Pediatric Minimum Speech Test Battery

 

 Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Background:

Assessment of patient outcomes and documentation of treatment efficacy serves as an essential component of (re)habilitative audiology; however, no standardized protocol exists for the assessment of speech perception abilities for children with hearing loss. This presents a significant challenge in tracking performance of children who utilize various hearing technologies for within-subjects assessment, between-subjects assessment, and even across different facilities.

Purpose:

The adoption and adherence to a standardized assessment protocol could help facilitate continuity of care, assist in clinical decision making, allow clinicians and researchers to define benchmarks for an aggregate clinical population, and in time, aid with patient counseling regarding expectations and predictions regarding longitudinal outcomes.

Design:

The Pediatric Minimum Speech Test Battery (PMSTB) working group—comprised of clinicians, scientists, and industry representatives—commenced in 2012 and has worked collaboratively to construct the first PMSTB, which is described here.

Conclusions:

Implementation of the PMSTB in clinical practice and dissemination of associated data are both critical for achieving the next level of success for children with hearing loss and for elevating pediatric hearing health care ensuring evidence-based practice for (re)habilitative audiology.

• REFERENCES

• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 2011 Technology assessment: effectiveness of cochlear implants in adults with sensorineural hearing loss. Contract no. 290 2007 10055 1). https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coverage/DeterminationProcess/downloads/id80TA.pdf Accessed August 1, 2016
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 2014 Methods guide for comparative effectiveness comparative reviews. Publication no. 10(14)-EHC063-EF. https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/ehc/products/60/318/CER-Methods-Guide-140109.pdf Accessed August 1, 2016
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akhtar N, Jipson J, Callanan MA. 2001; Learning words through overhearing. Child Dev 72 (02) 416-430
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambrose SE, Berry LMU, Walker EA, Harrison M, Oleson J, Moeller MP. 2014; Speech sound production in 2-year-olds who are hard of hearing. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 23: 91-104
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baudhuin J, Cadieux J, Firszt JB, Reeder RM, Maxson JL. 2012; Optimization of programming parameters in children with the advanced bionics cochlear implant. J Am Acad Audiol 23 (05) 302-312
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bench J, Kowal A, Bamford J. 1979; The BKB (Bamford-Kowal-Bench) sentence lists for partially-hearing children. Br J Audiol 13 (03) 108-112
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bess FH, Sinclair JS, Riggs DE. 1984; Group amplification in schools for the hearing impaired. Ear Hear 5 (03) 138-144
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beyea JA, McMullen KP, Harris MS, Houston DM, Martin JM., Bolster VA, Adunka OF, Moberly AC. 2016; Cochlear implants in adults: effects of age and duration of deafness on speech recognition. Otol Neurotol 37 (09) 1238-1245
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boothroyd A. 1995. Speech perception tests and hearing impaired children. In: Plant G, Spens KE. Profound Deafness and Speech Communication. London, UK: Whurr;
  Google Scholar
• Boothroyd A, Geers AE, Moog JS. 1991; Practical implications of cochlear implants in children. Ear Hear 12 (04) (Suppl) 81S-89S
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brand Y, Senn P, Kompis M, Dillier N, Allum JH. 2014; Cochlear implantation in children and adults in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly 144: w13909
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2004 The CMS approved coverage with evidence development (CED) study protocol CAG-00107N, CMS. . https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/nca-decision-memo.aspx?NCAId=134&NcaName=Cochlear+Implantation&NCDId=245&ncdver=2&IsPopup=y&bc=AAAAAAAAIAAA& December 21, 2016.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ching TYC, Leigh G, Dillon H. 2013; Introduction to the longitudinal outcomes of children with hearing impairment (LOCHI) study: background, design, sample characteristics. Int J Audiol 52 (2, Suppl) S4-S9
