ALINGUISTIC STUDY OF PLEONASM IN SAMUEL BECKETT’S The Endgame

Pleonasm is Unrelated or needless word that only duplicate what has already been said. According to Cruse (2000: 223), “[a] pleonastic relation between two elements occurs when one of them seems redundant, add nothing other than the semantic information that already given by the other element.”. In everyday interaction as well as writing, an economical usage of words is not always what we demand. The aim of this study is to investigate the types of pleonasm and their rhetorical functions within the framework of drama. The data selected to analysis is one act play written by Samuel Beckett’s “The End Game”. The results shows that Prolixity which is a type of semantic pleonasm is the most frequently used. On the other hand, Multiple Affirmation and Emphatic Reflexive Pronouns which are types of syntactic Pleonasm reads (zero). The dominant Rhetorical function of pleonasm is Emphasis and Clarity is the less one. The researcher has concluded that pleonasm is really found in speaking and writing effectively, it is widely used in everyday language.


‫اللعبة‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫بكيت‬ ‫لسمويل‬ ‫االطناب‬ ‫عن‬ ‫لغوية‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫فاروق‬ ‫سالم‬ ‫لينا‬ ‫المستنصرية‬ ‫الجامعة‬ ‫الرياضة‬ ‫وعلوم‬ ‫البدنية‬ ‫التربية‬ ‫كلية‬ The Statement of Problem
There are words used in English that one cannot figure out whether it is pleonastic or tautological.Pleonasms are a problem of taste or style, not grammar.The expressions, I see it in my eyes or the reason why.One should think how many of his sentences are needed before he decides to use a pleonastic word.In everyday interaction as well as writing, an economical usage of words is not always what we demand.So, this paper shed the light on Pleonasm types and investigates which type is frequently used to clarifies this topic from other similar topics like tautology.

Significance
The study contributes to the field of linguistics, it helps to explain how we can use extra words that can be omitted without reverse the meaning.It also helpful for language applications that backing student writing, such as grammatical mistakes modification, programmed essay ranking, and smart writing tutors.BY analyzing Pleonasm within the scope of drama it reflects how the words can gives extra meaning and intention by using it within the concept of Pleonasm.

Objectives:
1. analyzing pleonasm within the scope of drama.2. Identifying the types of pleonasm 3. Identifying the Rhetorical Function of pleonasm.

introduction
Pleonasm is the use of extra words in an expression that omitting them would not pointedly revise the meaning of the countenance (Merriam-Webster, 1983;Quinn, 1993;Lehmann, 2005).Even if pleonastic expressions may aid rhetorical functions (e.g., to add emphasis) (Miller, 1951;Chernov,1979), supreme modern writing style conductors are against them supportive of concise writing (Turabian, 2013).A pleonasm sensor would be helpful for language applications that backing student writing, such as grammatical mistakes modification, programmed essay ranking, and smart writing tutors (Atkinson, 2016;Dahlmeier and Ng, 2011;Ong et al., 2014).But Pleonastic phrases might negatively effects language applications in broad since they introduce a needless complexity to the language.Their exclusion may smooth Language application for instance, summarization, translation and parsing.The present study investigates the types of pleonasm and their rhetorical functions within the framework of drama.This research paper shed the light on a one act play entitled "Endgame" by Samuel Beckett to investigate which type of pleonasm has the higher frequency and which ones are the less.

