This work emphasizes the importance of prevention strategies based on criminological theories such as Power and Control, Sexual Violence and Aggression, and Criminological Psychopathology to holistically address the issue of sexual homicide.


INTRODUCTION
Problems in sexual murder cases in China include a variety of factors that influence the crime (H.C. Chan et al., 2019).One of the main problems is the lack of public awareness and understanding of the importance of fighting sexual crimes, which can result in under-reporting of these cases and a lack of support for victims (Campbell, 2020;Guo et al., 2019;Su et al., 2022;Yin & Sun, 2021;Zhang, 2022).
Apart from that, there are still problems in the victim protection system which is not yet fully effective, especially related to victims' access to adequate medical, psychological and legal assistance (Peeters et al., 2019;Speed et al., 2020).In addition, rehabilitation of perpetrators of sexual murder is also a Al-Manhaj: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam 208 challenge (Leese & Engman, 2018), considering the need for a holistic and sustainable approach to change their behavior and improve their mental health (Servaes, 2022).Apart from that, consistent and firm law enforcement against perpetrators is also an important issue in handling cases of sexual murder and providing justice for victims and society as a whole.Some of the leading figures in the field of criminology and forensic psychology who have made major contributions to understanding sexual murder are Burgess (Kocsis, 2018;Shipley, 2023), Hartman (Chae et al., 2022), Ressler (Ruslan, 2018), Douglas (Adebisi & Olanrewaju, 2021), McCormack (Helfgott & Wallenborn, 2022), Chan (H. C. O. Chan, 2023), Heide (Heide, 2023), Stefanska (Stefanska et al., 2021), Beech (Beech et al., 2018), Carter (Beech et al., 2018), Myers (Myers et al., 2019), Vo, Lazarou, Beauregard (Lussier & Beauregard, 2018), Martineau, Kerr, Briken, Hill, Habermann (Strange et al., 2022), Kafka, Berner, Healey, Lussier, Firestone, Bradford, Greenberg, Larose, and Curry.They have developed various theories and conducted in-depth research to reveal the motives, dynamics, and characteristics of the perpetrators and victims in sexual murder cases.
Lack of public awareness and understanding of sexual crimes has been identified as one of the primary triggering factors.Data from the National Crime Statistics Bureau of China show that 65% of the rural population does not have adequate understanding of sexual crimes or how to report them.For instance, in the Xianjiang 2019 case, local community ignorance about reporting procedures led to delays in handling the case, resulting in crime escalation (X.Wang & Aoki, 2019).
Furthermore, the victim protection system in China is often considered ineffective.A 2020 report from Human Rights Watch indicates that 70% of sexual violence victims in China struggle to access adequate support and protection services.A case study from Shenzhen in 2021 showed that sexual violence victims often do not receive the necessary psychological and legal support, exacerbating their trauma and hindering the recovery process.
Several theories that have been developed by these experts include the Theory of Power and Control (Ten Brinke & Keltner, 2022), the Theory of Sexual Violence and Aggression (Zillmann, 2021), the Theory of Psychopathology Criminology (Dessaur, 2018), and the Theory of Decreasing Sexual Murder Rates (Light et al., 2020).These theories provide a deep understanding of the psychological, social, and cultural factors underlying the behavior of sexual murder perpetrators, including the drive for power, aggressive brutality, and personality disorders that the perpetrator may have.By combining the research results of these various figures and theories, we can gain more comprehensive insight into the phenomenon of sexual homicide and design more effective prevention strategies.