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark W, Govett S. 1995. School-related noise exposure in children . Paper presented at the Association for Research in in Otolaryngology Mid-Winter Meeting; St. Petersburg, FL:
  Google Scholar
• Coninx F, Weichbold V, Tsiakpini L. et al. 2009; Validation of the LittlEARS((R)) Auditory Questionnaire in children with normal hearing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 73 (12) 1761-1768
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crandell C, Smaldino J. 1995; An update of classroom acoustics for children with hearing impairment. Volta Review 1: 4-12
  Google Scholar
• Crukley J, Scollie S, Parsa V. 2011; An exploration of non-quiet listening at school. J Ed Audiol 17: 23-35
  Google Scholar
• Davidson LS. 2006; Effects of stimulus level on the speech perception abilities of children using cochlear implants or digital hearing aids. Am J Audiol 15 (02) 141-153
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson LS, Skinner MW, Holstad BA, Fears BT, Richter MK, Matusofsky M, Brenner C, Holden T, Birath A, Kettel JL, Scollie S. 2009; The effect of instantaneous input dynamic range setting on the speech perception of children with the nucleus 24 implant. Ear Hear 30 (03) 340-349
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desai S, Stickney G, Zeng FG. 2008; Auditory-visual speech perception in normal-hearing and cochlear-implant listeners. J Acoust Soc Am 123 (01) 428-440
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorman MF, Cook S, Spahr A, Zhang T, Loiselle L, Schramm D, Whittingham J, Gifford R.. 2015; Factors constraining the benefit to speech understanding of combining information from low-frequency hearing and a cochlear implant. Hear Res 322: 107-111
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorman M, Spahr A, Gifford RH, Cook S, Zhang T, Loiselle L, Whittingham J, Schramm D.. 2012; Bilateral and bimodal benefit as a function of age for adults. J Hear Sci 2 (04) 37-39
  Google Scholar
• Dwyer RT, Spahr T, Agrawal S, Hetlinger C, Holder JT, Gifford RH. 2016; Participant-generated cochlear implant programs: speech recognition, sound quality, and satisfaction. Otol Neurotol 37 (07) e209-e216
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eilers RE, Wilson WR, Moore JM. 1977; Developmental changes in speech discrimination in infants. J Acoust Soc Am 20: 766-780
  Google Scholar
• Eisenberg LS, Johnson KC, Martinez AS, Cokely CG, Tobey EA, Quittner AL, Fink NE, Wang NY, Niparko JK. CDaCI Investigative Team (2006) Speech recognition at 1-year follow-up in the childhood development after cochlear implantation study: methods and preliminary findings. Audiol Neurootol 11 (04) 259-268
  Google Scholar
• Eisenberg LS, Martinez AS, Boothroyd A. 2003; Auditory-visual and auditory-only perception of phonetic contrasts in children. Volta Review 103: 327-346
  Google Scholar
• Eisenberg LS, Boothroyd A, Martinez AS. 2004. Cochlear Implants International Congress Series. The perception of phonetic contrasts in infants: development of the VRASPAC. Vol. 1273, pp. 364-367 Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier;
• Eshraghi AA, Nazarian R, Telischi FF, Martinez D, Hodges A, Velandia S, Cejas-Cruz I, Balkany TJ, Lo K, Lang D. 2015; Cochlear implantation in children with autism spectrum disorder. Otol Neurotol 36 (08) e121-e128
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Etymōtic Research, Inc 2005 BKB-SIN test. Speech-in-Noise Test Version 1.03, 2005. 61 Martin Lane, Elk Grove Village, IL. www.etymotic.com/auditory-research/speech-in-noise-tests/bkb-sin.html Accessed December 21, 2016.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eze N, Ofo E, Jiang D, O’Connor AF. 2013; Systematic review of cochlear implantation in children with developmental disability. Otol Neurotol 34 (08) 1385-1393
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenson L, Marchman VA, Thal DJ, Dale PS, Reznick JS, Bates E. 2007. MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: User’s Guide and Technical Manual. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing;