2.The Notion of Pleonasm
a pleonasm is Unrelated or needless word that only duplicate what has already been said.In 1589, a grammarian wrote: "The first surplus age the Greeks call pleonasmus and is no great fault.",after that some grammarians have claimed that any needless word is a grammar error.In common, pleonasms are a problem of taste or style, not grammar.For instance, the expressions gather or gather together, the reason or the reason why.One should think how many of his sentences are needed before he decides never to use a pleonastic word.A person who never said irrelevant word would say everything in brief and would not be amusing company.Correspondingly, within a sentence the simple sound, the plain number of syllables used, is 373 plural nouns occasionally are more significant than the basic meaning of the words.In everyday interaction as well as writing, an economical usage of words is not always what we demand.(evans & evans,1957:378) According to Cruse (2000: 223), "[a] pleonastic relation between two elements occurs when one of them seems redundant, add nothing other than the semantic information that already given by the other element."Cruse (2000: 221) reflects pleonasm as one of the two essential types of semantic oddity, the other being semantic clash, which includes defilement of some partialities.Małocha-Krupa (2003: 52) suggests that there are three forms of pleonasms, depending on the primary communicative value they represent: specifying, intensifying, and explicating.The method for specifying pleonasms is "x is exactly x" (collaborate together); intensifying pleonasms is ''x is more than x'' (see with one's own eyes); and explicating pleonasms can be explained as 'x is only x' (new innovations).She also notes that it is conceivable to speak of definite cross-cultural tendencies in developing excessive structures, that there is a firm cross-culturally usable preference for semantic reduplication (ibid: 105).Pleonasms are regularly used in many languages including Arabic and English.It's often employed for stylistic aims, for this reason it's acceptable in a text.Though, they could be evaded in non-fictional texts since the second, dependent, element of the pleonastic structure typically does not carry any extra information.Greatest number of linguists think through pleonasms as mistakes (Cheney,2005:22).However, many pleonasms have become clichés, it is clear that they may occur in any text.(Vladarskienė,2006:44;Kniūkšta,2005:41).Thus, even in the nonappearance of plain usage of pleonasms one should sense instinctively that pleonasms are redundant.

Pleonasm and Tautology
Tautology is a formula of redundancy, involving the unnecessary duplication of an idea, especially in the instant context, without informing extra clearness.President Coolidge's proclamation that when increasingly people are thrown out of work joblessness results is a sufficient illustration, however the prize must be reserved for the enterprising Milwaukee optometrist who advertised " EXAMINED WHILE YOU WAIT" Excluding where the redundancy is hidden in technical or out-of-date terminology, one of the certain marks of dullness is tautology.The editors of a California who gave appreciations for being blessed with the satisfaction of seeing the materialization of our dreams weekly come to the contentment of our realization couldn't expect to enlist many literate subscribers.And the New York firm which secure television creators, in its advertising brochure, without an audience basically guaranteed the discerning producers that they had nothing novel to offer, it is unbearable to produce any type of audience show.The repeating of words hardly avoided, is not a very serious fault; but the recurrence of ideas in instant context is crucial.(Evans & evans,1957:419) pleonasm was seen is a kind of tautologythe use of more words than is necessary to deliver a specific sense.(David crystal, 2008 :371)

Pleonasm Types
There are two types of Pleonasm: Semantic Pleonasm and Syntactic Pleonasm.

Semantic Pleonasm
Semantic pleonasm belongs more to style and usage than to grammar (Elster, 2012: 2).Horberry (2010: 33) denotes that semantic pleonasm displays ''a big dollop of redundancy''.Linguists usually call it ''redundancy'' to prevent misperception with syntactic pleonasm (Elster, 2012: 2).This kind of pleonasm is so widespread in everyday language that ''it can be difficult to catch without a keen eye or ear'') (ibid.).Semantic pleonasms come in two forms:

Overlap
This type can be illustrated as, ''one word's semantic component is subsumed by the other''.That's to say, one word is implicit by another.(Stevens, 2007: 28), as in:

‫ج‬
• "Michael Jordan, it is often said, is a famous superstar( ."Asuperstar, by definition, is famous.) • "Receive a free gift with every purchase".(One doesn't pay for a gift so it's implied that it's for free.)(Moore and Paker, 2004:50) According to Vizental (2009 :50) overlap semantic pleonasm is a type of pleonasm in which ''one word is a hyponym of another''.So, this type of pleonasm take place when one occupies a particular word that involves a more general term one has used with it (Anson and Schwegler, 1998:425).For example, the word ''color'' is used with its hyponym ''blue'' in: • "The car is blue in color".The word ''blue'' clearly denotes the general category ''color''(ibid.).Other examples are ''aggressive by nature'', ''first in order'' and ''small in size'' (ibid.: 426).Wasko (2012:2) offers some overlap semantic pleonasms with their descriptions: • "Advance warning -If it doesn't come in advance, it is not a warning".
• "close proximity -A characteristic of proximity is closeness." • " Foreign imports -Imports usually come from foreign places".Kumar (2010: 127) suggests the following types of overlap semantic pleonasm: 4.1.1.1.Unnecessary modifiers: free gift, personal opinion, past memories etc.The same as, T.S. Eliot practices this type of overlap semantic pleonasm in his poem ''The Waste Land '': • "Dry bones can harm no one".The modifier ''dry'' is needless since it is inferred by ''bones''.Bones are by definition dry.
• "He kissed the child with his lips".Murphy and Koskela (2010:121) '' with his lips'' the modifying adverbial phrase demonstrates an overlap semantic pleonasm since the verb ''kiss'' comprises the fact that it is done with one's lips (ibid.).4.1.1.2Unnecessary pairs, in which either of them is sufficient: full and complete, first and foremost, various and sundry etc.A further example is the following phrase taken from the play All's Well That Ends Well by William Shakespeare: • '' the inaudible and noiseless foot of time.''(Quinn ,2010:103) Here, either of the paired words is sufficient enough.Deleting ''inaudible'' or ''noiseless'' would leave the meaning of the phrase intact.4.1.1.3Unnecessary broadening of a definition: small in size, expensive in cost, attractive in appearance, etc.The general categories ''size appearance, and cost'' are unnecessary.They result in superfluous broadening of the description in which they are used.Their hyponyms ''attractive, small, expensive'' are sufficient.
• ''Their home is still in the process of being renovated after Hurricane Katrina.''• "They have nine separate cars".(Cars are always separate.)

Syntactic Pleonasm
The following are the types of syntactic pleonasm:

Pleonastic Subject Pronouns
In general, when the subject is existing in the sentence a subject pronoun is not required.Occasionally, the subject is repeated by the use of a personal pronoun far along in the sentence.The pleonastic pronoun directly follows the subject (Hodgson ,1881: 73;Roscow, 1981: 66).For example: • "The bells they sound so clear''.(ibid) • "Our producer, she is going to New Hampshire".(O 'Conner and Kellerman, 2015:1) • "That man, he can play on Sunday".(O 'Conner and Kellerman, 2015:1) In the above examples, the pronoun repeats the subject: ''The bells they'' … ''our producer, she''… ''That man, he''.Which means the subject pronouns they, she and he are pleonastic because the sentences in which they are used already have subjects.Thus, they are grammatically needless.Such structures are utilized to give emphasis to the linking between the performer of the action earlier identified and the action itself (Hodgson,1881: 73;Roscow, 1981: 66).

Multiple Affirmation
In English language, an affirmative speech can be emphasized by repeated affirmation.For instance: • "I do love you".There is dual affirmation.The statement ''I love you'' is already affirmative, by adding ''do'' only emphasis added.Therefore, it is called 'emphatic do' (Stein, 1990: 272).It does not affect the meaning of the sentence.Do is working as an ''empty auxiliary verb''(' 'Pleonasm'',2014:5).Thus, it is called 'pleonastic do' (Crystal, 2003: 357) ."Not so, Sir; I do care for something; but in my conscience, Sir, I do not care for you".(Stein, 1990: 272) By using do in the above example which is taken from Shakespeare's Twelfth Night., the speaker give emphasis to the fact that he gives care to something which is not the listener .

Repeated negation can be used for emphasis, as in:
• "There is not nothing wrong with that".The interpretation of the above example would be "There is something wrong with that".The intended meaning is the opposing: "There is nothing wrong with that" or "There isn't anything wrong with that."The repeated negation is used pleonastically for emphasis.(' 'Pleonasm'',2014:5).