The Theory of Power and Control, which examines how perpetrators use dominance and control over their victims, can be integrated into public education programs by teaching individuals about the dynamics of abusive relationships and the importance of consent and equality.Some previous works Xinyue Jiahui / Efforts to Prevent Crime Triggers in Sexual Murder Cases in China Through Public Education, Victim Protection, Perpetrator Rehabilitation, and Law Enforcement 209 viz Liang & Hu, (2018) The study results in the development of a typology of sexual offending against minors in China, categorizing cases into six major types and providing crime prevention recommendations based on empirical findings (Liang & Hu, 2018).Shafira et al., (2023) The study finds that while Indonesia, India, and China implement the death penalty for child sexual abuse, countries like Norway, the Netherlands, and Canada do not, highlighting a need for legal certainty in the face of rising child sexual abuse crimes (Shafira et al., 2023).Handayani, (2022) The study concludes that specialized recovery and rehabilitation programs for children perpetrators of sexual violence are crucial to prevent future recidivism and promote their optimal growth and development (Handayani, 2022).
The novelty of this research lies in the holistic approach that integrates various aspects in handling sexual murder cases in China.In this context, research not only highlights existing problems, but also provides comprehensive solutions through prevention strategies consisting of public education, victim protection, perpetrator rehabilitation, and strict law enforcement.In addition, the use of criminology and forensic psychology theories that have been developed by leading experts provides a basis for understanding and analyzing the factors that influence sexual murder cases, thereby providing a deeper and more detailed understanding.Thus, this research makes a significant contribution to efforts to increase awareness, protect victims, change the behavior of perpetrators, and provide justice for society in dealing with this serious problem.
GAP in this research is that Although there have been previous efforts to understand sexual homicide cases in China and develop appropriate prevention strategies, there are still gaps in research that need to be addressed.One research gap that needs to be further explored is the lack of in-depth understanding of the cultural and social factors that specifically influence the dynamics of sexual homicide in China.More in-depth research into the cultural norms, value systems, and social dynamics related to sexual violence can provide better insight into the roots of the problem and enable the development of more targeted prevention strategies.In addition, research that is more focused on evaluating the effectiveness of victim protection, perpetrator rehabilitation, and law enforcement programs is also needed to assess the successes and challenges in implementing existing policies and identify areas where improvements can be made.By filling this research gap, we can develop a more holistic and effective approach to addressing the problem of sexual homicide in China.This research aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for public education, victim protection, perpetrator rehabilitation, and law enforcement.

METHOD
In an effort to understand and address sexual homicide cases in China, this research adopts a literature review method, which enables an in-depth analysis of crime triggering factors and prevention strategies through a multidisciplinary approach (Chen & Song, 2019).This research aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for public education, victim protection, perpetrator rehabilitation, and law enforcement.Data sources used in this research include academic journals, books and reference texts, research reports, and relevant statistical data.Using these sources, this research collects and analyzes information on the characteristics of perpetrators and victims, the dynamics of crimes, and the efforts that have been made to prevent sexual crimes in China.
Data collection techniques involved systematic literature searches, document studies, and interviews with experts in the fields of criminology, forensic psychology, and law.Through interviews with experts, this research gained an in-depth perspective on the complexity of the problem and potential solutions.Qualitative analysis of the data was carried out by classifying and categorizing the information obtained, allowing the identification of main themes such as crime triggering factors, psychological impact on victims, and the effectiveness of existing interventions.By highlighting specific aspects, such as the role of the media in public education and victim protection policies, this research identifies gaps in the existing system and offers recommendations for improvement.

Sexual Murder aspects of Criminology, psychology, and sociology
In 1986, a group of leading criminologists and forensic psychologists consisting of Burgess, Hartman, Ressler, Douglas, and McCormack made significant contributions to the understanding of sexual homicide through their work (Su et al., 2022).In their definition, sexual homicide is described as an act of killing committed in a context of power, control, sexuality, and aggressive brutality.The theories they put forward provide deep insight into the motivations and dynamics behind sexual murder cases.
The Power and Control Theory highlights that sexual murder occurs because of the drive to gain and maintain power and control over the victim.Perpetrators often use sexual violence as a tool to express their dominance (Jensen, 2023).The Sexual Violence and Aggression Theory emphasizes that sexual murder is often triggered by high levels of aggression, where sexual violence is an expression of the perpetrator's brutality and anger towards the victim (Ybarra & Thompson, 2018).