  Google Scholar
• Finitzo-Hieber T (1988) Classroom acoustics. In: Roeser R. Auditory Disorders in School Children. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Thieme-Stratton; 221-223
  Google Scholar
• Fink NE, Wang NY, Visaya J, Niparko JK, Quittner A, Eisenberg LS, Tobey EA. CDACI Investigative Team (2007) Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation (CDaCI) study: design and baseline characteristics. Cochlear Implants Int 8 (02) 92-116
  Google Scholar
• Firszt JB, Holden LK, Skinner MW, Tobey EA, Peterson A, Gaggl W, Runge-Samuelson CL, Wackym PA. 2004; Recognition of speech presented at soft to loud levels by adult cochlear implant recipients of three cochlear implant systems. Ear Hear 25 (04) 375-387
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fulcher A, Purcell AA, Baker E, Munro N. 2012; Listen up: children with early identified hearing loss achieve age-appropriate speech/language outcomes by 3 years-of-age. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 76 (12) 1785-1794
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganger J, Brent MR. 2004; Reexamining the vocabulary spurt. Dev Psychol 40 (04) 621-632
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geers AE, Davidson LS, Uchanski RM, Nicholas JG. 2013; Interdependence of linguistic and indexical speech perception skills in school-age children with early cochlear implantation. Ear Hear 34 (05) 562-574
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gifford RH, Dorman MF, Sheffield SW, Teece K, Olund AP. 2014; Availability of binaural cues for bilateral implant recipients and bimodal listeners with and without preserved hearing in the implanted ear. Audiol Neurootol 19 (01) 57-71
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gifford RH, Olund AP, Dejong M. 2011; Improving speech perception in noise for children with cochlear implants. J Am Acad Audiol 22 (09) 623-632
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gifford RH, Shallop JK, Peterson AM. 2008; Speech recognition materials and ceiling effects: considerations for cochlear implant programs. Audiol Neurootol 13 (03) 193-205
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Govaerts PJ, Daemers K, Yperman M, De Beukelaer C, De Saegher G, De Ceulaer G. 2006; Auditory speech sounds evaluation (A(section)E): a new test to assess detection, discrimination and identification in hearing impairment. Cochlear Implants Int 7 (02) 92-106
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Govaerts PJ, Vaerenberg B, De Ceulaer G, Daemers K, De Beukelaer C, Schauwers K. 2010; Development of a software tool using deterministic logic for the optimization of cochlear implant processor programming. Otol Neurotol 31 (06) 908-918
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. 2009; Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 42 (02) 377-381
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hart TR, Risley B. 1995. Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing;
  Google Scholar
• Hayes H, Geers AE, Treiman R, Moog JS. 2009; Receptive vocabulary development in deaf children with cochlear implants: achievement in an intensive auditory-oral educational setting. Ear Hear 30 (01) 128-135
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillock-Dunn A, Buss E, Duncan N, Roush PA, Leibold LJ. 2014; Effects of nonlinear frequency compression on speech identification in children with hearing loss. Ear Hear 35 (03) 353-365
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillock-Dunn A, Taylor C, Buss E, Leibold LJ. 2015; Assessing speech perception in children with hearing loss: what conventional clinical tools may miss. Ear Hear 36 (02) e57-e60
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holte L, Walker E, Oleson J, Spratford M, Moeller MP, Roush P, Ou H, Tomblin JB. 2012; Factors influencing follow-up to newborn hearing screening for infants who are hard of hearing. Am J Audiol 21 (02) 163-174
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huttenlocher J, Vasilyeva M, Cymerman E, Levine S. 2002; Language input and child syntax. Cognit Psychol 45 (03) 337-374
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inscoe JR, Bones C. 2016; Additional difficulties associated with aetiologies of deafness: outcomes from a parent questionnaire of 540 children using cochlear implants. Cochlear Implants Int 17 (01) 21-30