‫ج‬
A phrase like, ''a friend of mine'' (i.e.my friend) is an example of this possession phenomenon.Pleonasm here take place in the usage of mine in place of the usual prepositional pronoun me.This type of pleonasm ''has a long history of use by careful writers''.(ibid.)4.2.5 Multiple Quality Gradation Pleonasm is formed by combining both forms for further emphasis English degrees of comparison, i.e. comparatives and superlatives, are formed through a morphological change to an adjective (e.g."prettier", "fastest") or a syntactic construction (e.g."more complex", "most impressive").: "more bigger" or "bestest".This may be regarded ungrammatical but is common in informal speech for some English speakers (ibid.).
• "This was the most unkindest cut of all" (ibid.:6)Certainly, Shakespeare is not ignorant of the English rules of comparison.He aims to create a specific effect, i.e. emphasis.He ''expresses the degree to which Brutus' unkindness outdid that of all the others''.He attained this pleonastically by using both the adverb most 'and the superlative ending -est 4.2.6 Emphatic Reflexive Pronouns Emphatic reflexive pronouns lies when one uses ordinary pronouns with reflexive pronouns (Kperogi, 2013 : 1), as in the following example taken from the one act play "The Endgame" • the bigger a man himself is the fuller he is" While ''himself '' in the above example, ais over to the grammar of the sentence, but it is totally correct.They play an important role: to give emphasis to the pronoun he (Kperogi, 2013: 1).

Pleonasm Affecting Sentences
In all the examples of the previous sections, pleonasm affects single words or phrases.In some cases, pleonasm affects sentences.This is achieved via the method in which the whole sentence is ''repeated in another form, and thus put in another way'' (Bullinger,n.d.: 441).This can be achieved in two ways: affirmatively or negatively.

Affirmatively
This occurs when the same meaning of a sentence is repeated affirmatively (Duncan, 2008: 43;Bullinger, n.d.: 441), as in: • "The report could not attempt to be comprehensive, it deals with some issues more thoroughly than others".The meaning of the sentence '' The report could not attempt to be comprehensive '' is affirmatively repeated in the sentence ''It deals with some issues more thoroughly than others'' (Duncan, 2008: 43).Both sentences express the fact that the report is not comprehensive.

Negatively
The meaning of a sentence is placed in an opposite form.It ''is first put positively and then negatively, or vice versa''.This ''greatly emphasizes the original statement and calls very special attention to it '' (Bullinger,n.d.: 442).Also, this method is used to make it impossible for the sense to be lost (ibid.: 431).

6.Rhetorical Functions of Pleonasm
Pleonasm can support the following functions: 6.1 Clarity According to Horberry (2010:32) the idea of pleonasm is that ''more words mean more clarity''.Further, if a speaker demands to avoid misunderstanding with alternative usage of the exact word, he or she may add a pleonasm to make better clarity in the statement.For instance, If someone, in a party, employs the pleonastic phrase ''invited guests'', he or she clarifies that the guests he or she means are invited, in contrary, they being not invited or surprise guests (Goodman, 2014:1; Sharma,2014 :222).'' The law is written to exclude as much as uncertainty as possible '' (Anson and Schwegler, 1998:427).Horberry (2010: 34-35) claims that pleonasms occur in legal language for creating more clarity and more understanding.Some examples are 'cease and desist', 'null and void, 'aid and abet', 'legal and valid', 'power and authority'.(Crystal ,2010: 406;Horberry,2010: 34;Cao, 2007: 90).These legal expressions contain words that have one meaning which can be communicated through a single word (Cao, 2007: 89).It is claimed that this is an extension of a linguistic tradition in the legal system in early English history.On account of the historical influence of the invasion of Norman French on the British court system, that system used a blend of Anglo-Saxon and French (Crystal ,2010: 406;Stevens, 2007:28).They put terms from both the Anglo-Saxon and French words in parallel, to be sure that others understood what was meant due to early legislators were not sure whether both terms had the same sense or thought that others might not have a clear understanding of the French designations (Stevens, 2007: 28).Pleonasm is also utilized in acronyms for the benefit of clarity.Acronyms are created by writing the first letter from each word.When adding a word to an acronym, it results in the use of pleonasm.(Sharma, 2014: 222;Dalmolin, 2009:461;Stevens, 2007:28) • HIV virus • ATM machine • PIN number.The acronyms '' HIV '', ''ATM'', and ''PIN'' signify that ''Human Immunodeficiency Virus'' , ''Automated Teller Machine'' and ''Personal Identification Number'' respectively.( ''Redundant Acronyms and Initialisms'' , 2015: 1).Clearly , adding the words virus ,machine and number makes the above acronyms pleonastic ‫ج‬ because these words are already denoted to by the letters V, M, and N. The using of pleonasm in the acronyms '' HIV '', ''ATM'', and ''PIN'' makes them clear.For instance, using the pleonastic word virus with the acronym HIV makes it obvious to everyone that HIV normally stands for a kind of virus.The same as, the acronyms ''ATM machine'' and ''PIN number'' are clearer than ''ATM'' and ''PIN''.

