The influence of training and the need for achievement on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and optimism of small and medium micro enterprises

This study investigates the impact of training and the need for achievement on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and optimism among micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Utilizing a quantitative survey approach, data were collected through questionnaires from 100 MSMEs in the Bogor area who had received training from P2SDM LMPM IPB. Statistical analysis included instrument data testing, classical assumption testing, coefficient of determination (KD), partial hypothesis testing (t-test), and simultaneous hypothesis testing (F-test). Findings reveal significant influences: training positively affects entrepreneurial self-efficacy; the need for achievement positively influences entrepreneurial self-efficacy; entrepreneurial self-efficacy positively affects optimism. However, no significant effects were found between training and optimism, nor between the need for achievement and optimism. Additionally, indirect effects were observed: training affects optimism through entrepreneurial self-efficacy, as does the need for achievement. These results underscore the importance of training and the need for achievement in fostering entrepreneurial self-efficacy, impacting optimism among MSMEs.


Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed how the world works, including massive adaptation efforts to maintain quality of life and livelihoods.Restricted mobility has become a constraint and a source of problems.However, on the other hand, limited mobility opens up endless opportunities for communities and SMEs to seize and turn challenges into profitable ventures.
Analyzing trade vulnerability shows that nearly all SMEs outside Java Island are categorized as vulnerable.Meanwhile, SMEs in Java Island, particularly in the Jabodetabek area, which is the backbone of the national economy, are categorized as resilient or not vulnerable.It is noted that the majority of SMEs are located in Java Island.Of Indonesia's 4.3 million SME actors, 62.26% are located in Java Island.East Java and West Java are the provinces with the highest number of SME actors, each with more than 500,000.This number is significantly higher than in other provinces, such as Maluku and Papua.In these two provinces, the number of SME actors is less than 30,000 each (Wiryono & Carina, 2021).
The Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (2021) states that Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) as contributors to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) play a significant role in Indonesia's economic recovery.Based on data from the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs, in 2020, MSMEs contributed 60.51% to the Gross Domestic Product, amounting to Rp. 9,580,000,000,000,-, with the ability to absorb 96.92% of the total workforce of 138.2 million people and collect up to 60.42% of the total investment.MSMEs play a crucial and strategic role in supporting the national economy; however, they face numerous challenges in their development, both in management and other aspects.
The government can address the issues encountered by MSMEs by implementing programs and policies to enhance the productivity and efficiency of micro and small enterprises, one is by utilizing a cluster-based approach for micro and small businesses.The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has significantly slowed down Indonesia's economic wheels, causing losses across various business sectors, especially during the initial stages of the pandemic.However, postpandemic, Indonesia's economy has shown signs of recovery, partly due to the creativity within the MSME sector (Noviyanti, 2022).
Data from Bank Indonesia (BI) indicates that during the pandemic, the number of ecommerce transactions nearly doubled compared to the previous period, from 80 million transactions in 2019 to 140 million transactions in August 2022.Given the significant market opportunities available, this situation underscores the necessity for MSMEs to adapt to digitalbased e-commerce transactions.
Overall, there is a notable difference in transmission speed from traditional to digitalization among MSMEs in Java and outside Java.This is primarily due to the population's differences in infrastructure availability, internet access, and digital literacy.The geographical disparities in Indonesia pose challenges to the equitable distribution of facilities, which should ideally be the state's responsibility.
Amidst these constraints, one positive note to highlight is that during the pandemic, internet users in Indonesia increased by 73.7%, totaling 196.7 million users or account owners.According to data from the Ministry of Home Affairs, this figure is equivalent to 71.79% of Indonesia's total population in 2021.However, only 13% of MSMEs are connected to marketplaces (such as Tokopedia, Shopee, Blibli, etc.) and digital markets.
It is time for the government and stakeholders to synergize with MSMEs.The government can contribute towards digital literacy by developing digital infrastructure and capacity building for MSMEs.In contrast, MSMEs can enhance their business management through modern technology adoption, financial management, and skill improvement through formal education, experience, or training.
Currently, the number of MSMEs under the guidance of the P2SDM LPPM IPB in Bogor Regency is approximately 1,500, consisting of 180 MSMEs who have participated in mentoring programs and 1,090 MSMEs who have undergone new entrepreneurship training.Despite these entrepreneurship training efforts, the development of MSMEs in the Bogor area has yet to experience significant improvement.This raises questions for each individual MSME actor regarding the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship training program on entrepreneur selfefficacy and optimism conducted by the P2SDM LMPM IPB within the mentoring program that has been implemented.
Research on the relationship between Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Entrepreneurial Competence has been conducted by Sitinjak (2019) under the title "The Effect of Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Entrepreneurial Competence on The Entrepreneurial Entry Decision and The Success of Start-up MSMEs in Medan City."The study proves the influence of Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy on the decision to venture into entrepreneurship.Research by Tambunan & Anindya (2020) titled "The Influence Encouragement of Achievement, Hard Work and Optimism towards Entrepreneurial Success" demonstrates partially and simultaneously the influence of achievement encouragement and optimism on entrepreneurial success.Muslih & Madjid's (2018) research on "Mentoring Program for MSMEs Towards Competitive and Technologybased Businesses in Cempaka Putih, Central Jakarta," proves that continuous training in marketing, entrepreneurship, and cooperation for small business owners is necessary.Setyianingsih and Wibowo (2020) mention in their study "The Influence of Achievement Need and Personal Characteristics on the Business Performance of Female Entrepreneurs" that the need for achievement influences business performance.This topic should be further examined and discussed in depth to inform actions, validate theories, and contribute to advancing knowledge.This research is discussed as a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning, furthering the understanding of various issues, and raising public awareness, especially among MSMEs, the Government, and the Center for Human Resources Education and Training (P2SDM) LPPM IPB, to identify, measure, and seize opportunities, seek solutions to problems, and find answers to occurring phenomena.