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jerger S, Jerger J, Abrams S. 1983; Speech audiometry in the young child. Ear Hear 4 (01) 56-66
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kashinath S, Woods J, Goldstein H. 2006; Enhancing generalized teaching strategy use in daily routines by parents of children with autism. J Speech Lang Hear Res 49 (03) 466-485
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kent RD, Osberger MJ, Netsell R, Hustedde CG. 1987; Phonetic development in identical twins differing in auditory function. J Speech Hear Disord 52 (01) 64-75
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirk KI, French B, Choi S. 2009. Assessing spoken word recognition in children with cochlear implants. In: Eisenberg LS. Clinical Management of Children with Cochlear Implants. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishers;
  Google Scholar
• Kirk KI, Pisoni DB, Osberger MJ. 1995; Lexical effects on spoken word recognition by pediatric cochlear implant users. Ear Hear 16 (05) 470-481
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirk KI, Pisoni DB, Sommers MS, Young M, Evanson C. 1995; New directions for assessing speech perception in persons with sensory aids. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 166: 300-303
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koch DB, Quick A, Osberger MJ, Saoji A, Litvak L. 2014; Enhanced hearing in noise for cochlear implant recipients: clinical trial results for a commercially available speech-enhancement strategy. Otol Neurotol 35 (05) 803-809
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koehlinger KM, Van Horne AJO, Moeller MP. 2013; Grammatical outcomes of 3- and 6-year-old children who are hard of hearing. J Speech Lang Hear Res 56 (05) 1701-1714
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuehn-Inacken H, Weichboldt V, Tsiakpini L, Coninx F, D’Haese P. (2003) LittlEARS Auditory questionnaire: parents questionnaire to assess auditory behaviour. Innsbruck, Austria: MedEl.
• Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR, Miller-Loncar CL. 2000; Early maternal and child influences on children’s later independent cognitive and social functioning. Child Dev 71 (02) 358-375
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Law J, Rush R, Schoon I, Parsons S. 2009; Modeling developmental language difficulties from school entry into adulthood: literacy, mental health, and employment outcomes. J Speech Lang Hear Res 52 (06) 1401-1416
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leibold LJ, Hillock-Dunn A, Duncan N, Roush PA, Buss E. 2013; Influence of hearing loss on children’s identification of spondee words in a speech-shaped noise or a two-talker masker. Ear Hear 34 (05) 575-584
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsen WO. 1998; Average speech levels and spectra in various speaking/listening conditions: a summary of the Pearson, Bennett, and Fidell (1977) report. Am J Audiol 7 (02) 21-25
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahmoud AF, Ruckenstein MJ. 2014; Speech perception performance as a function of age at implantation among postlingually deaf adult cochlear implant recipients. Otol Neurotol 35 (10) e286-e291
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez A, Eisenberg L, Boothroyd A, Visser-Dumont L. 2008; Assessing speech pattern contrast perception in infants: Early results on VRASPAC. Otol Neuroto 29: 183-188
  Google Scholar
• Massa ST, Ruckenstein MJ. 2014; Comparing the performance plateau in adult cochlear implant patients using HINT and AzBio. Otol Neurotol 35 (04) 598-604
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayne A, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL. 2000; Receptive vocabulary development of infants and toddlers who are deaf or hard of hearing. Volta Review 100: 29-52
  Google Scholar
• Mayne AM, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL, Carey A. 2000; Expressive vocabulary development of infants and toddlers who are deaf or hard of hearing. Volta Review 100: 1-28
  Google Scholar
• McCreery RW, Alexander J, Brennan MA, Hoover B, Kopun J, Stelmachowicz PG. 2014; The influence of audibility on speech recognition with nonlinear frequency compression for children and adults with hearing loss. Ear Hear 35 (04) 440-447