Emphasis
Pleonasm aid as a rhetorical device employed to secure special effect such as emphasis (Atkinson ,2012: 63;Mark, 2013: 70;Cao, 2007 :90) ''Pleonasm is one of the most natural forms of emphasis'' (Dupries, 1991: 345).For instance, the expression '' advance planning'' may be regarded as a pleonasm since planning normally occurs in advance of a project, but the speaker may aim to emphasis that the planning was not ignored to the last minute (Goodman, 2014:1)."The latest version is faster, quicker, and more rapid".Atkinson (2012: 63): The expressions quicker and more rapid are needless because they repeat the meaning of the word faster.Though, they are acceptable for emphasis.They are used to emphasis the fact that the latest version they describe is faster than an earlier one.Cao (2007 :90) denotes that null and void, though it is pleonastic, is more emphatic than simply saying void.In informal writing and everyday speech, pleonasms utilized for emphasis are commonly permissible.
• "Thanks for your help; I really appreciate it".(''Style: Clichés, Pleonasms and Verbosity'', 2013: 4) This statement is fully acceptable though it is pleonastic since the gratitude of the help is already included in the act of thanking.

Non-functional Pleonasm
Pleonasm considered as a fault when it does not attain any function.Dupries ( 1991: 345) calls this non-functional pleonasm ''perissology''.Dupries and Elster (2012: 1) calls it as ''the involuntary or unconscious'' pleonasm which produces an error.Unconscious pleonasms rise from the innocent habits of childhood which are needless, as in • ''My friend, she told me'' (a double subject), • ''reaches full flower in the countless excesses of adulthood that one utters without thinking.''also, ''future plans'' or ''past history'' (ibid.)Unconscious pleonasm is common in the accustomed speech.It ''passes most of the time unperceived in the fire of the conversation'' (Sheehan, 2012:1) Strunk and White (2000: 23) claim that '' A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary part''.For instance, They the give this example '' he is a man who'', which can be substituted with the pronoun he, as an example changing this principle.

Research Methodology 8.1 Data description
The study based on analyzing the semantic and Syntactic Pleonasm.The analysis applied by tables that show the type of Pleonasm and the types of Rhetorical Function.The results of the study are presented by statistical tables.Implications and limitations are also addressed.

Data collection
The data of study is a one act play entitled "The Endgame" by Samuel Beckett written in French (entitled Fin de Partie), the play translated into English by Beckett himself and was first performed on April 3,1957.

Table ( 3
) Semantic PleonasmThe above table of semantic pleonasm shows that Prolixity is the higher frequent used.It reads (44) from the total number (51) with (86.2%).In contrary overlap is the lower one, it reads (7) only with (13.7%) 9

.2 Syntactic Pleonasm Table (4) Syntactic Pleonasm No.
The above table shows that Multiple Negation and Pleonastic Subject Pronouns are the highest ones, each one reads (2) from the total number (7) with (42.8%).Multiple Quality Gradation and Double possession each one reads (1) from the