HAPPINESS IN THE CELEBRATION OF CHINESE NEW YEAR

Gong xi facai is a Chinese New Year greeting that is commonly spoken, heard, and written by people. Even if we don't know what it means, we guess the meaning must be good. The problem is what is the meaning of each word and the meaning of the sentence as a whole so that it can be concluded that the sentence is an expression of a joyful? Are there no other feelings? Since the sentence is considered a text, it will be examined which words express emotion, what kind of emotions they are. The goal is to express clearly what is meant by that sentence. To find out what kind of emotions it contains, Santangelo's theory (2000) will be used to detect which words express emotion and belong to which class. The data are Chinese Lunar New Year greetings written in Han characters. There is Indonesian-language data in the form of Chinese New Year pantun. Based on the analysis of the meaning components of emotions, the data are classified into several domains, such as Chinese New Year greeting, success in business, health, family, education, etc. The novelty of this research is to analyze the meaning components of emotional sentences so that emotional content can be identified precisely. This research will enrich research on emotions in the field of greetings for the Chinese New Year that has not been done much.


Ada rayap makan bakpao
There are termites eating buns Mohon maaf engga ada angpao Sorry no angpao (money wrap in a red paper) Anak tokek makan bakpia Gecko chicks eat bakpia (a kind of buns) Biar bokek yang penting sincia Although no money, sincia is important (Chinese New Year) Daun waru daun kucai Leaves of waru, leaves of chives (a kind of tree) 'Met tahun baru, Gongxi facai Happy New Year, Gongxi facai (congratulation to become rich) The above pantun expresses a sense of humor and emotion of joy in welcoming the Chinese New Year. This humorous sense and positive emotion can be seen from the sentence sorry no angpao, sincia is important. It means, without money, we can still celebrate New Year. Chinese New Year is an important occasion for all family members. It is time for reunions. On New Year's Eve, all family members sit at the round table, eating together, talking about each other's experiences, joking, etc. For this occasion, harsh words, insults, anger are very taboo. Everything must be in a good atmosphere, happy and full of friendship.
There are many greetings expressing one's joy and happiness feeling for the Chinese New Year. This research aims to detect which words of those greetings contain joyful emotion. Those words belong to what kind of positive emotions and belong to which domains? The purpose of this research is to provide guidance to people who do not understand Mandarin so they do not give wrong congratulations. Which ones are the main, and which ones are additional, and to whom the greeting is addressed? We often read and hear Gongxi Facai-also in the above pantun-as New Year's greeting. Does gongxi facai means 'Happy New Year'? Is it appropriate to address Gongxi Facai to grandmother or grandfather?
To find out what kind of emotions those greetings contain, Santangelo's theory (2000) will be used to detect which words express emotion and belong to which class. That classification will be sorted based on meaning; whether they belong to the family, health, business domain, etc. A semiotic theory that considers greetings as symbols will clarify the relationship between symbols and the meaning they represent. The novelty of this research is to analyze the meaning components of emotional sentences so that the emotional content can be identified precisely. This research will also enrich research on emotions in the field of greetings for the Chinese New Year that has not been done much.

Literature Review Greetings as Symbol
Chinese New Year's greetings can be in the form of a greeting card or angpao (money wrapped in a red envelope). It can be written on a piece of paper taped to a shop glass as decoration or hanging from the ceiling. The whole word of greetings card is considered a sign. According to C.S. Peirce in his article "On a New List Categories" (1867), "the symbol is representation, that is that it stands for something, but also it stands to something, namely to its interpretant, and that the sign therefore contains information ..." (Oehler, 1987: 2). Peirce used term "symbol" to name what latter to be called "sign". It consists of three components: representamen, object and interpretant having logic relation among them. Peirce defined that relation as "...a sign is something that stands for something in a relation to something" (Oehler, 1987:13).
Peirce's semiotic theory was developed by linguists, also by logicians. Ogden & Richards (1923: 11) concretized Peirce's three-component relationship into a semantic triangle, that is symbol, thought or reference and referent. Symbol symbolizes thought or reference; thought refers to referent. I apply this semantic triangle to angpao, New Year's greeting cards, or other ornaments that written in Han characters to find out their meaning as sign. For angpao, people usually name it "angpao" without the word envelope although it is actually an envelope. The reason is that pao means 'package', ang means 'red', thus angpao literary means 'red package'. Angpao is in Hokkian language, a member of Han Language.

Picture 1. Front side of angpao
The picture on the left is front cover of angpao, which will be filled with money in it. Four Han characters on the sheet held by the rabbit can be written Gongxi Facai in Hanyu Pinyin. Those four characters constitute one sentence consisting three words. Based on semantic triangle by Ogden & Richards, we consider this angpao is a sign consisting of symbol (sentence on the picture and rabbit), thought (meaning behind the sentence and the picture of rabbit) and referent (angpao). Angpao is something that exist in the real world. That is the way how to interprete a sign consisting picture and Han characters or alphabet.
(This image is a private collection of the author)

