三种沼虾的 COI 基因序列变异及其分类地位探讨

Freshwater prawns (Decapoda: Caridea: Macrobrachium) play an important role in domestic fishery resources. Culturing M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense brings great economic benefits, as the two species were widely farmed in China. M. qilianensis, a native species with natural distribution limited in Gansu province, was classified into genus Macrobrachium based on external morphological characters. In order to understand the molecular genetic differences among the three species of Macrobrachium, i.e., M. rosenbergii, M. nipponense, and M. qilianensis, we analyzed sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) of them. It would provide theoretical basis of exploiting and utilizing Macrobrachium resources rationally. A total of 30 individuals (10 individuals of each species) were collected from Gansu and Zhejiang province. Samples of M. qilianensis were wild, however, that of M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense were cultured. Their mitochondrial COI gene segment sequences were obtained by using the method of PCR amplification and sequencing. After alignment, 649 bp consensus sequences of COI were obtained. One hundred and sixty-nine variable sites were detected in all 30 individuals, accounting for 26.04% of total sequence. A total of seven haplotypes were also detected. Nucleotide diversity was 0.411% within M. rosenbergii, 0.092% within M. nipponense, and 0.031% within M. qilianensis. Genetic diversity of wild M. qilianensis was much lower than that of cultured M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense. Genetic distances between different haplotypes of the three prawns ranged from 19.87% to 23.84%. It suggested that the three species were valid species, because genetic distances among them were quite great. To further determine the taxonomic status of the three prawns in family Palaemonoidae, we downloaded the corresponding COI sequences of Palaemonoidae prawns from Genbank and analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of them. Phylogenetic tree (NJ) showed that M. nipponense, M. rosenbergii and other Macrobrachium species constituted one monophyletic group. However, M. qilianensis, Exopalaemon carinicauda, and Palaemon debilis formed the other clade. Thus, results of COI sequences did not support that M. qilianensis belonged to genus Macrobrachium. The taxonomic status of M. qilianensis should be reevaluated with more comprehensive evidences.

The Palaemonoidae (Rafinesque, 1815) is the largest family of the order Decapoda, comprised of 2 subfamilies and 102 genera (Li et al, 2003).The subfamily Palaemoninae are less diverse phylogenetically, but more diverse ecologically.They distribute widely in world marine-, estuarine-and fresh-waters.
Traditional morphology-based classification in this family was doubted, because the prawns appear to be morphologically highly conservative (Holthuis, 1950(Holthuis, , 1952;;Johnson, 1973).Molecular genetic approaches were used to clarify the systematic relationships of different species (Pereira, 1997).Murphy & Austin (2002), in a study of Australian palaemonid shrimps, using mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences, found inconsistencies between the current morphologically based classification system and the phylogenetic relationships of five species.
The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, belongs to genus Macrobrachium (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae), is one of major aquaculture species with great economic value in China (Liu & Wan, 1997).The oriental river prawn (M.nipponense) is also a commercially important aquaculture species with temperate distribution and natural reproduction in China (New, 2006).A native prawn species, M. qilianensis, is known locally as the Hexi prawn, and its natural distribution is limited in Shule River, Hei River, Shiyang River, their adjacent lakes and reservoirs in Gansu province, China.The most-common morphological characters used in taxonomy of the genus Macrobrachium is the 2nd pereiopod or the rostrum (Li et al, 2008).The morphological characters of this prawn are consistent with that of Macrobrachium.M. qilianensis is abundant and important in Gansu province from an ecological point of view and as a commercially fishery resource, yet knowledge on its genetic characters is limited.Cheng et al (2007) thought that M. qilianensis and M. nipponense were supposed to be close related species based on sequence analysis of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene.Previous studies suggested that DNA barcoding of life using a standardized mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence was proposed as a species indentification system, and as a method for detecting putative new species (Yang et al, 2007;Tavares & Baker, 2008).We hypothesized that M. qilianensis might be a native species of genus Macrobrachium in Gansu province.Thus, our aim is to report the findings of mtDNA COI use in taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships among genus Macrobrachium.The results of this study would be important and useful making scientific managements for the natural resource protection and genetic breeding of Macrobrachium species.

Sampling
A total of 30 individuals, i.e., 10 individuals of each Macrobrachium species, were collected from Gansu and Zhejiang provinces.Thereinto, individuals of M. qilianensis were captured from wild stock of Haimaquan Lake, Jiuquan city, Gansu province, and individuals of M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense were obtained from hatchery stocks of Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Zhejiang province, and Qiyi Reservoir, Jiuquan city, Gansu province, respectively.All samples were transferred in 95% ethanol to the laboratory and stored at −20℃ until used.Henceforth, based on their Chinese names, M. qilianensis, M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense were abbreviated as QL, LS and RB, respectively.1.2 DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing Muscle tissues were dissected, then digested by proteinase K overnight, followed by phenol-cholroform extraction and 100% ethanol precipitation (Sambrook et al, 1989).Extracted genomic DNA was checked using 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, then diluted to appropriate concentration (about 100 ng/µL) for PCR amplification.
Pairwise sequence distances of different haplotypes were calculated using Kimura 2-parameter model by MEGA 4.1b (Tamura, 2007).Additional characterization of the population genetic parameters were carried out in the software package DnaSP 5.0 (Librado & Rozas, 2009).Indexes of genetic diversity within species were measured with haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) by MEGA 4.1b (Tamura, 2007).
To clarify the taxonomic status of these three Macrobrachium species, we downloaded 10 COI gene sequences of genus Macrobrachium from Genbank database.As outgroups, from NCBI database, we also downloaded Palaemon debilis and Exopalaemon carinicauda used for subfamily-level comparative species, Periclimenes soror used for family-level comparative species, Halocaridina rubra used for order-level comparative species (Tab.1).
In order to judge if the data set have already lost phylogenetic information due to substitution saturation, the number of transitions and transversions against the corrected Kimura-2-parameter distances (K-2-p, K80 distance, Kimura, 1980) were plotted for each pair of unique sequences of species.In addition, another index (I ss ) suggested by Xia et al (2003) also being used to measure substitution saturation of these COI sequences of species.
Inter-and intraspecific genetic distances were calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter model with the pairwise deletion option in the MEGA program.The phylogenetic tree was estimated using a Neighboring Joining (NJ) method, and confidence level in the tree generated was obtained using 1 000 bootstraps. 2 Results