Theoretical background and hypothesis The Impact of Training on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy
Confidence is crucial for individuals embarking on entrepreneurship to support all aspects of entrepreneurial activities, known as entrepreneurial self-efficacy.Entrepreneurship education plays a vital role in enhancing entrepreneurial self-efficacy.This assertion is supported by Puni et al.'s (2018) research, indicating that entrepreneurship education significantly influences entrepreneurial self-efficacy.In their findings, individuals trained in general knowledge about entrepreneurship and their skills in recognizing profitable opportunities effectively develop higher confidence in their ability to succeed in entrepreneurship.Thus, entrepreneurship education is expected to be considered a valuable resource for introducing entrepreneurial behaviors and activities by helping potential entrepreneurs overcome the fear of failure by developing entrepreneurial self-efficacy.
This notion is further supported by the findings of Raflah (2020), indicating that training influences entrepreneurial self-efficacy, Anggriani's (2020) research highlighting the impact of entrepreneurial training on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and Mahendra's (2022) study demonstrating that entrepreneurship education significantly influences entrepreneurial selfefficacy.Moreover, entrepreneurship education significantly affects entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial self-efficacy significantly influences entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy positively mediates the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention.Xevinkeng and Layman's (2022) research indicates that university entrepreneurship training positively affects entrepreneurial attitudes and selfefficacy and positively impacts entrepreneurial optimism.Based on the discussions above, it is hypothesized that training impacts entrepreneurial self-efficacy.

The Influence of Achievement Need on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy
According to Siagian, the need for achievement is the desire for individuals to be recognized as successful (Siagian, as cited in Gangsaringsih, 2022).Meanwhile, in psychology encyclopedias, it is explained that individuals with a strong achievement motive, referred to by McClelland as needing achievement, prefer moderate goals/risks over easy or difficult ones.From the research findings of Habib and Rahyuda (2015), it is evident that self-efficacy and the need for achievement have a positive and significant direct impact on entrepreneurial intention, and indirectly, self-efficacy and the need for achievement have a positive and significant influence.Based on the discussions above, the Achievement Need influences entrepreneurial self-efficacy.

The Influence of Training on Optimism
Training can be defined as a planned process to modify attitudes or behavior, knowledge, and skills through learning experiences.Its purpose is to achieve effective performance in various activities.In the context of employment, training aims to develop individual capabilities and meet the organization's current and future workforce needs (Manpower Services Commission (MSC), U.K., 1981, as cited in Masadeh, 2012).From the research findings of Valentino and Himam (2014), it is evident that there is a significant difference in the improvement of career achievement optimism after self-efficacy training.Based on the discussions above, training influences optimism.

The Influence of Achievement Need on Optimism
Achievement need is the desire to accomplish something difficult, achieve high standards of success, master complex tasks, and outperform others.Naibaho's (2017) research findings show a positive and significant relationship between optimism, self-efficacy, and achievement motivation.Based on the discussions above, it is hypothesized that achievement need influences optimism.
The Influence of Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy on Optimism Patria et al.'s (2018) research findings indicate that hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism are related to entrepreneurial intention and are positively and unidirectionally correlated.Pranitasari et al.'s (2022) study concludes that entrepreneurial self-efficacy influences optimism.Based on the discussions above, entrepreneurial self-efficacy is hypothesized to influence optimism.