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCreery RW, Walker EA, Spratford M, Oleson J, Bentler R, Holte L, Roush P. 2015; Speech recognition and parent ratings From auditory development questionnaires in children who are hard of hearing. Ear Hear 36 (1, Suppl) 60S-75S
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGuckian M, Henry A. 2007; The grammatical morpheme deficit in moderate hearing impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord 42 (1, Suppl) 17-36
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMurray B. 2007; Defusing the childhood vocabulary explosion. Science 317 (5838) 631
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meinzen-Derr J, Wiley S, Creighton J, Choo D. 2007; Auditory Skills Checklist: clinical tool for monitoring functional auditory skill development in young children with cochlear implants. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 116 (11) 812-818
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minimum-Speech-Test-Battery (MSTB) 2011 The new minimum speech test battery. . http://www.auditorypotential.com/MSTB_Nav.html Accessed December 21, 2016
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moeller MP, Hoover B, Putman C, Arbataitis K, Bohnenkamp G, Peterson B, Lewis D, Estee S, Pittman A, Stelmachowicz P. 2007; Vocalizations of infants with hearing loss compared with infants with normal hearing: part I—phonetic development. Ear Hear 28 (05) 605-627
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moeller MP, Hoover B, Putman C, Arbataitis K, Bohnenkamp G, Peterson B, Wood S, Lewis D, Pittman A, Stelmachowicz P. 2007; Vocalizations of infants with hearing loss compared with infants with normal hearing: part II—transition to words. Ear Hear 28 (05) 628-642
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moog J, Geers A. 1990. Early Speech Perception Test. St. Louis, MO: Central Institute for the Deaf;
  Google Scholar
• Moore J, Thompson G, Thompson M. 1975; Auditory localization of infants as a function of reinforcement conditions. J Speech Lang Hear Dis 40: 29-34
  Google Scholar
• Niparko JK, Tobey EA, Thal DJ, Eisenberg LS, Wang NY, Quittner AL, Fink NE. CDaCI Investigative Team (2010) Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation. JAMA 303 (15) 498-506
  Google Scholar
• Nober L, Nober E. 1975; Auditory discrimination of learning disabled children in quiet and classroom noise. J Learn Disabil 8: 656-659
  CrossrefGoogle Scholar
• Nozza RJ. 1987; Infant speech-sound discrimination testing: Effects of stimulus intensity and procedural model on measures of performance. J Acoust Soc Am 81: 1928-1939
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olds C, Pollonini L, Abaya H, Larky J, Loy M, Bortfeld H, Beauchamp MS, Oghalai JS. 2016; Cortical activation patterns correlate with speech understanding after cochlear implantation. Ear Hear 37 (03) e160-e172
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oller DK, Eilers RE. 1988; The role of audition in infant babbling. Child Dev 59 (02) 441-449
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osberger MJ, Miyamoto RT, Zimmerman-Phillips S, Kemink JL, Stroer BS, Firszt JB, Novak MA. 1991; Independent evaluation of the speech perception abilities of children with the Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant system. Ear Hear 12 (04) (Suppl) 66S-80S
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearsons K, Bennett R, Fidell S. 1977. Speech Levels in Various Environments. Washington, DC: Office of Health and Ecological Effects, Office of Research and Development, US EPA:
  Google Scholar
• Pediatric Minimum Speech Test Battery Working Group (PMSTB) 2013 Meeting minutes, project updates and file cabinets. . https://sites.google.com/site/pediatricmstbworkinggroup/home Accessed December 21, 2016
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson GE, Lehiste I. 1962; Revised CNC lists for auditory tests. J Speech Hear Disord 27: 62-70
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rakszawski B, Wright R, Cadieux JH, Davidson LS, Brenner C. 2016; The effects of preprocessing strategies for pediatric cochlear implant recipients. J Am Acad Audiol 27 (02) 85-102