COI gene sequences of these three Macrobrachium species
The COI gene can all be amplified clearly in these three species.The sizes of the COI gene were about 720 bp.The COI sequences were corrected and aligned, and 649 bp consensus sequences were obtained.Among the 30 sequences of these 3 species, 7 distinct haplotypes were detected (including 3 haplotypes in LS, 2 in RB, and 2 in QL).None of the haplotypes were shared by them.All 7 haplotypes sequences were submitted to Genbank databases (the accession numbers were between FJ958195 and FJ958201).

Sequence divergence and diversity of these three
Macrobrachium species The base composition differed slightly among species (Tab.2).The mean A+T content was 58.20%.The rarest base was G (average 18.70%) in the COI gene.These patterns of base composition were consistent with the descriptions of other Macrobrachium prawns, such as M. asperulum (Liu, 2007).The overalltransition/transver sion bias was 1.958.saturation tendency was not shown for both transitions and transversion at about 20% of K-2-P distances (Fig. 1).

Tab. 2 The mean nucleotide composition of COI partial sequences of 3 prawn species
In addition, the I ss value was 0.2283, the critical I ss .cvalue was 0.7149 if the true tree was symmetrical, and 0.4788 if the true tree was asymmetrical, both being highly significantly greater than the observed I ss value (P=0.0000,two-tailed t test).Thus, there was little substitution saturation at these sequences.Both tests suggested that these sequences were useful for phylogenetic reconstruction.When we compared our M. qilianensis sequences with those obtained from NCBI data base, we noted that there were several significant inconsistencies in our COI data set with those species of genus Macrobrachium (maximum identity < 83%).The COI sequence of E. carinicauda from Shen et al (2009) was the most identical to the sequence of M. qilianensis (maximum identity=86%).In order to verify the accuracy of the sequences of M. qilianensis, we had re-examined, re-extracted and re-sequenced of our specimens and confirmed the identities of M. qilianensis.
There was 15.24% sequence divergence, based on the K-2-P distance matrix, between the M. qilianensis population and E. carinicauda, whereas the mean sequence divergence between the M. qilianensis population and other species in family Palamonidae (genus Macrobrachium, Palaemon debilis, and Periclimenes soror) ranged from 22.90% to 24.87%.The distances between the outgroup Halocaridina rubra, and all palaemonid species (29.35%-34.06%),were greater than all pairwise comparisions between palaemonid species (Tab.5).
The two haplotypes of M. qilianensis population, along with E. carinicauda and P. debilis formed one

Discussion
M. qilianensis is probably endemic to Hexi corridor located in Gansu province.It is a small-sized prawn species.Its gonad matures when the prawn grows to 3-4 cm in total length.According to the yield of M. qilianensis recorded locally, there was more than 30 tons of the native prawn caught in the North Bay Reservoir, Gansu province, China.It is clear that M. qilianensis is one of the most important fishery species in local area.Genetic diversity of M. qilianensis wild stock showed lower level than that of M. rosenbergii and M. nipponense hatchery stocks.It means that the conservation and sustainable exploitation of M. qilianensis natural resources should be paid great attention.
The results of this study indicate inconsistencies with the hypothesized taxonomic status based on external morphological characters.The hypothesis that M. qilianensis might be a native species of genus Macrobrachium in Gansu province is clearly unsupported.M. qilianensis, E. carinicauda, and P. debilis form a well-supported clade distinct from the ten other Macrobrachium species.Cheng et al (2007) suggested that M. qilianensis might be a subspecies of M. nipponense which lives in low temperature and saline-alkali waters in Hexi corridor.COI gene was thought to be less conserved than the 16S rRNA gene, and it has been frequently used in evolutionary studies (Clary & Wolstenholme, 1985;Beard et al, 1993).Molecular study of COI mitochondrial sequences does not support the close relationship of M. qilianensis and the ten other species of Macrobrachium.The sequence divergence between M. qilianensis population and genus Macrobrachium is greater than that of M. qilianensis population and E. carinicauda or P. debilis.
The present study does not support the current morphologically based classification of Macrobrachium, as well as the Palaemonidae.Although only a limited number of species have been listed, it is under doubt that M. qilianensis belongs to genus Macrobrachium.M. qilianensis shows similar in morphology but distinct in gene.The systematic relationship between M. qilianensis and genus Macrobrachium should be taken into reconsideration.Furthermore, more molecular markers (eg: cytochrome b markers) can be developed to investigate the taxonomic status of the native prawn species M. qilianensis.

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Saturation test of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) against K-2-P distances between pairs of taxa

Tab. 5
Genetic distances of the COI mitochondrial gene between QL and other prawns with the lower triangle showing the Kimura 2-parameter distances and the upper triangle showing the p-distances

Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Molecular phylogenetic tree of neighbor-joining analysis (1000 replications) of prawns generated from partial COI mitochondrial sequences based on Kimura 2-parameter substitution model The numbers are the bootstrap support value of nodes (%).

3 Haplotypes and genetic diversity parameters of COI partial sequences of three prawn species
Tab.