The Influence of Training on Optimism Through Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy
Entrepreneurship training can change an individual's perspective on the business they are working on, from increasing interest and entrepreneurial self-efficacy to altering job performance through innovative work methods.The study by Yanti (2019) indicates that entrepreneurship education partially has no significant effect on entrepreneurial interest.Partially, self-efficacy significantly influences entrepreneurial interest.Character significantly influences entrepreneurial interest.Simultaneously, there is a positive and significant influence of Entrepreneurship education, self-efficacy, Locus of Control, and entrepreneurial character on the entrepreneurial interest of students.

The Influence of Achievement Need on Optimism Through Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy
Optimism leads to the birth of belief; from belief arises awareness; from awareness comes actions, and from actions comes the desired results.With optimism, individuals will achieve their goals.Optimism has an antonym, which is pessimism.The research by Dahlan (2017) shows a positive and significant influence, both partially and simultaneously, both directly and indirectly, from entrepreneurial knowledge and achievement motivation on self-efficacy, where the most dominant influence is entrepreneurial knowledge.There is a positive and significant influence of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial interest in students at the Multi Vocational Platform ARS International Bandung Vocational High School.H7: That achievement need influences optimism through entrepreneurial self-efficacy.

Methodology
The research strategy employed in this study is descriptive quantitative with a qualitative approach.The qualitative research method, using a case study approach, was chosen because it aligns with the research objective of determining the effectiveness of the MSMEs Mentoring Program.This study utilizes a quantitative method through a survey approach.The data collection technique in this study is done using instruments in the form of questionnaires.These instruments are elaborated from the research variables: Training, Achievement Need, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, and Optimism.The scale used in this study is the Likert scale, an interval scale from 1 (one) to 5 (five).
The research location was conducted in MSMEs under the supervision of P2SDM LPPM IPB in the Bogor regency, totaling approximately 1500 MSMEs, consisting of 180 MSMEs that have participated in mentoring programs and 1090 MSMEs that have participated in new entrepreneurial training.The target population of this study is MSMEs that have participated in mentoring programs, totaling 180 MSMEs.The sampling method is based on certain criteria for selection and retrieval.The sample size is determined to be 100 MSMEs using purposive sampling.
The questionnaire was created online using Google Forms, and the information containing the questionnaire link was sent via chat groups and personally through the WhatsApp application.Data collection was conducted over two weeks in November, yielding 100 samples.The data analysis technique in this study uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).Data processing is performed using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Models (PLS-SEM), an alternative method of SEM based on variance.

Results and discussion
Hypothesis testing is conducted by examining the probability values and its t-statistics.For the probability value, the p-value with a 5% alpha level is < 0.05.The t- 105 level is 1.96.Therefore, the acceptance criteria for the hypothesis are when the t-statistic > t-Table (Ghozali, 2015).Here are the results of hypothesis testing in this study.

Figure 2. Bootstrapping results
To evaluate the structural relationships between latent variables, hypothesis testing is necessary by comparing the values of P -Value with alpha (0.05) or t-statistics.The magnitude of P -Value and t-statistics are obtained from the output in SmartPLS using bootstrapping.Based on the table above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The Influence of Training on Entrepreneur self-efficacy
Through the significance test calculation (t-statistic test), a t-statistic value of 7.653 was obtained > 1.96 with a significance level of 0.00 = 0.00.Therefore, the hypothesis (Ha1) is accepted, indicating an influence of Training on Entrepreneurial self-efficacy.These results indicate that training affects entrepreneurs' self-efficacy.This is in line with the study by Anggraini (2020), which showed that training and entrepreneurial self-efficacy have a positive relationship.A second study that supports this finding is by Mahendra (2022), which demonstrates that entrepreneurship education significantly influences entrepreneurial selfefficacy.

The Influence of Achievement Need on Entrepreneur self-efficacy
Through the significance test calculation (t-statistic test), a t-statistic value of 6.641 was obtained > 1.96 with a significance level of 0.00 = 0.00.Therefore, hypothesis (Ha2) is accepted, indicating an influence of Achievement Need on Entrepreneur self-efficacy.These results show that Achievement Need affects Entrepreneur self-efficacy.However, this finding contradicts Farid's study (2015), which suggested that the indirect effect of self-efficacy and achievement motivation has a positive and significant influence because the coefficient value of the indirect effect is greater than the coefficient value of the direct effect.However, it is in line with the findings of the study by Habib and Rahyuda (2015), which demonstrated that self-efficacy and achievement motivation have a direct and significant positive influence on entrepreneurial intention, and the indirect effect of self-efficacy and achievement motivation also have a positive and significant influence.