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robbins AM, Kirk KI. 1996; Speech perception assessment and performance in pediatric cochlear implant users. Semin Hear 17: 353-369
  Article in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
• Robinson EJ, Davidson LS, Uchanski RM, Brenner CM, Geers AE. 2012; A longitudinal study of speech perception skills and device characteristics of adolescent cochlear implant users. J Am Acad Audiol 23 (05) 341-349
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roeser R, Clark J. 2008; Live voice speech recognition audiometry: stop the madness. Audiol Today 20: 32-33
  Google Scholar
• Roland Jr JT, Gantz BJ, Waltzman SB, Parkinson AJ. Multicenter Clinical Trial Group (2016) United States multicenter clinical trial of the cochlear nucleus hybrid implant system. Laryngoscope 126 (01) 175-181
  Google Scholar
• Runge CL, Henion K, Tarima S, Beiter A, Zwolan TA. 2016; Clinical outcomes of the Cochlear™ Nucleus(®) 5 Cochlear Implant System and SmartSound™ 2 Signal Processing. J Am Acad Audiol 27 (06) 425-440
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanders DA. 1965; Noise conditions in normal school classrooms. Except Child 31: 344-353
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarant JZ, Holt CM, Dowell RC, Rickards FW, Blamey PJ. 2009; Spoken language development in oral preschool children with permanent childhood deafness. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 14 (02) 205-217
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schafer EC. 2010; Speech perception in noise measures for children: a critical review and case studies. J. Ed Audiol 16: 4-15
  Google Scholar
• Sheffield SW, Haynes DS, Wanna GB, Labadie RF, Gifford RH. 2015; Availability of binaural cues for pediatric bilateral cochlear implant recipients. J Am Acad Audiol 26 (03) 289-298
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skinner MW, Holden LK, Holden TA, Demorest ME. 1999; Comparison of two methods for selecting minimum stimulation levels used in programming the Nucleus 22 cochlear implant. J Speech Lang Hear Res 42 (04) 814-828
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smeds K, Wolters F, Rung M. 2015; Estimation of signal-to-noise ratio in realistic sound scenarios. J Am Acad Audiol 26 (02) 183-196
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spahr AJ, Dorman MF, Litvak LM, Cook SJ, Loiselle LM, DeJong MD, Hedley-Williams A, Sunderhaus LS, Hayes CA, Gifford RH. 2014; Development and validation of the pediatric AzBio sentence lists. Ear Hear 35 (04) 418-422
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spahr AJ, Dorman MF, Loiselle LH. 2007; Performance of patients using different cochlear implant systems: effects of input dynamic range. Ear Hear 28 (02) 260-275
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stelmachowicz P, Lewis D, Hoover B, Nishi K, McCreery R, Woods W. 2010; Effects of digital noise reduction on speech perception for children with hearing loss. Ear Hear 31 (03) 345-355
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stelmachowicz PG, Pittman AL, Hoover BM, Lewis DE. 2002; Aided perception of /s/ and /z/ by hearing-impaired children. Ear Hear 23 (04) 316-324
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoel-Gammon C, Otomo K. 1986; Babbling development of hearing-impaired and normally hearing subjects. J Speech Hear Disord 51 (01) 33-41
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suskind D, Leffel KR, Hernandez MW, Sapolich SG, Suskind E, Kirkham E, Meehan P. 2013; An exploratory study of “quantitative linguistic feedback”: effect of LENA feedback on adult language production. Comm Disord Q 34 (04) 199-209
  Google Scholar
• Tobey EA, Geers AE, Brenner C, Altuna D, Gabbert G. 2003; Factors associated with development of speech production skills in children implanted by age five. Ear Hear 24 (01) (Suppl) 36S-45S
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobey EA, Geers AE, Sundarrajan M, Shin S. 2011; Factors influencing speech production in elementary and high school-aged cochlear implant users. Ear Hear 32 (01) (Suppl) 27S-38S
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tobey EA, Thal D, Niparko JK, Eisenberg LS, Quittner AL, Wang NY. CDaCI Investigative Team (2013) Influence of implantation age on school-age language performance in pediatric cochlear implant users. Int J Audiol 52 (04) 219-229
