METAPHOR ON JAPANESE SONG LYRIC BY MIWA: A STYLISTIC STUDY

The uniqueness of literary language is full of ambiguity, having no rule, sometimes irrational, and connotative. Figurative language is not only referential that refers to certain thing but it has also expressive function that shows the author behavior. Various kinds of technique had been created by the author; he used figurative languages, imageries, and certain diction to attract the readers. Stylistic is a science that study the use of language and language style in literary work including sound, diction, sentence, discourse, figurative language, and imageries. This research aims to unveil figurative languages used in Japanese song lyric written by Miwa entitled, Kimi ni Deaeta Kara, and to observe the objective of using connotative language as expression of the author to express his ideas. This research used was stylistic theory to analyze figure of speech and its meaning. The result found that the use of metaphor to express something as the same thing or equal too another thing that is actually not the same. Metaphor gives freshness in language, animates the lifeless, keeps away the boredom because of monotone, and actualizes something. Based on the result of the analysis, the song written has a theme of love; a lot of dictions symbolize love. Figure of speech used by the author adds aesthetic value of the song lyric and the message of the author is well delivered.


Introduction
Literary work is a work of art that contains author's imagination or creative writing. Literary language has an expressive function, indicating the tone and attitude of the author. Various ways are used by the author, such as figurative language and imagery to attract the attention of the reader. This is what is called stylistics which function to achieve the aesthetic value of literature (Imrom A.M., 2009a).
Stylistics is the science of style, which is a unique way, how everything is expressed in a certain way, to achieve a certain purpose. Stylistics is not only a game of words, similarities and differences in sounds, but also emphasizes and explains the content of a work as a whole as an expressive aspect and poetry is considered the main object of stylistics (Ratna, 2017). Poetry uses a distinctive and dense language, so that it can convey a broad meaning. However, many words or sentences have connotative meanings, so every sign in poetry is an object of stylistic analysis (Ratna, 2017). Quotes Jakobson as saying that the function of poetry is the most important. The poetic function contains the author's message as a whole, which triggers the author to choose the right and optimal words so that the message is conveyed.
Language used in song lyrics is not much different from the language of poetry. In creating song lyrics, the author uses the right language style, image and diction to create an impression of beauty in a song that makes the song lyrics interesting. Appropriate images, diction and style will reinforce the lyrics of the song and could convey the content or message of the author. Figurative language is a literary means that contributes to the poetic or aesthetic value of literary works, often the artistic value of a literary work is determined by the figurative language; the use of figurative language specifically is to get certain effects and reactions to generate thought responses to readers. In literature, this effect is called as an aesthetic effect that contributes to literary works of artistic value. Each author has his own style. This is in accordance with the nature and preferences of each author (Imrom A.M., 2009b). The problem is how is the uniqueness of figurative language which includes figure of speech, diction as a form of poetry stylistics, and the function and purpose of using figurative language as a means of expression for the author in conveying his message.
Songs in Japan are known as J-POP and have become a popular genre of music in various countries, including Indonesia. Popular songs are usually romance (serenade). Japan is one of the countries called as the largest music market in the world besides America. In 2016, the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) recorded that physical music sales in Japan reached 84%. Japanese people prefer music albums in physical form and value a work more and show appreciation for the musician.
One of the Japanese musicians who use romance as the theme a lot in composing songs is Miwa. Miwa, a songwriter and also a singer, includes Kimi to hyakkaime no koi, Aiokuri, and Kimi ni deaeta kara. The song Kimi to hyakkaime no koi tells of a very deep feeling of love and although reborn would still fall in love with the same person. Aiokuri song tells of the beauty of love and happiness and always want to be with a lover. Both songs became the soundtrack of the movie Kimi to hyakkaime no koi. And Kimi ni deaetakara song about love that can change everything, change the days initially colorless be days full of color and shimmering. The song Kimi ni deatakara is a song composed by Miwa which is included in the Oneness album which was released on July 2, 2014. The song, which is the soundtrack for the film Shiseido Sea Breeze, was released in two CD versions, namely a CD which has a limited edition with a special colored casing and a regular CD edition. Miwa and Naoki T created this song instrument.