In addition, the Criminological Psychopathology Theory describes that there are psychological factors underlying the perpetrator's behavior, such as personality disorders and emotional instability, which can trigger a tendency to commit acts of sexual violence, including sexual murder (Burke, 2018).
The Declining Rates Theory (Declining Rates Theory) notes a downward trend in sexual homicide rates over time, which can be caused by various factors such as changes in law enforcement, socio-cultural changes, and increased public awareness of the issues of sexual violence (Benner & Mistry, 2020).

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In research on sexual homicide, various figures and theories are at the center of attention to understand the characteristics of the perpetrators and the dynamics of these cases.Researchers such as Chan & Heide (2016), Stefanska, Beech, andCarter (2016), andMyers, Chan, Vo, &Lazarou (2010) have explored the differences between sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) and non-homicide sexual offenders ( NHSOs) in various aspects, from childhood and adolescent development, criminal history, to behavioral and psychiatric diagnoses (Beech et al., 2018;H. C. O. Chan, 2023;Heide, 2023;Stefanska et al., 2021).Their findings revealed that SHOs tended to have more troubled childhoods and adolescence, were often diagnosed with antisocial and schizoid personality disorders, and had more maladaptive personality traits, sexual sadism, and paraphilias in addition to pedophilia.
Additionally, research from Beauregard & Martineau (2013) and Kerr & Beech (2016) highlights the deceptive strategies and primary motivations of sexual homicide perpetrators, which often revolve around sexual pleasure, deviant drives such as power and control, or even negative emotions such as anger.Research on the prevalence of sadistic behavior in SHOs by Briken, Hill, Habermann, Kafka, & Berner (2010) also strengthens the understanding that sexual sadism is often a factor that encourages perpetrators to commit sexual crimes (Beauregard, 2019;Lussier & Beauregard, 2018;Myers et al., 2019).
In terms of characteristics, research by Healey, Lussier, & Beauregard (2013) and Firestone, Bradford, Greenberg, Larose, & Curry (1998) shows variation in prior school performance among sexual homicide offenders, as well as a link between sadistic sexual fantasies and criminal offending.which is conducted.In addition, research by Beauregard & Field (2008) also underlines that sadistic sexual fantasies can be a gateway to sexual control and euphoria for sexual murderers, which can ultimately encourage them to commit sadistic acts against humans (Beauregard, 2019).

Sexual Murder Cases, Profiles of Perpetrators, Victims, and The Context of The Incident in China
In the deep and complex problems related to the phenomenon of sexual murder in China, we find a crime landscape thick with complex psychological and social nuances.In an ever-changing society, the profiles of the perpetrators, victims and modus operandi of these crimes offer insight into the imbalances and dysfunction that may be hidden behind the facade of economic and social progress.
The majority of perpetrators of sexual murder in China, as in many other parts of the world, are men (H.C. Chan et al., 2019;J. Wang et al., 2019).These individuals, often, have histories of troubled childhoods and adolescence, marked by domestic violence, abuse, or neglect.A long criminal history is also often characteristic of them, with antisocial and schizoid personality disorders being common diagnoses.Furthermore, perpetrators tend to live in social isolation, with little or no experience in healthy intimate relationships, which then triggers or strengthens deviant sexual urges and fantasies.
Victims of sexual homicide, on the other hand, are often adult women, who happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time, targeted by chance rather than the specific choice of the perpetrator.
The modus operandi of murder is often brutal, with acts of uncontrolled violence and mutilation, reflecting not only a desire to kill but also to dominate, control, and physically and symbolically damage the victim.
Offenses are usually preceded by careful selection of victims, often based on availability rather than sexual attraction.Perpetrators may stalk their victims, carefully planning their attacks to ensure they are not disturbed.Alcohol often plays a role in emboldening perpetrators to act on their deviant urges, although the weapon of choice and method of attack varies, from beatings to stabbings, often with excessive levels of violence.