  Google Scholar
• Tomblin JB, Oleson JJ, Ambrose SE, Walker E, Moeller MP. 2014; The influence of hearing aids on the speech and language development of children with hearing loss. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 140 (05) 403-409
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomblin JB, Spencer L, Flock S, Tyler R, Gantz B. 1999; A comparison of language achievement in children with cochlear implants and children using hearing aids. J Speech Lang Hear Res 42 (02) 497-509
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tomblin JB, Walker EA, McCreery RW, Arenas RM, Harrison M, Moeller MP. 2015; Outcomes of children with hearing loss: data collection and methods. Ear Hear 36 (1, Suppl 1) 14S-23S
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyler RS, Berliner KI, Demorest ME, Hirshorn MS, Luxford WM, Mangham CA. 1986; Clinical objectives and research design issues for cochlear implants in children. Semin Hear 7: 433-440
  Article in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
• Tyler RS, Davis JM, Lansing CR. 1987; Cochlear implants in young children. ASHA 29 (04) 41-49
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhler K. 2014 Relationship between speech perception and language. Ultimate Colorado Midwinter Meeting, Vail, CO, February 2014
  PubMed
• Uhler KM, Baca R, Dudas E, Fredrickson T. 2015; Refining stimulus parameters in assessing infant speech perception using visual reinforcement infant speech discrimination: sensation level. J Am Acad Audiol 26 (10) 807-814
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhler K, Biever A, Gifford RH. 2016; Method of speech stimulus presentation impacts pediatric speech recognition: monitored live voice versus recorded speech. Otol Neurotol 37 (02) e70-e74
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhler K, Burns S, Dalpes M, Yoshinaga-Itano C (2011) An auditory spoken language matrix for differential diagnosis of Spanish-speaking children who are deaf or hard of hearing. ASHA Spec Interes Group 1418:71–78. doi: 10.1044/cds18.3.71
  Crossref
• Uhler K, Gifford RH. 2014; Current trends in pediatric cochlear implant candidate selection and postoperative follow-up. Am J Audiol 23 (03) 309-325
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waltzman S, Cohen NL, Spivak L, Ying E, Brackett D, Shapiro W, Hoffman R. 1990; Improvement in speech perception and production abilities in children using a multichannel cochlear implant. Laryngoscope 100 (03) 240-243
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang NY, Eisenberg LS, Johnson KC, Fink NE, Tobey EA, Quittner AL, Niparko JK. CDaCI Investigative Team (2008) Tracking development of speech recognition: longitudinal data from hierarchical assessments in the Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation Study. Otol Neurotol 29 (02) 240-245
  Google Scholar
• Warner-Czyz AD, Davis BL. 2008; The emergence of segmental accuracy in young cochlear implant recipients. Cochlear Implants Int 9 (03) 143-166
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warner-Czyz AD, Davis BL, MacNeilage PF. 2010; Accuracy of consonant-vowel syllables in young cochlear implant recipients and hearing children in the single-word period. J Speech Lang Hear Res 53 (01) 2-17
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolfe J, Neumann S, Marsh M, Schafer E, Lianos L, Gilden J, O’Neill L, Arkis P, Menapace C, Nel E, Jones M. 2015; Benefits of adaptive signal processing in a commercially available cochlear implant sound processor. Otol Neurotol 36 (07) 1181-1190
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshinaga-Itano C, Baca RL, Sedey AL. 2010; Describing the trajectory of language development in the presence of severe-to-profound hearing loss: a closer look at children with cochlear implants versus hearing aids. Otol Neurotol 31 (08) 1268-1274
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL, Coulter DK, Mehl AL. 1998; Language of early- and later-identified children with hearing loss. Pediatrics 102 (05) 1161-1171
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey A. 2000; Early speech development in children who are deaf or hard of hearing: interrelationships with language and hearing. Volta Review 100: 181-211
  Google Scholar

• Supplementary Material