Theories
Figurative language is an element to get poetical nuances in a literary work, the presence of figure of speech makes a poem or lyrics attract attention, creates freshness of life, and especially for clarity of imageries (Pradopo, 2012).
According to Lodge (1967), figurative language in its application can be in the form of a language style which is said by critics as the author's uniqueness or specialty. Although each author has his own style and way of generating thoughts, there are a number of forms or several forms that are commonly used which are commonly called rhetorical devices. Figurative language is the main rhetorical device, which is the author's way of expressing his ideas in a figurative way that suggests literal meanings to obtain aesthetic effects. The figurative language discussed in this research is a figure of thought, which is an appropriate literary means to express the author's ideas. Figure of thought is the expression of language, enrichment of language, the meaning of which does not refer to the literal meaning but to the figurative language.
According to Imrom A.M. (2009a) The use of figure of thought affects the style and beauty of the language of literary works. Figures of thought that are used appropriately can lead to a reader interpretation that is rich in association, besides being able to support the creation of a certain atmosphere. Figure of thought is studied is metaphor.

Metaphor
Keraf (2010) defines metaphor as a kind of analogy comparing two things directly, but in a short form. Metaphor as a direct comparison does not use words such as, like, and so on, so that the first point is directly connected to the second subject.
And Kenichi states that a metaphor or in'yu in Japanese is an expression that is used based on similarity, in a unique way, something abstract is represented as something concrete. For example, "Jinsei wa tabida" which means "Life is a journey" (Kenichi, 2002).
Furthermore, Subroto (1996) states that metaphors can provide freshness in language, animate something that is actually lifeless, keep boredom away from the lack of nothingness (menoton), and actualize something that is actually lame.
It can be concluded that metaphor is a figurative speech that places objects that are the same as the message to be conveyed in the form of an expression. The figurative speech used figuratively explicitly represents another purpose based on equations or comparisons. Imaginative and creative metaphors are able to give us insight into our experiences. Thus metaphors can give new meaning to our past, our daily activities, and what we know and believe (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980:139). Metaphors are the structure of how we perceive things, how we think, and what we do.

Literature Review
There are a lot of Stylistic studies on poetry that have been conducted. A research by Dita (2010) in A stylistic analysis of Montage analyzed the language style of Montage poetry by Ophelia Alcantara. The research objective was to find the meaning of Montage's poetry through syntactic and lexical analysis using Traugott and Platt's theory of aspects and deviations from linguistic norms.
Next, the research by Darwis (2009) entitled Disorders of Linguistics in Indonesian Poetry, in the book Unraveling The Unity: Malay World in the context of The Relationship of a Nation. This study aims to show the abnormality of the language, and the contrast between the language of poetry and the language of everyday. The data used are poems from 100 poets and 2000 poetry titles. The theory used structural linguistic theory langue and parole.
The stylistic study of Japanese songs has been widely used as the object of research, such as research from Diponegoro University, Permatasari (2017)  The next on is research from Diponegoro University, Pranata (2017) was entitled "Image, Majas and Diction in Three Japanese Songs Entitled Sakura, a Stylistic Study". This study discusses 3 Japanese songs that have the same title, namely Sakura, but the theme of the meaning of the song is different. The song was song by Ikimono Gakari, Ketsumeishi and Naotaro Moriyama Then, Banjaransari (2017) from Nasional University conducted a research entitled of Jakarta in 2017 entitled "The meaning of the song lyrics of the band Happy Endo". This study discusses the meaning of the Happy Endo band song entitled Natsu nan desu, Haru yo koi, Taifuu, and Ashita atari wa kitto haru with the theme of seasons based on the language style used.

Methodology
This is a qualitative approach. According to Cresswel (2013:3), qualitative research is a method for exploring and understanding the meaning that comes from an individual or group. Qualitative methods can be used with various approaches, including ethnographic approach, case study, phenomenology, and narrative. This research used a narrative study approach that focuses on narrative, or a description of a series of events related to human experience. This study will produce descriptive data in the form of words or sentences that are described descriptively, with the aim of describing and explaining systematically, factually and accurately the meaning of the metaphor in the Japanese song Kimi ni deaetakara by Miwa.