Sexual murder cases in China also reflect broader challenges faced by society and the criminal justice system (Ding & Zhao, 2021).The difficulty in understanding and preventing such crimes lies not only in the psychological complexity of the perpetrators, but also in social stigma and barriers to reporting and investigating sexual crimes.Law enforcement efforts are often hampered by a lack of witnesses and physical evidence, leaving many cases remaining unsolved or their perpetrators unpunished.
Within the complexity and depth of Chinese society, the phenomenon of homicide reveals layers of complexity involving the perpetrator, the victim, and the type of offense committed.In an atmosphere often silenced by the absence of official data, recorded cases of murder provide a window into the social, cultural and psychological dynamics at play in these tragedies.
In cases of mass murder, most perpetrators act alone, driving a knife into the lives of four to seven individuals in one tragic event (Marganski, 2019).Their motivations generally stem from a sense of revenge or a drive for profit, revealing dark aspects of interpersonal conflict and economic desperation.
Most of these tragedies occur in rural areas, places where social stress and isolation may have contributed to the fatal decisions.
The murder-suicide represents another aspect of the crisis.Perpetrators, who are almost always male and in their prime of productivity, often choose members of their family as victims.This indicates a crisis within the family unit, where intimate partner conflict and infidelity are the main triggers.The weapon of choice also returns to the knife, a tool that conveys the immediacy and personalization of the violence.
Meanwhile, murders using rarer methods, such as carbon monoxide poisoning, generally involve female victims.These incidents, often occurring in the context of fires, highlight more premeditated killing strategies and may reflect gender inequality in these violent contexts.The difficulty in obtaining accurate and transparent data makes research on homicides in China a challenge.However, through

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analysis of available cases, it can be seen that the motives, methods, and choices of victims in homicide cases reflect various social, economic, and cultural factors interacting in Chinese society.These stories, although often hidden from public view, reveal harsh truths about certain aspects of social life that are often invisible.
In various regions in China, from January 1994 to December 2016, there were 59 cases of sexual murder that revealed the dark aspects of sexual crimes.Through detailed police data analysis from three selected areas of Shanghai Municipality, Guangdong Province, and Hubei Province along with in-depth searches through Chinese online journal databases, profiles of the perpetrators, victims, and types of offenses involved in these cases were revealed.
The perpetrators in these sexual murder cases are often individuals who display extreme sexual behavior disorders, including sadistic tendencies.They can come from diverse social and economic backgrounds, but many have previous histories of violence or significant psychological disorders.
Perpetrators tend to take advantage of the victim's vulnerable situation or condition, using force and manipulation to carry out their crimes.
The victims of these cases span a wide age range, from children to adults, showing that the brutality of the perpetrators does not respect age.The selection of victims is often random, which adds an element of fear and uncertainty to society.In some cases, the victim has a previous relationship with the perpetrator, which can include a close acquaintance or work relationship, making the crime more personal and tragic.
The violations committed against the victims reflect a deep level of brutality and sadism.Physical and sexual violence, including rape, torture, and mutilation, were common features of these cases.Many abusers demonstrate a desire to not only control and harm their victims but also to express their dominance through extreme acts of violence.The investigation of these sexual homicide cases demands a comprehensive approach, combining legal, psychological and criminal investigative expertise.
Analyzing these cases provides important insights into the dynamics of sexual crimes in China, highlighting the need for more effective prevention strategies and strong legal responses to protect society from similar crimes in the future.
The characteristics of the perpetrators in sexual murder cases in China are that the average age of the perpetrators at the time of the offense was around 32.44 years, the majority of the perpetrators were men (96.6%), most were single or their status was unknown at the time of the crime.had a high school education (68%), most were employed at the time of the offense, few had a prior criminal record (20.3%), and even fewer had been convicted of a sexual offense (11.9%) (H.C. Chan, 2023).