Methodology Emotion and States of Mind
In this research, data expressing happiness and joy for the celebration of the Chinese New Year were taken from greeting cards and angpao. The Han characters written on it form a sentence that is considered a symbol. To understand which part of a sentence conveying emotion and states of mind, the sentence is considered as a text. Santangelo specifically examines emotion from literary sources that are different from what psychologists do. According to him, emotion and states of mind are two things that can not be separated. Emotion is purely related to feeling, whereas states of mind also contain cognition, such as joy and amazement. Joy is associated with feeling happy. Amazement, in addition to feeling there is also an understanding of why to admire something. In this paper, both are used, but when talking about pure feelings, only emotion term is used.
Emotion and states of mind in literary sources is defined by (Santangelo, 1995:103) as follows: "Emotion or the state of mind in the meaning of affective long-lasting experience to be communicated through symbolic means, above all through language [...] Words that express emotion are long-lasting affective experiences that are communicated words and sentences. This is the difference between emotional research by Santangelo using literature sources as the data and research conducted by psychologists. Furthermore, he provides a definition of emotions related to culture (1995:104): "Temporary states of agitation of the mind or body that accompany the perception of a sense of desirability or aversion of tension or relaxation, in which the flow of consciousness is organized and motivated in the light of the modules of communication of a given culture." From the above definition, it can be understood that emotion is not permanent, but temporary. The temporary condition can be seen from the turmoil of the heart and mind which creates a feeling of tension and relaxation. This can be observed from the unusual behavior carried out by the person concerned, which arises bodily sensations such as cold sweat, scratching his head, embarrassment, smiling to himself, and so on. This emotion study focuses on social phenomena in a certain culture written in literary works or other written forms such as greeting cards. The aim is to describe how to manifest emotion based on different cultural backgrounds through words. Thus, according to Santangelo "language is doubly important because constitutes evidence of an emotive reality but also plays a creative and educational role in the emotional sphere" (pp.105). Furthermore, he suggests that literary works are not the only sources, we can use other sources as long as it expresses emotion and states of mind. This research use words and sentences from Chinese New Year's greeting cards and angpao.

Results and Findings Miscellaneous of New Year's Congratulation
All 33 data, according to their componential meanings, can be classified into nine classes. Each data belongs to positive emotion because congratulations contain good intentions and hopes. They have a common component meaning [positive expectation] and [hope]. According to Santangelo's emotion theory, this meaning belongs to positive expectations and interactions classification. Greetings involve at least 2 interlocutors: sender and receiver. The recipient could be more than one person. The sender usually shows his/her feeling of joy, happiness which belong to the satisfactory affects classification. The componential meanings are [joy], [happiness] [satisfy]. Greetings' main wishes are the positive expectation and hope something good and better will come. Nearly all of the data show these two classes of emotions. One data, pantun, shows one emotion, that is happy feeling and joyful.
After determining common component meaning, we do diagnostic components analysis (Nida, 1979:33). This analysis serves to distinguish one meaning from other meanings in the same positive emotions. The result is obtained nine domains: In the theory of signs, congratulations are a symbol, thought or reference is a semantic component of the symbol, the referent is greeting card or angpao. This relation can be seen from this semantic triangle below: The semantic component of 恭喜发财 Gongxi Facai as a sign consists of the sentence 恭喜发财 (symbol), the meaning behind that sentence (thought), and the angpao envelope. Because this saying means hope, happy, it is examined from the point of view of the emotions. It contains [+positive expectation] [+hope] [+rich] [+bussiness] meaning components. This kind of analysis will apply to other data.
Among those ten domains which one is the main or the exact congratulation for New Year? We often hear or read "Gongxi facai" as New Year's greeting. Does Gongxi Facai means "Happy New Year"? To explain it, we can make an analogy on birthday greetings. To greet someone for his birthday, first, we say "Happy Birthday", then say additional greeting, such as "success in your study", "have a bright future", etc. The way to greet in Chinese is not different. First, we congratulate the New Year, then followed by additional congratulation, such as Happy New Year, Hope your business will success. But when someone says Gongxi Facai, literary means 'congratulation, get rich', can be translated 'Hope you will get rich'. Gongxi Facai is an additional wish to "Happy New Year", not the main wish. Next, I will describe the meaning of each domain. To greet a person who is already working, we say 工作顺 利 Gongzuo Shunli 'Success in working' or 事业成功 Shiye Chenggong 'Success in Career'. And, for old people, we wish them 身体健康 Shenti Jiankang 'Have a good health'. We use additional greetings based on to whom this greeting is to be aimed.

Tabel 1. Semantic meaning of each domain
(This image is a private collection of the author) Domain 1-8 (table 1) shows a combination of positive expectation and happiness or joy, except the pantun. This humorous pantun has a message, namely celebrating New Year without angpao is not important, the important thing is to celebrate sincia (the name of New Year in Hokkianese). It means having fun, gathering, chatting, joking is more important than having angpao. That is why during New Year people say no harsh words, anger, fighting. People should be happy, talking about good things to welcome treasure enter house without hindrance 财源广进 caiyuan guangjin.

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Conclusion Giving congratulations is an interaction between sender and receiver. A sender greets someone with good hope, positive expectation for a receiver's life; the receiver will accept that greeting with pleasure, joy, and happiness. Joy is the happy atmosphere that exists during Chinese New Year celebration. The joy can be directed to a person who celebrates it by sending New Year card. Greeting cards convey happiness meaning, good intentions because they represent senders' hope and expectation. To find out the meaning of positive emotions, greeting cards are considered as a sign containing thoughts. Then, to find out the exact meaning of positive emotions, the meaning component analysis was carried out to determine the specific meaning of each card.
This kind of analysis can help the readers to know the exact meaning of greeting cards to avoid giving a wrong greeting and know exactly each word or sentence meaning, especially when using a foreign language. Nowadays people use Gongxi Facai instead of Guo Nian Hao or Chunjie hao for greeting Chinese New Year. It is better to understand the meaning of Gongxi Facai before uttering this greeting or sending a card.