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Results and Findings

Kimi ni deaeta kara Song lyrics
The song kimi ni deaeta kara was released on July the 2 nd , 2014 and is included in Miwa's oneness album. The title song kimi ni deaeta kara means 'because I met you'. The following are the lyrics of the song kimi ni deaeta kara which was created by Miwa and its translation, which consists of 7 stanzas, and analyzed which contains metaphors. Because I met you, because I can be with you It felt like the hottest summer had just begun Because that moments won't last forever I won't forget it

Metaphor in Kimi ni deaeta kara
Metaphor is a kind of analogy comparing directly, but in a short form. Metaphor as a direct comparison does not use words such as, like, as and so on, so that the first point is directly related to the second subject. In stanza 1, there is a metaphor: Stanza 1 Aosoranoyouni, hirogatte omoi Nagareru kumonoyouni dokomademo Kitto bokurawa nanimo teni shitenaikedo Tsunaide te yume umare gyutto nigirishimeru Thoughts spread like a blue sky I want to be free anywhere, like a flowing cloud Even if we don't have anything in our grasp, I'm sure By holding hands dream will come true, hold them tight In the lyrics above metaphor is shown in the lyrics tsunaida te yume umare gyutto nigiri shimeru. which means "By holding hands a dream will come true, hold them tight". In the lyrics, there is a word tsunaida te which means holding hands. So it can be seen in the lyrics above, two people holding hands show their meaning to strengthen and encourage each other. Furthermore, the word "yume" which means "dream", in Japanese the word yume has two meanings, first a dream seen while sleeping and the second a dream for the future. Through the lyrics, the songwriter wants to convey that if we work together and strengthen each other, our dreams for the future will come true.
Then, in the second stanza there is also a metaphor; here is the analysis:

Stanza 2 Kimini deaetakara, kimito iraretakara Ichiban atsui natsu, hajimarisouna yokan Isshunno kirameki eienjanai karakoso Wasurenaiyo
Because I met you, because I was with you It felt like the hottest summer had just begun Because that sparkle won't last forever I won't forget it The metaphor is in the lyrics "isshun no kirameki eien janai kara koso, wasurenaiyo" which means "because this sparkle will not last forever, I will not forget it". In that lyrics, there is the word kirameki which means glitter. However, in these lyrics the word kirameki is used to indicate a very precious and shining moment. Through these lyrics, the songwriter wants to convey that the meeting moment between the character "I" and his crush is a very precious moment even though it is temporary. Although for a while these precious moments will not be forgotten. The songwriters use this supposition so that the listeners of this song can grasp the meaning of how important the songwriter's heart is to adore through these words.
Then, in stanza 3 there is also a metaphor, here is the analysis:

Stanza 3 Kinou ichinichi marude ichishuukan Mirumono zenbu kagayaku mahout mada
Yesterday was a week. All I see is shining magic that hasn't gone away todokenaide ne Itsuka kyouno koto omoidasu hi ga kurunara Sukoshidake, fumidashite One day, I will remember the coming of today Then I want to step outside, even if only a little In the lyrics above the metaphor is shown in the lyrics miru mono zenbu kagayaku mahout mada tokenai dene, which means 'All I see is shining magic that hasn't gone away'. The lyrics directly compare the word mahou with the word tokeru which are two different things without using the word as and like, for example and other comparative words. The word mahou means a mysterious thing that is done with mysterious powers. Then, the verb tokeru means something unsolved. But in the lyrics, the word mahou means something mysterious in the future. The lyrics as a whole illustrate a mysterious thing in the unsolved future.

Conclusion
The song Kimi ni Deaeta Kara tells about two people who are brought together and united to achieve their dreams. Since that meeting "I" do not want to be separated from his idol and want to be the sun for his idol. The metaphor in the lyrics of the song Kimi ni Deaeta Kara expresses the meaning that in the future the songwriter and her idol will achieve their dreams together by strengthening and supporting each other. Judging from the contents of the story, the song Kimi ni Deaeta kara, written by Miwa, is to strengthen the meaning that Miwa wants to convey as a songwriter. This song uses a metaphor, so that the meaning to be conveyed can be conveyed properly. Overall the song Kimi ni Deaeta Kara has a very deep meaning about love.