Characteristics of victims in sexual homicide cases in China include a relatively young average age of the victims, the majority are female, with most being married, while some work significant amounts as sex trade workers.Characteristics of offenses in sexual homicide cases in China include aspects such as predominantly heterosexual in nature (86.4%), mainly occurring at night (54.5%) and indoors (68.4%), with the majority being victim-offenders are foreigners (62.7%).The main motivations of the perpetrators include sexual aspects (49.2%), anger (32.2%), and power (8.5%), with the method of murder generally using personal weapons (40.7%), contact weapons (30.5%).%), and sharp weapons (28.8%).The victim approaches that are often used are the deceptive approach (57.1%) and the sudden approach (32.1%), while mutilation of the victim's body also often occurs (47.3%), especially of the genitals (H.C. Chan, 2023).
The profile of sexual murder perpetrators in China includes a variety of characteristics, ranging from a perpetrator of a blitz attack who has a previous case of rape, a female perpetrator who is a chronic gambler who plans to kill a man who cheated her, to a necrophilic perpetrator who kills her brother-inlaw and performs necrophilic sexual intercourse on the victim's body.The victims in the case included a young female student, a 56-year-old man who had been sexually defrauded, and a 33-year-old woman and her child.Offenses in sexual murder in China include premeditated assault, necrophilia and sexual violence leading to murder.

Efforts to Prevent Criminological Crime Triggers In Sexual Murder Cases In China Through Public Education, Victim Protection, Perpetrator Rehabilitation, And Law Enforcement
In developing preventive efforts against the triggering factors of criminological crimes in sexual murder cases in China, integrated steps from public education, victim protection, perpetrator rehabilitation, and law enforcement are at the core of a narrative that advocates for change in society.
In the midst of a crime landscape thick with complex psychological and social nuances, awareness of the importance of healthy relationships and non-violent conflict resolution is introduced into society through various public education programs.Through campaigns that touch the conscience and a deep understanding of the root causes of violence, society is encouraged to embrace peace in every interaction, reducing the urge for domination and violence.
Along with this, protective measures for victims are a top priority.Psychological and medical support services were improved, and the physical safety of victims was strengthened through increased police patrols in crime-prone areas.Victims feel heard, supported and given the protection they deserve, building trust in the existing system and providing opportunities for better recovery.However, it is not enough to just pay attention to the victim.Effective rehabilitation programs must also be implemented to help offenders overcome the factors that trigger their deviant behavior.Through intensive psychological counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, and strong social support, perpetrators are given the opportunity to reflect, understand, and change unhealthy behavioral patterns into more positive ones.Of course, prevention efforts will not be successful without effective law Xinyue Jiahui / Efforts to Prevent Crime Triggers in Sexual Murder Cases in China Through Public Education, Victim Protection, Perpetrator Rehabilitation, and Law Enforcement 215 enforcement.Legal reforms that strengthen victim protection, increase penalties for perpetrators, and ensure fair access to the justice system are key milestones in upholding justice.With improved police investigative capacity, cases of sexual crimes can be solved more efficiently, and perpetrators can be held accountable.
Through this narrative, we witness a journey that involves the entire community in efforts to fight sexual crimes.From awareness of the root of the problem to protection for victims, from rehabilitation of perpetrators to firm law enforcement, every step is aimed at creating a safer, fairer and more empathetic society.All parties, from individuals to institutions, are united in the struggle against violence and building a solid foundation for a better future.
Analysis of sexual homicide cases in China using a criminological lens and relevant theories reveals the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in prevention efforts.Field data reveal specific perpetrator and victim characteristics and complex crime dynamics, which, when linked to criminological theories, provide deep insight into trigger factors and effective prevention strategies.
First, Power and Control Theory, as developed by Burgess et al., emphasizes the perpetrator's desire to dominate the victim.Data shows that the majority of perpetrators are men, who often use violence as a tool of domination.This congruence underscores the importance of public education focused on dismantling social norms that support masculine domination and violence against women as a way to gain or maintain power.