The Influence of Training on Optimism
Through the significance test calculation (t-statistic test), a t-statistic value of 6.641 was obtained > 1.96 with a significance level of 0.00 = 0.00.Therefore, hypothesis (H03) is accepted, indicating no direct influence of Training on Optimism.These results show that Training does not directly affect Optimism.This finding is consistent with the study by Yanti (2019), which showed that partial entrepreneurship education does not significantly affect Optimism and interest in entrepreneurship.Partially, Training significantly influences the interest in entrepreneurship.Characteristically, it significantly affects the interest in entrepreneurship.Simultaneously, there is a positive and significant influence.

The Influence of Achievement Motivation on Optimism
Through the significance test calculation (t-statistic test), a t-statistic value of 1.927 was obtained < 1.96 with a significance level of 0.055 > 0.00.Therefore, hypothesis (H04) is accepted, suggesting that there is no influence of Achievement Motivation on Optimism.This implies that achievement motivation is not influenced by optimism.This finding is consistent with the study by Tambunan and Anindya (2020), which stated that the research results showed no influence of encouragement of achievement, hard work, and optimism on entrepreneurial success.

The Influence of Entrepreneur Self-efficacy on Optimism
Through the significance test calculation (t-statistic test), a t-statistic value of 5.055 was obtained > 1.96 with a significance level of 0.00 = 0.00.Therefore, hypothesis (Ha5) is accepted, indicating that entrepreneurial self-efficacy influences Optimism.These findings suggest that entrepreneurial self-efficacy affects Optimism.This is consistent with Patria et al.'s (2018) study, which showed that hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and Optimism are positively and directionally related to entrepreneurial intention.Additionally, the research by Pranitasari et al. (2022) concluded that entrepreneur self-efficacy influences Optimism.

The Influence of Training on Optimism through Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy
Through the significance test calculation (t-statistic test), a t-statistic value of 4.307 was obtained > 1.96 with a significance level of 0.00 = 0.00.Therefore, Training on Optimism through Entrepreneurial self-efficacy has an indirect influence.These results demonstrate that Training has an indirect influence on optimism.This is in line with the research by Yanti (2019), which showed that partial entrepreneurship education does not significantly affect entrepreneurial interest.Simultaneously, entrepreneurship education, self-efficacy, Locus of Control, and entrepreneurial characteristics have a positive and significant influence on the entrepreneurial interest of students at the Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara.

Conclussion
The research findings conclude that there are seven important aspects.Firstly, training influences Entrepreneur self-efficacy, boosting the confidence of SMEs in Bogor.Secondly, the need for achievement affects Entrepreneur self-efficacy, indicating its influence on self-efficacy in entrepreneurship.Thirdly, training does not impact the Optimism of SMEs, highlighting the necessity for perseverance and training to enhance optimism.Fourthly, the need for achievement does not influence Optimism directly, suggesting that achievement targets do not directly affect optimism in entrepreneurship.Fifthly, Entrepreneur Self-Efficacy influences Optimism, showing that confidence in entrepreneurship enhances optimism.Sixthly, training indirectly affects Optimism through Entrepreneur self-efficacy, emphasizing the importance of training in shaping optimism through self-belief.Lastly, the need for achievement also indirectly affects Optimism through Entrepreneur self-efficacy, indicating that achievement targets play a role in shaping optimism through self-belief in entrepreneurship.

Suggested
From the conclusions above, it is suggested that training and the need for achievement have a significant impact on entrepreneur self-efficacy.To enhance entrepreneur self-efficacy, it is important to improve the learning patterns in training and encourage individuals to have a clear and ambitious vision for their business, thus feeling the need to achieve business performance targets.Although training does not directly influence optimism, to increase optimism, a mediating variable such as entrepreneur self-efficacy is required, indicating the importance of both academic support and self-belief in entrepreneurship.Furthermore, the need for achievement also requires a mediating variable such as entrepreneur self-efficacy to enhance optimism, emphasizing that focusing on enhancing entrepreneur self-efficacy is crucial in committing to goals and boosting optimism in business endeavors.

H2Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Research Conceptual Framework Table value for a 5% alpha Putri Wuning Muhareni et al.Training, Need for Achievement, Entrepreneur Self-Efficacy, Optimism, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Table 1 .
Results of Direct and Indirect Effect Tests