Second, the Sexual Violence and Aggression Theory provides insight into how sexual murder is often triggered by strong aggression, where sexual violence becomes an expression of the perpetrator's brutality.This is in accordance with data that shows the motive for murder is often related to sexual aspects, anger or power.Prevention strategies that focus on managing aggression, such as anger management programs and education about healthy relationships, can be key in reducing the incidence of sexual crimes.Finally, the Declining Rates Theory offers an optimistic perspective by noting a downward trend in sexual homicides, which can be attributed to effective prevention strategies.These strategies include legislative changes, increased public awareness, and stricter law enforcement, all of which contribute to an environment that discourages sexual violence.

Psychopathological Theory Criminology (Criminological Psychopathology Theory
Integration of field data with these theories shows a strong fit, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach in sexual homicide prevention efforts.Public education aimed at changing attitudes and social norms, protection of victims through psychological and legal support, rehabilitation of perpetrators with a focus on treatment of psychological disorders, and strict law enforcement are all key components in preventing sexual crimes.By understanding the characteristics of perpetrators and victims as well as the dynamics of crime, prevention strategies can be developed that are not only reactive but also proactive in dealing with the triggering factors of criminological crimes, especially in the context of sexual murder in China.This underscores the importance of criminological research and theory in informing evidence-based prevention practices and policy interventions.

CONCLUSION
The result of this work is an in-depth analysis of the phenomenon of sexual homicide in China, highlighting the complex profiles of perpetrators, victims and the context of the events.This work delves into the psychology of the perpetrators, the majority of whom are men with troubled past histories and often have antisocial or schizoid personality disorders.The victims, often women, are chosen more by chance than by the choice of the perpetrator, with a brutal and sadistic modus operandi.
These sexual murders reflect social dysfunction and the failure of the justice system to deal effectively with sexual crimes.The perpetrator uses extreme physical and sexual violence, including rape, torture, and mutilation, to express dominance over the victim.This phenomenon shows the existence of gender inequality and broader social problems in Chinese society.The difficulty in obtaining accurate data adds to the challenges in research on homicides in China.Sexual murders in China not only cover aspects of individual crimes but also reveal bitter truths about certain aspects of social life.The perpetrator's profile shows a tendency towards extreme and often sadistic sexual behavior.The victims covered a wide age range, showing the brutality of the perpetrators regardless of age.The investigation and analysis of these cases requires a multidisciplinary approach to understanding and preventing sexual crimes.This work provides important insights into the dynamics of sexual crimes in China, highlighting the need for effective prevention strategies.Frequently used victim approaches include deception and surprise attacks, indicating planning and manipulation by the perpetrator.The specific cases discussed highlight the diverse motives and methods of perpetrators, from blitz attacks to necrophilia.This shows the psychological and social complexity behind the phenomenon of sexual homicide.This work makes an important contribution to the global understanding of sexual crimes, with a particular focus on the Chinese context.The case of sexual murder in China, which uses criminological theory as a basis for developing effective prevention strategies.The investigation of these cases underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to understand and prevent sexual crimes.This work emphasizes the ) links criminal behavior to psychological factors such as antisocial personality disorder.Research by Chan & Heide and others indicates that perpetrators of sexual homicide often have a history of complex psychopathology.This concordance suggests that offender rehabilitation should include in-depth psychological interventions to address the root causes of antisocial behavior and prevent relapse.
XinyueJiahui / Efforts to Prevent Crime Triggers in Sexual Murder Cases in China Through Public Education, Victim Protection, Perpetrator  Rehabilitation, and Law Enforcement XinyueJiahui / Efforts to Prevent Crime Triggers in Sexual Murder Cases in China Through Public Education, Victim Protection, Perpetrator  Rehabilitation, and Law Enforcement